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窗的历史是伴随着人居住的历史发展而发展的。传统院落坐北朝南，由外而内的次序是门、庭、堂、室。室和堂之间的窗子叫“牖”，室的北面还有一个窗子叫“向”。 The history of windows has developed with the historical development of human habitation. The traditional courtyard faces south from the north, with doors, courtyards, halls, and rooms arranged from the outside to the inside...
上古的“窗”专指开在屋顶上的天窗，开在墙壁上的窗叫“牖”。如果说房屋的梁柱支撑了整个建筑的结构，那么门窗则是使用环节中最不容忽视的一环。从最初仅满足采光通风到后来的审美需求，窗已经变成了一个充满智慧与美感的功能性装饰。 In ancient times, "window" specifically referred to a skylight that opened on the roof, and a window that opened on the wall was called "window". If the beams and columns of a house support the entire structure of the building...
古代花窗不仅仅是为了美观，其内容通常用寓意、谐音等共同表达吉祥、愿望。不同阶层，不同府邸参照其寓意运用时有所侧重。 Ancient flower windows were not only designed for aesthetics, but their content was often expressed through symbolism, homophonics, and other common expressions of auspiciousness and wishes. Different classes and mansions have different emphasis when referring to their metaphorical meanings.
一、三交六椀菱花 三交六椀菱花窗一般采取三根棂条来交叉于一点，并用一颗金属小钉钉在这个聚点上，从而在交点处形成一朵六瓣的菱花。 The three intersecting six valonia diamond window usually adopts three lattice bars to intersect at a point, and is nailed to this gathering point with a small metal nail to form a six petal diamond flower at the intersection. 这种花纹一般装饰在等级比较高的宫殿中，比如太和殿、文华殿之类。三交六椀菱花图案繁复，内涵天地，寓意四方，是寓意天地之交而生万物的一种符号。 This type of pattern is usually decorated in higher-level palaces, such as the Taihe Hall and the Wenhua Hall. The pattern of the three intersecting six valonia diamond flower is complex, with connotations of heaven and earth, symbolizing the four directions...
二、双交四椀菱花 相比三交六椀菱花等级稍微低一点，如故宫景仁宫，它是由斜棂和横棂交错构成，然后在相交的空白区域内装饰上花瓣形成菱花形。 Compared to the three intersecting six valonia diamond flower, it has a slightly lower level, such as the Jingren Palace in the Forbidden City. It is composed of diagonal and horizontal lattices, and then decorated with petals to form a diamond shape in the intersecting blank area.
三、步步锦 步步锦是一幅有规律的几何图案，主要由直棂和横棂各自端头顶着对方的中部与边部形成丁字形状。寓意人在事业上事事成功，做官的会步步高升的美好象征。 Bubujin is a regular geometric pattern, mainly composed of vertical and horizontal mullions with their respective ends facing the middle and edges of each other, forming a T-shaped shape.
四、轱辘钱 轱辘钱样式图案呈现为圆圈中有内弧形方格，很像中国传统货币铜钱状。养心殿大多用此装饰，此样式的窗花有招财进宝、财源滚滚的寓意。也有广招人才的意思。 The pattern of the wheel money style is presented as a circle with an inner curved grid, resembling the shape of traditional Chinese copper coins. Most of the Heart Nourishing Hall is decorated with this style of window decoration.
五、万字纹 “卍”字棂花图案呈现一种旋转的状态，就像佛教里的“卍”字，寓意吉祥辟邪、万寿无疆，是生命永无休止的象征。紫禁城内绛雪轩用的就是这个图案的窗纹。 The lattice flower pattern of the "卍" character presents a rotating state, just like the "Swastika" character in Buddhism, symbolizing auspiciousness, warding off evil spirits, and eternal life, which is a symbol of endless life.
六、回字纹 回字纹因为其形状像汉字中的“回”字，所以称之为回字纹。家具上回纹在明清时期广为使用，特别是乾隆时期，这一时期的家具多在桌案椅凳的腿足端雕饰以回纹马蹄图案。在民间被称为：富贵不断头。 Hui character pattern is called Hui character pattern because its shape resembles the "Hui" character in Chinese characters. The patterns on furniture were widely used during the Ming and Qing dynasties, especially during the Qianlong period.
七、冰裂纹 也叫冰凌纹、碎冰纹。最早见于陶瓷器物表面，由于烧制开裂产生的纹饰。因其源自自然之美，不加雕琢，所以增加了器物别样的美感。后来被应用于窗棂纹饰，有寓意十全十美，也有用作书房，寓意满腹诗书，有寒窗苦读说。 Also known as ice cream patterns or broken ice patterns. The earliest decorative pattern found on the surface of ceramic objects due to firing and cracking. Because it originates from the beauty of nature and is not carved, it adds a unique aesthetic to the objects.
八、龟背纹 呈六角形连续状的几何纹样，又称灵锁纹或锁纹。古代占卜时灼烤龟甲，视所见坼裂之纹，以兆吉凶体咎。因而龟背纹遂成神秘莫测之物而被崇尚，演化成吉祥之物，有延年益寿之意。 A geometric pattern with a continuous hexagonal shape, also known as a spiritual lock pattern or lock pattern. In ancient times, during divination, the turtle shell was roasted and cracked, indicating good or bad fortune.
九、如意纹 如意起源于“爪仗”，即痒痒挠，其自用方便、无需求人、可如人意，故被称之为“如意”。按如意形做成的如意纹饰，造型上以如意头、灵芝为来源，形成了独特的云朵形式。其事事如意的好兆头，使得“如意纹”这种象征吉祥富贵的图案应运而生。 Ruyi originated from the "claw stick", which means itching and scratching. It is convenient for personal use, does not require seeking help, and can be as desired, so it is called "Ruyi".
十、鱼鳞纹 形如鱼鳞之排列，因此而得名鱼鳞纹。人们认为是吉祥物，大多因其谐音而来。有鱼跃龙门、年年有余的寓意。 The shape is like the arrangement of fish scales, hence the name fish scale pattern. People believe it is a mascot, mostly because of its homophonic sound. There is a meaning of fish leaping over the gate of dragons and having surplus every year.
窗户是建筑的眼睛，正是这咫尺方寸间，在日后的岁月里演变出各种各样的花样来。这些兼具采光、通风、装饰美化作用的窗户，为古人缓慢行驶的时光增添了不少乐趣。 Windows are the eyes of architecture, and it is precisely in these tiny spaces that various designs will evolve in the years to come. These windows, which combine lighting, ventilation, and decorative beautification, add a lot of fun to the slow driving time of the ancients. |
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