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有一种物质，在生活中常见但大家不认识； 有一种物质，用途广泛，从防腐剂到抗衰品； 有一种物质，大家迷恋它的香味，却不知道它的用途； …… 这种物质就是迷迭香酸。 迷迭香酸大家可能极少能听到，但是迷迭香大家很熟悉呀，打开厨王争霸赛，小草样的东西却是各位大厨争抢的对象。 从迷迭香中提取出的一款酚酸类物质就被冠名“迷迭香酸”[1]，迷迭香风靡中外，迷人的草本香味却成了掩盖迷迭香酸广泛应用价值的“面纱”。 图注：“佩之香浸入肌体，闻者迷恋不能去，故曰迷迭香。”——曹植 中世纪时期，迷迭香被用作婚礼的装饰品，作为爱情的象征，迷迭香被佩戴在新人的头上、手上，甚至在著名凄美情歌《斯卡布罗集市》里也有反复吟唱迷迭香（rosemary）。  图注：用迷迭香装饰的婚服 虽然迷迭香为啥被爱情“盯上”我们不得而知，但是迷迭香酸却真的能帮人白头到老——抗衰延寿。 在针对线虫的实验中，研究者们发现，用迷迭香酸处理的线虫平均寿命能延长63%，而且这些寿命延长的线虫繁殖能力不打折扣，即使在晚年也活动如常[2]。 图注：在这项研究中采用了60μM、120μM和180μM三种迷迭香酸干预浓度，浓度越高，线虫的寿命越长 除了能延长健康线虫的寿命，迷迭香酸还能延长其他生物的寿命，如患有“渐冻症”小鼠等[3]。 虽然还没有相关的人体临床试验，但是在体外培养人类细胞时如果加上适量的迷迭香酸，能延长这些细胞的生存期，并减缓端粒磨损[4]。 图注：迷迭香酸能维持并延长人类成纤维细胞的存活 既然其他生物和人类细胞都能延长寿命，那我们大胆猜测一下，迷迭香酸会不会也能延长由细胞组成的人类的寿命？ 当然，要延长生存期也要保证健康度，拥有有长度也有质量的晚年才是真正意识上的“延寿”，虽然没有延长人类寿命的人体临床试验，但是已经有研究证明，迷迭香酸能改善人的年龄相关疾病，为人类提供“健康晚年”。 早在十五六世纪的欧洲，名著《哈姆雷特》中就将迷迭香称为“记忆之草”，认为它具有改善记忆的能力。 事实证明，几百年前的文学家可能有一双比我们更“科学”的眼睛，没错，作为迷迭香里的重要生物活性物质，迷迭香酸的确能在神经保护方面发挥重要作用。 首先，迷迭香酸能防治神经退行带来的各种疾病：阿兹海默症、帕金森等。 2020年的一项人体临床发现，每天服用含有500mg迷迭香酸的香蜂花提取物，可能有助于预防老年痴呆的恶化[5]，同时，通过研究人们陆续发现，迷迭香酸的神经保护功能原理也很多。 图注：富含迷迭香酸的植物提取物对爱自嗨，阿兹海默症患者精神状态的影响 它能减少神经元中异常蛋白质（包括淀粉样蛋白、磷酸化的tau蛋白[6]和α-突触核蛋白[7]）的积累，并能通过调节多种信号通路促进抗氧化基因表达[8]，抑制海马体等神经组织炎症[6]，多管齐下预防和缓解神经退行性疾病的发生。 其次，迷迭香酸还能改善焦虑抑郁等消极情绪。通过其强大的抗氧化和抗炎特性，已经有人体临床验证了迷迭香酸的抗抑郁焦虑能力[9-10]。 在缓解神经退行以及不良情绪的同时，迷迭香酸还附赠“缓解神经性疼痛”[11]、“提高学习和记忆能力”[12]等加成buff，全面呵护神经组织，不愧是神话故事里的“记忆之草”。 三国时期我国就有了关于迷迭香的记载，当时的人们把迷迭香塞进香囊佩戴在身上。但是仅仅用作熏香实在是委屈了迷迭香，迷迭香酸“气鼓鼓”：还不如把我涂在皮肤上，让我给你“好看”。 紫外线会对我们的皮肤造成较大的伤害，如氧化应激、炎症、细胞凋亡、老化等，而迷迭香酸刚好是对紫外线造成损伤的“绝地防守”。 迷迭香酸能提高皮肤中超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、血红素加氧酶-1及其转录因子Nrf2的表达和活性[13]，通过调动这些抗氧化途径，迷迭香酸能有效降低皮肤成纤维细胞中的活性氧（ROS）和羰基化蛋白质的水平[14]，同时抑制炎性相关因子和通路的表达[15]，提升细胞活力，防止细胞凋亡和皮肤衰老。 图注：迷迭香酸能应对的皮肤状况：紫外线损伤（上），痤疮（左下）和衰老（右下） 除了抵御紫外线带来的伤害，迷迭香酸还能通过抑制细菌的增殖来治疗痤疮[16]，通过抑制弹性蛋白酶和胶原酶来保持皮肤的弹性[17]。内防老化，外防损伤，迷迭香酸现在已经被应用在一些护肤品牌的爽肤水等产品中。 除了对神经和皮肤的保护作用，迷迭香酸还有更广泛的能力，当你想到什么疾病，迷迭香酸好像都能举手高呼“我我我，我可以！”。比如缓解糖尿病[18]，促进骨形成[19]，抗肠道病毒[20]，抗击和预防多种癌症[21]，保肝护肾[22]，提升精子质量[23]等。 但是现在对迷迭香酸的应用却没那么广泛。人们看到了迷迭香酸的强大抗氧化能力，于是迷迭香酸在酸奶等食品产品中上岗成为了一种……防腐剂。保健品里几乎看不到它的身影，个护美妆中也少得可怜。 图注：添加了迷迭香酸的爽肤水 迷迭香酸遭遇可怜境遇的原因可能有二，一是植物多酚这个赛道里的竞争者太多（如槲皮素、木樨草素等），迷迭香酸博而不精，很难出彩；二是它的溶解性和渗透性差[24]，用了吸收不了，迷迭香酸的作用效果自然大打折扣。 为此，研究者们正在寻找各种不同的递送载体，给迷迭香酸加装一个好吸收的“包装”，不就可以提升它的生物利用度了？ 纳米颗粒、固体脂质纳米颗粒（SLN）和磷脂复合物等几种载体能加强迷迭香酸的口服吸收[21]，纳米结构脂质载体、吐温80、纳米囊泡等能促进迷迭香酸的皮肤吸收[25-27]。 值得欣慰的是，虽然迷迭香酸的应用技术和转化尚不成熟，但是已经有多项临床试验证明了它对人类的安全性。每天服用500mg迷迭香酸不会对人体造成任何不良影响[5]，但不到15mg的额外口服补充就能缓解抑郁患者的症状[10]。 每克烘干的迷迭香里有21.13±0.56mg的迷迭香酸[10]，做菜的时候放一小截迷迭香一起煮，不仅能增香提味，说不定还能收获各种健康增益。  当然，不喜欢迷迭香的味道也没事，多种植物中都含有丰富的迷迭香酸，罗勒、丹参、薄荷、牛至等我们常见的食物香料中都有，含量不低[28]。从做饭到泡水，从牛排到沙拉，总有一款适合想要抗衰的你。 像迷迭香酸这样的“收集狂”，一直在累积着自己的功能和属性，就差把生物医药全领域都点亮，虽然现在它的应用还少，但是我们期待它厚积薄发的一天。 —— TIMEPIE —— 参考文献 [1] Ngo, Y. 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