在之前的课程里,我们详细总结过宾语从句,也见过表语从句、主语从句和同位语从句。从句子成分来看,这四类从句也统称为“名词性从句”。今天,我们就来详细总结一下英语里的名词性从句。Today, let's summarize the noun clauses in English. 名词性从句(Noun Clauses)1. 名词性从句的定义 一个大句子里,在“名词”的位置上不是某个单词或者短语,而是一个“连接词 完整的句子”,这样的从句,就称为“名词性从句”。同时,英语里所有的从句都是陈述句语序。 2. 名词性从句包括四种从句:主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句 一、主语从句(Subject Clause)1. 主语从句的定义 一个大句子里,在“主语”的位置上不是某个单词或者短语,而是一个“连接词 完整的句子”,这样的从句,就称为“主语从句”。 2. 主语从句的分类 (1)由从属连词引导的主语从句 例1:That he didn’t attend the meeting is strange.(真是奇怪,他没来参会。) 例2:Whether he can be here on time is still unclear.(他能否准时到这里还是个未知数。)(whether,能否) 备注:从属连词that,whether在从句中仅起连接作用,不作具体句子成分。其中: 1. that本质上指代的是后面引导的“那个”从句,但中文不翻译; 2. whether翻译成“能否”,属于从句主语的一部分。 问1:引导主语从句的that可以省略吗? 答:(1)如果that引导的主语从句直接位于句首,那么that不能省略,以避免混淆句意。比如说: Thatyoudidn’t go to thepartywas a pity. (很遗憾你没去派对。)(that不可省) (2)如果that引导的主语从句位于句末,并且在句首使用了形式主语it,那么that在非正式文体中可以省略,因为不影响句意。比如说: Itwas a pity(that)youdidn’t go to the party. (很遗憾你没去派对。)(that可省) 问2:在主语从句当中,什么时候可以用whether,什么时候可以用if呢? 答:(1)当主语从句放于句首时,只用whether(能否),因为if有“如果”的意思,避免据易混淆。比如说: Whether she will show up is still unknown.(她是否会出现还不知道。) (2)当it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末时,用whether或if都可以。比如说: It is unknownwhether/if she will show up.(她是否会出现还不知道。) (3)被后置的主语从句中含有表选择意义的or时,需要用whether,而不用if,因为whether …. or not往往连用表示“是否”。比如说: 例:It is unclear whether she likes him or not.(她是否喜欢他还不清楚。) (2)由连接代词/副词引导的主语从句 a. 连接代词: 在从句里,起连接作用的代词叫连接代词。包括:what,who/whom,whose,which,whatever,whoever/whomever,whichever(什么,谁,谁的,哪一个,无论什么,无论谁,无论哪个)等。如: 例1:What you said is totally true.【你说的(内容)是大实话。】 例2:Who/WhomI likehas nothing to do with you.(我喜欢谁跟你无关。) 例3:Whatever he did was right.(他做的一切都是对的。) 例4:Whoever said thatmust be responsible.(不管谁那么说都要负责任。) b. 连接副词: 在从句里,起连接作用的副词叫连接副词。包括:when,where,how,why(何时,何地,如何,为何)。如: 例1:How he finished the report before the deadline is a complete mystery.(他怎么做到在截止日期前完成报告这件事完全是个谜。) 例2:Why I didn’t tell you this is that I don’t want you to worry about me.(我为什么不告诉你这件事是因为我不想你替我担心。) (3)由形式主语it引导的主语从句 因为有时主语从句过长,让人难以抓住表达重点,所以,可以用形式主语it代替主语从句,即将it放于句首,将主语从句放在句末,以达到句子的平衡。对比: That more than two million people die of hunger every yearis said.(据说每年有200万人死于饥荒。)(重点不明) It is said that more than two million people die of hunger every year.(结构分明) 在之前的课程里,尤其是在第21单元里,我们也见过一些主语从句的例子,下面我们来一起回顾一下: Lesson 73: Leo: It is, butit turns out thatI must give a thirty-day noticeif Iwant to depart. Lesson 81: It is well known that Big Techcompanies around the world arechampioningremote work as the new norm postCOVID-19. Lesson 83:Young: What I never realized is that I would miss going to the office. Lesson 83:What is left for me is barely anything. Lesson 83:Young:Whoever said working from home is great was wrong. 二、宾语从句(Object Clause)关于宾语从句,我们已经在《全民英语享学营》Level 4的第14单元总结里做过详细讲解,这里不再赘述。 三、表语从句(Predictive Clause)1. 表语从句的定义 一个大句子里,在“表语”的位置上不是某个单词或者短语,而是一个“连接词 完整的句子”,这样的从句,就称为“表语从句”。 2. 表语从句的分类 (1)最常见的表语从句就是由从属连词that引导。 例1:The fact is that many people find it difficult to learn English well.(事实是,很多人发现学好英语很困难。) 例2:Her hope is that she could marry him.(她的希望是她可以嫁给他。) (2)由连接代词/副词引导 例1:The question is who will be responsible for this accident.(问题是,谁来为这起事故负责。) 例2:That’s where we first met.(这就是我们初次见面的地方。) 例3:What I want to ask you is when I can get my salary.(我想问你的是我什么时候能够得到自己的薪水。) (3)从属连词whether,as,as if,because引导 例1:The question is whether it will rain.(问题是是否会下雨。) 例2:He looked just as he had looked three years before.(他看上去就跟他三年前看起来一样。) 例3:It looked as if she was going to cry.(看起来她好像要哭了。) 例4:That’s because she never really thought of it. (这是因为她从未想过此事。) 问:为什么It looks/sounds/seems that后面引导的是表语从句,而不是宾语从句? 答:因为“看起来、听起来、好像”这类动词本身不完整,只属于系动词,功能与be动词类似,后面必须要接表语。 在第21单元里,我们也见过一些表语从句的例子,下面我们来一起回顾一下: Lesson 83:Young: What I never realized is that I would miss going to the office. Lesson 84: Young: This is not what I thought it would be like either. Lesson 84: Alice: The reason why we call her that is that she was yelling at her husband to put the kettle on, but he wasn’t answering her. 四、同位语从句(Appositive Clause)1. 同位语从句的定义 (1)一个大句子里,在“同位语”的位置上不是某个单词或者短语,而是一个“连接词 完整的句子”,这样的从句,就称为“同位语从句”; (2)同位语从句放在一个名词后,由that引导,用于更详细地解释说明这个名词; 例1:Where did you get the ideathat I could eat spicy food?(你从哪儿得到我能吃辣这件事的?)(idea和that I could eat spicy food是一回事,只不过后者更详细) 例2:Have you heard the newsthat they just got married?(你听说他们最近结婚的消息了吗?) 例3:Why do you have the impressionthat they are good friends?(为什么你会有他俩是好朋友的印象?) 注意:引导同位语从句的连词that通常不省略,否则句意容易混淆。 2. 同位语从句可以与先行词分开,置于句末,为了让句子平衡美观。 例1:The rumorgoesthat there is a secret garden hidden in the city.(谣传这个城市有一个秘密花园。) 例2:The idea came from the CEO that the company plans to expand its market.(公司计划要拓宽市场,这个点子是执行总裁出的。) 在之前的课程里,我们也见过一些同位语从句的例子,下面我们来一起回顾一下: Lesson 70: Young: I had no idea that she would be back this late. Lesson 75: Interviewer: Well, to be honest, I already have a feeling that you will be a great addition to the team. 另外,我们在第70课还专门讲过同位语从句和宾语、定语从句的区别,我在这段视频下方给你附上了相关文本,如果需要你可以再看一下。 附:Lesson 70关于同位语从句和宾语、定语从句的区别: 1. 同位语从句和宾语从句有什么区别? 区别就在于,宾语从句只有一个从句当宾语,但如果是同位语从句,那么从句句子里还有一个已经和从句地位相同的名词。就拿原文的句子来说。我们来对比一下: (1)同位语从句:I had no idea that she would be back this late.(I had no idea句子成分完整。后面that引导的从句对前面idea的具体内容进行了解释和说明,它和前面的idea是同位语的关系) (2)宾语从句:I don’t know that she would be back this late.(I don’t know句子成分不完整,that 引导的句子去掉之后,句子缺少宾语,所以后面的从句只是作前面动词know的宾语) 2. 同位语从句和定语从句有什么区别? 区别就在于,定语从句只是修饰先行词,其本身的句意并不完整。但同位语从句本身句意就是完整的,和前面的名词的地位是相同的。从细节来说,定语从句里的that在从句中充当成分,指代先行词;而同位语从句中的that不充当成分,所以如果去掉that,从句句子成分仍然完整。比如说: (1)The factthat she likes me is known to everyone.(这个事实,也就是她喜欢我这件事,是众所周知的。)(同位语从句,the fact和she likes me是同一件事,that只起引导作用,在同位语从句中不充当任何成分。) (2)The fact that we just mentioned is known to everyone.(我们刚提到的那个事实是众所周知的。)(定语从句,we just mentioned作定语,修饰前面的the fact,that 在定语从句指代the fact作mentioned的宾语) 单元总结通过今天的学习,希望你能够对英语的名词性从句有一个更系统的认知。在现实生活中,名词性从句还有更多非常灵活的用法,不过有了一个扎实的功底以后,遇到这类用法你也就不会很头疼了。相信你的英语会越来越好的。 Keep up the good work. |
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