摘要 通过15N 示踪分析研究基肥氮素去向,旨在为水稻氮肥高效栽培提供理论和实践依据。以武运粳 24 号为试验材料,采用2 年田间定点试验,通过增密减氮、前氮后移、轻干湿交替灌溉、增施饼肥等栽培措施,设置5 种处理(氮空白区、当地常规栽培、综合管理措施 1~3),研究不同栽培措施对水稻基肥氮素利用率的影响。结果表明,25.76%基肥氮素被植株吸收,24.46%残留在土壤中,49.78%损失到环境中。与当地常规栽培相比,综合管理措施能够显著提高作物对基肥氮的吸收比例(38.8%~61.3%),降低土壤中的残留比例(10.3%~24.8%),减少基肥氮向环境中的损失比例(1.8%~18.1%)。与当地常规栽培措施相比,综合管理措施在各生育期皆具有较高的氮素积累量;显著提升了植株对基肥氮素的吸收,减少了氮素损失,显著增加了氮素向籽粒中转运,且综合管理措施能改善土壤质量,具有较高的土壤脲酶及过氧化氢酶活性。综合研究结果表明,通过优化栽培措施能够显著提高植株对氮素的吸收,改善土壤质量,增加土壤氮素库容,提高基肥氮素利用率,增加作物产量。 关键词 水稻;基肥氮素;产量;氮肥利用率 1 材料与方法 1.1 试验材料与试验地概况 1.2 试验设计 ICM2:综合管理措施2。在 ICM1 处理基础上全生育期进行轻干湿交替灌溉,低限土壤水势为-15 kPa,当土壤水势为最低土壤水势-15 kPa 时,即灌 2~3 cm 浅层水栽插密度、氮肥施用量与施 用时期同 ICM1 处理。 微区设置:每个处理设置 1 个15N 示踪试验微区,微区大小1 m×1 m,使用铝合金隔离框进行肥水隔离,隔离框插入至犁底层(≥30 cm,深挖);微区中基肥施用氮肥来源为15N 富集丰度混合氮肥 (以总体施氮量为标准,统一15N 丰度为 5 atom%);各微区配备一个土壤水分张力计以观测 微区内水分动态变化。具体栽培措施见表1。 1.3 测定项目及方法 1.3.1 同位素15N 丰度值 在本试验开始前与水稻收获后,采用五点取样法于15N 微区框中的取植株与土壤(取样,土壤基础养分采用参考鲍士旦[10] 方法测定。植株烘干后使用小型粉样机粉碎为粉末待测,使用稳定同位素比例质谱仪(Isoprame 100, 英国)测定15N 示踪微区植株和土壤样品的15N 丰度,参照Wang 等[11]和李鹏飞等[12]的方法计算:15N 原子百分超(%)=样品或15N 标记肥料的15N丰度– 15N天然丰度;植株15N 积累量=植株干物质量×植株氮含量× 15N 原子百分超;15N 利用率(%)=植株N积累量/投入肥料15N 量×100;15N 土壤残留量(kg N/hm2)=土样干重×土壤 氮含量(%)×土壤15N 原子百分超×100;15N 土壤残留率(%)= 15N 土壤残留量/投入肥料15N 量×100;15N 损失率(%)=100%– 15N 利用率– 15N 土壤 残留率;氮肥回收利用效率(%)=[施氮肥处理氮素吸 收量(kg)–氮空白处理氮素吸收量(kg)]/施氮量(kg)100。 1.3.2 土壤酶活性 采用靛蓝比色法测定土壤脲酶活性,具体参考Tabatabai [13];参考Johnson 等[14] 的方法测定土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。 1.3.3 考种与计产 在成熟期,每个小区取 3 个 10 穴进行考种,得出穗粒数、千粒重以及结实率(水 漂法)。小区实收计产。 1.4 数据处理 2 结果与分析 2.1 不同处理对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响 2.2 不同处理对N 积累量及吸收量的影响 2.3 不同处理下15N 标记的基肥吸收利用效率分析 2.4 不同栽培措施处理的土壤酶活性差异 3 讨论 4 结论 参考文献 [1] 张洪程,龚金龙. 中国水稻种植机械化高产农艺研究现状及发展探讨. 中国农业科学,2014,47(7):1273-1289. 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Analysis of Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Base Fertilizer of Rice under Different Crop Management Practices by Using 15N Labeling Xie Hao 1,2 , Xue Zhangyi1,2 , Shu Chenchen 1,2 , Zhang Weiyang 1,2 , Zhang Hao 1,2 , Liu Lijun 1,2 , Wang Zhiqin 1,2 , Yang Jianchang 1,2 , Gu Junfei1,2 (1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu China; 2Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops / Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China) Abstract The 15N labeling was used to trace the fate of base fertilizer nitrogen through to provide theoretical and practical basis for the efficient nitrogen fertilizer management practices in rice. Wuyunjing 24 was used as the experimental material in a two-year field experiment. The effects of different cultivation measures on nitrogen use efficiency of rice base fertilizer were studied by using five treatments (nitrogen blank area, local conventional cultivation, and comprehensive management measures 1-3), such as increasing density and reducing nitrogen, shifting nitrogen before and after, light dry and wet alternate irrigation, and increasing cake fertilizer. The results showed that 25.76%, 24.46%, and 49.78% of the nitrogen from the base fertilizer were absorbed by the plants, remained in the soil, and lost to the environment, respectively. Compared with local farmers’ practice, integrated crop management can significantly increase the uptake ratio of basal nitrogen fertilizer by crops (38.8%-61.3%), reduce the residual ratio in soil (10.3%-24.8%), and reduce the ratio of basal nitrogen fertilizer entering the environment (1.8%-18.1%). Compared with the local farmers’ practice, the integrated crop management had higher nitrogen accumulations all the growth stages; the integrated crop management significantly improved the nitrogen absorption of the basal fertilizer by the plants, reduced the nitrogen loss, and significantly increased the partitioning of nitrogen to the grains. The integrated crop management practices also improved soil quality, the activities of soil urease and catalase. The comprehensive research results showed that the nitrogen absorption of plants, the soil quality, the nitrogen storage capacity of soil, the nitrogen utilization rate of base fertilizer and the yield could be significantly increased by optimizing cultivation measures. Key words Rice; Basal fertilizer nitrogen; Yield; Nitrogen use efficiency 本文发表于《作物杂志》2024年第1期 |
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