GUIDE 编者按 静脉输液港作为一种新兴的中心静脉输液通路装置,主要应用于肿瘤化疗、肠外营养支持,但目前国内不同地区静脉输液港植入手术和维护水平存在较大差异。专家共识撰写组集合了在静脉输液港方面植入与管理方面具有丰富经验的多学科专家,结合最新研究结果,依据循证医学证据等级评估给出25条建议,涵盖静脉输液港的植入和维护全部流程,旨在为从事静脉输液港工作的医护人员提供科学依据及参考,对规范静脉输液港植入及维护操作,减少并发症,提高患者的安全性和满意度意义重大。 静脉输液港植入与管理多学科专家共识(2023版) 中国中西医结合学会外周血管疾病委员会中心静脉通路专家组 摘 要 完全植入式静脉给药装置(TIVAD)又称静脉输液港,是一种新兴的中心静脉输液通路装置,主要应用于肿瘤化疗、肠外营养支持,近年来的应用证实该技术可靠有效。目前国内对该技术的应用主要集中于大型医疗机构,不同地区植入手术和维护存在较大差异,造成实际应用效果差异较大、相关并发症的发生率高、患者满意度差别大。专家组集合了在静脉输液港工作方面具有丰富经验的来自不同专业的多位专家,结合最新研究结果,充分讨论制定了《静脉输液港植入与管理多学科专家共识(2023版)》,适用于从事静脉输液港工作的医护人员,内容涵盖了静脉输液港的植入和维护全部流程,目标是减少植入和使用的并发症,提高使用静脉输液港患者的安全性和满意度。 Multidisciplinary expert consensus on implantation and management of venous infusion port (2023 edition) Central Venous Access Working Group of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine Peripheral Vascular Disease Committee Abstract The totally implantable venous access device (TIVAD), also known as venous infusion port, is an emerging intravenous access device primarily used for chemotherapy and parenteral nutrition support. Its reliability and effectiveness have been confirmed by recent applications. Currently, the utilization of this technology in domestic settings is mainly concentrated in large medical institutions. However, there are significant differences in implantation surgery and maintenance practices among different regions, resulting in variations in actual outcomes, high incidence of related complications, and differences in patient satisfaction. The expert group, consisting of experienced professionals from various disciplines involved in TIVAD work, has collaborated and extensively discussed the latest research findings and then developed the Multidisciplinary expert consensus on implantation and management of venous infusion port (2023 edition). This consensus applies to healthcare professionals engaged in TIVAD work and covers the entire process of implantation and maintenance of the venous infusion port. The goal is to reduce complications associated with implantation and usage and improve the safety and satisfaction of patients using a TIVAD. 完全植入式静脉给药装置(totally implantable venous access device,TIVAD),又称静脉输液港,是近年来新兴的一种中心静脉输液装置,应用于需进行化疗、肠外营养、输液困难的患者,相比经外周静脉置入的中心静脉导管(peripherally inserted central catheter,PICC)、中心静脉导管(central venous catheter,CVC)、中长期导管,更加便利、安全[1-2]。静脉输液港植入技术经历了近40年的发展,从开放手术植入为主转变为穿刺植入为主,从单纯胸壁港为主发展成为上臂港和胸壁港相互补充,在导管定位方面从依赖体表定位、公式定位,转变为以心电图、透视定位为主,提高了导管尖端的准确性。近年来输液港导管和港体的材料也有了明显改进,输液港导管直径下降、材料性能提高,导管断裂、破裂等并发症明显减少,港体重量减轻、对皮肤的刺激损伤减少,整体提高了该技术的安全性。近年来输液港的临床应用迅速增长,但我国目前应用的比例较低[3]。该技术操作具有一定难度,相比大型医疗机构,基层医疗机构并发症发生率高,患者满意度低。我们希望通过专家共识帮助基层医疗机构规范开展该项工作,提高患者的安全性,使该技术惠及更多有需要的患者。 1 人员资质 静脉输液港较其他中心静脉导管的植入手术操作更加复杂,操作者的技术水平直接影响并发症发生率。输液港的操作者可由外科、介入科、麻醉科等多学科医生担任,或采用医护合作模式。但操作者需要经过严格的培训和考核,合格后方能执行输液港植入操作(证据等级:高级;推荐意见:强)。 2 输液港植入术术前准备 2.1 常规准备 3 输液港的适应证和禁忌证 3.1 手术适应证 4 手术操作要点 4.1 输液港植入操作流程 上臂港植入流程:⑴ 平卧位,手臂外展,消毒铺巾并进行最大范围防护;⑵ 根据区域置入法(zone insertion method,ZIM)原则于上臂上1/3范围内穿刺静脉(首选贵要静脉、腋静脉),置入导丝;⑶ 交换可撕脱鞘管,置入输液港导管;⑷ 导管通过颈锁关节时,让患者低头转向同侧可压迫颈内静脉辅助导管进入上腔静脉;⑸ 根据透视或腔内心电图调整导管长度;⑹ 于上臂内侧中1/3皮下建立囊袋;⑺ 建立短皮下隧道将导管引导至皮下囊袋;⑻ 连接导管将港体置入囊袋内;⑼ 缝合或粘合手术切口;⑽ 100 IU/mL肝素盐水封管(图2)。 开放直视经头静脉胸壁港植入流程:⑴ 平卧位,常规消毒铺巾;⑵ 取肩部胸三角肌间沟体表位置切口3 cm,切开皮肤及皮下组织,游离头静脉后于近远端丝线控制(条件允许建议超声定位头静脉);⑶ 丝线提起头静脉,剪刀切开头静脉,静脉拉钩牵开,直视下送入导管;⑷ 建议透视下将导管头端送至腔房交界处,同时造影明确上腔静脉血流通畅,记录导管长度;⑸ 经切口制作囊袋。钝性分离皮下脂肪,制作合适港体囊袋,并充分止血;⑹ 确认导管长度并截断,导管与输液港体连接,将港体埋于囊袋内并缝合固定港体;⑺ 透视下再次确定导管尖端位置,可适当调整,造影明确导管及上腔静脉通畅;⑻ 充分止血后缝合切口,无菌敷料覆盖伤口(图3)。 4.2 导管直径的选择 5 术中并发症 输液港植入过程中可能出现一些并发症,正确预防和诊治这些并发症,对于植入手术的成功、患者的安全和满意度有重要意义。 6 术后早期并发症 输液港植入术后常见早期并发症包括出血、囊袋血肿、切口愈合不良、港体翻转等。早期并发症症状急、发展快,需要通过密切观察、细心体检并结合有效的检查方法明确诊断,必要时采用手术等措施及时干预。 7 术后远期并发症 输液港植入术后的远期并发症主要包括导管相关性与港体相关性并发症及感染等其他并发症,一旦发生,需要及时对症处理或更换设备。 8 输液港的使用与维护 8.1 穿刺 9 输液港取出 输液港取出的适应证:⑴ 临床治疗已经结束或无需继续使用时应及时予以取出;⑵ 出现临床无法处理的导管及港体相关并发症时应予以取出;⑶ 因置港部位其他疾病等无法继续留置者应适时予以取出。 10 患者健康教育 静脉输液港植入术后伤口敷料需保持干燥,切勿自行打开。注意观察局部敷料有无渗血渗液,如有出血或潮湿,需要及时更换敷料术后。术后24 h内减少置港侧肢体活动。术后1~2周内,避免局部压迫或拉扯伤口。术后可能手术部位出现疼痛感,一般1~3 d后逐渐缓解。港体和皮下隧道部分可能出现青紫,约1~3周后逐步消退。治疗期间静脉输液港应每4周维护1次,必须在有资质进行静脉输液港护理的医院,由专业护士进行导管维护。进行导管维护时需携带输液港识别卡或有输液港相关信息的维护手册。输液过程中出现输液速度发生变化,穿刺部位有疼痛、烧灼感、肿胀不适、渗血渗液等情况时,及时告知护士。治疗期间避免碰撞、摩擦、压迫港体,港体侧肢体不要进行剧烈的运动,防止针头移动、针头脱出或药物外渗等发生。治疗间歇期应保持局部皮肤干洁,避免重力撞击港体部位,避免引体向上、举哑铃等剧烈运动。手臂港患者避免打羽毛球、网球等手臂运动幅度大的运动。手臂港患者不可在置港上臂测血压。当发生以下情况,需立即告知医务人员或就诊:港体部位出现发红、肿胀、烧灼感、疼痛;不明原因寒战、发热(体温>38 ℃)或低血压等;肩颈部及置管侧上肢出现肿胀或疼痛等不适。 11 小 结 本共识综合了近年来静脉输液港的相关研究结果,由多学科专家组成的写作小组共同讨论修订,阐述了静脉输液港植入和管理的技术要点,对于临床工作的开展具有切实指导作用。目前提高相关工作者对静脉输液港的认识程度和技术水平是推广该项技术的重点,该技术还受到导管相关血栓、感染的困扰,未来需要更多工作进一步降低并发症发生率,带来更好的预防方案和治疗手段。 共识相关建议小结如下: 《静脉输液港植入与管理多学科专家共识(2023版)》编写及讨论专家名单 利益冲突:以上专家与医药器械厂商不存在任何利益关系和冲突。 (在框内向上滑动手指即可浏览全部参考文献) [1]Moss JG, Wu O, Bodenham AR, et al. 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(本文编辑 宋涛) 本文引用格式:中国中西医结合学会外周血管疾病委员会中心静脉通路专家组.静脉输液港植入与管理多学科专家共识(2023版)[J].中国普通外科杂志, 2023, 32(6):799-814. doi:10.7659/j.issn.1005-6947.2023.06.001 Cite this article as: Central Venous Access Working Group of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine Peripheral Vascular Disease Committee. Multidisciplinary expert consensus on implantation and management of venous infusion port (2023 edition) [J]. Chin J Gen Surg, 2023, 32(6): 799-814. doi: 10.7659/j. issn. 1005-6947.2023.06.001 |
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