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however 是大家再熟悉不过的一个老词，然而对它的详细用法还是有必要探讨一下。总的来说，however有一个变体，两种词性，三层含义，具体说明如下。 一、副词 (1)表示转折或对比: 可以置于句首、句中、甚至句末，以逗号隔开，相当于 yet,nevertheless 或 despite this ；译为“然而、可是、仍然”等： He was feeling very ill. However, he went to school. 他感到很不舒服。但他仍然去上学了。 We had a small drop in sales last month. We are, however, still above the plan. 上个月我们的销售额略有下降。然而，我们仍高于计划。 They do, however, share a mutual interest in design. 不过他们确实都对设计感兴趣。 Laptop sales surpassed tablet sales in the last year. Mobile phones still remain the highest selling gadget, however. 去年，笔记本电脑的销量超过了平板电脑。然而，手机仍然是最畅销的电子产品。 Scientific consensus is that humans first began to have a warming effect on Earth’s climate within the past century, after coal-burning factories, power plants, and motor vehicles began releasing carbon dioxide (CO2) and other greenhouse gases in significant quantities into the air. However, evidence suggests that human agricultural activities may have had such an effect much earlier. 科学界一致认为，人类首先开始对地球气候产生变暖影响是在上个世纪，当时燃煤工厂、发电厂和机动车辆开始向空气中大量排放二氧化碳和其他温室气体。然而，有证据表明，人类农业活动可能在更早的时候就产生了这样的影响。 Most seismologists assume that following a major earthquake and its aftershocks, the fault (a break in Earth’s crust where pressure can trigger an earthquake) will remain quiet until stresses have time to rebuild, typically over hundreds or thousands of years. Recent evidence of subtle interactions between earthquakes may overturn this assumption, however. 大多数地震学家认为，在一次大地震及其余震之后，断层(地壳上的一个裂缝，在那里压力可以引发地震)将保持平静，直到压力有时间重建，通常需要数百年或数千年。然而，最近地震之间微妙相互作用的证据可能推翻这一假设。 It is true that no more than 30 percent of the death certificates of Seligians who have died of that cancer have “constructions” listed as the deceased’s occupation. The cancer takes about 2- years after exposure to develop, however, and Seligians who have worked in construction commonly turn to less strenuous occupations as they age. 确实，在死于癌症的塞利亚人的死亡证明中，不超过30%的人将“建筑”列为死者的职业。然而，这种癌症在暴露后大约需要2年的时间才会发展，而在建筑行业工作的塞利亚人随着年龄的增长，通常会转向不那么费力的职业。 注：当 however 用于连接两个独立的句子，应在 however 前面加分号“;”，或另起新句： I'd like to go with you; however, my hands are full. / I'd like to go with you. However, my hands are full. 我很想和你一块儿去，可是我忙不过来。 I was offered a promotion at the end of March; however I turned it down. I didn’t want the extra responsibility for a small pay increase. 三月底有人给我升职，但我拒绝了。我不想因为一点点加薪而承担额外的责任。 (2)表示惊奇或强调：相当于how ever; 其意为“究竟怎样，到底以什么方式”： However did you get here without a car? 没有汽车，你究竟是怎样来的呢？ However does he manage to write music when he is so deaf? 他聋成这个样子，究竟是怎样从事作曲的呢？ 二、连词 (1)however变身为no matter how, how保持原始感叹或疑问含义，意为“无论(以何种方式)”、“不管怎样(程度)”： However it may be,I shall take your word. 无论如何，我将会相信你的话。 However I approached the problem,I couldn't find a solution. 这一问题我不管怎样都无法解决。 However you travel,it'll take you at least two days. 无论你们怎么个走法，至少要两天时间。 The painting looks wrong however you look at it. 这张画不论怎么看都显得不对劲。 However I struggle, it seems dim to achieve my dream. 无论我如何努力，实现我的梦想似乎都很渺茫。 We let the kids decorate their rooms however they want to. 我们让孩子们随心所欲地装饰他们的房间。 However you look at it, this is very worrying news. 不管你怎么看，这是一个非常令人担忧的消息。 (2)however变身为no matter how, 后跟形容词或副词，引导让步状语从句，表示“无论...也”、“不管... 都”： Phone me when you arrive,however late it is. 你到达之后就给我打电话，不论多么晚也要打。 However much he eats,he never gets fat. 不管他吃多少，他永远吃不胖。 However cold it is,he always goes swimming. 不管天有多冷，他都去游泳。 You won't move the stone,however strong you are. 不管你力气有多大，也休想搬动那块石头。 However far it is,I intend to drive there tonight. 不管有多远，我今晚也要开车到那儿去。 People always want more,however/no matter how rich they are. 人总是富了还想再富。 However/No matter how hard I worked,she was never satisfied. 无论我多么努力地工作，她从来没满意过。 Don't laugh,however funny it may be. 无论多么有趣也不要笑。 I'll try to finish it in time,however hard it may be. 无论多么难，我也要按时完成。 We’re determined to have a wonderful holiday, however much it costs. 不管花多少钱，我们决心过一个愉快的假期。 However many times you explain things, you can never get him to understand. 不管你解释了多少次，你永远无法让他明白。 We are determined to solve this problem, however long it takes. 不管需要多长时间，我们决心解决这个问题。 注：“however+形容词或副词+主语+谓语”可以有所省略： I refuse,however favorable the conditions (are). 不管条件如何有利，我都不干。 I'd rather have a room of my own,however small (it is),than share a room. 无论房间多小，我宁愿一个人住一间，而不愿意与别人合住一个房间。 A grammar rule,however true(it is),is useless unless it can be understood. 一条语法规则，不管如何正确，除非能懂，否则毫无用处。 高考真题 1.You should try to get a good night's sleep _____ much work you have to do. A.however B.no matter C.although D.whatever [解析]A：不管你有多少工作要做，都应该好好休息一个晚上。 2. He tried his best to solve the problem,____ difficult it was. A.however B.no matter C.whatever D.although [解析]A：不管那个问题有多难，他都努力解决。 3.____ rich one may be there is always something one wants. A.Whatever B．Whenever C．However D．Wherever [解析]C：无论一个人有多富有，他都会有需要的东西。 4.____ I say,he always disagrees. A.However B.Whatever C.Whichever D.Whoever [解析]B：无论我说什么，他就是不同意。 5.____ she goes,there are crowds of people waiting to see her. A.Wherever B.However C.Whichever D.Whoever [解析]A：不管她去哪，总有成群的人等着见她。 6.An awful accident ____,however,occur the other day. A.does B.did C.has to D.had to [解析]B：然而，前几天发生了一场可怕的事故。 GRE真题 Britain’s Queen Victoria, however (i)______ she had been at the beginning of her reign, was politically much more (ii)______ by the end of her time on the throne, as she resigned herself to the emergence of an increasing powerful electorate that prevented her from stubbornly insisting on getting her own way in matters of state. Blank (i)____ A. naive B. personable C. obdurate Blank (ii) _____D. powerful E. arbitrary F. malleable [解析] 题目里的however就是句内的让步，整个题目大的逻辑形式可以理解成“尽管Victoria在初期... ... ，但是后来就变得 ... ... ”, 很明显两空应该是取反的，答案是CF(obdurate顽固的；malleable温顺的); 句意：英国维多利亚女王(Queen Victoria)在执政之初是多么顽固，但到了她在位末期，她在政治上的可塑性大大增强了，因为她屈从于日益强大的选民群体的出现，而这阻止了她在国家事务上固执地坚持自己的方式。 |
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