1.3 测定项目及方法 1.3.1 同位素15N 丰度值 在本试验开始前与水稻收获后,采用五点取样法于15N 微区框中的取植株与土壤(取样,土壤基础养分采用参考鲍士旦[10] 方法测定。植株烘干后使用小型粉样机粉碎为粉末待测,使用稳定同位素比例质谱仪(Isoprame 100, 英国)测定15N 示踪微区植株和土壤样品的15N 丰度,参照Wang 等[11]和李鹏飞等[12]的方法计算:15N 原子百分超(%)=样品或15N 标记肥料的15N丰度– 15N天然丰度;植株15N 积累量=植株干物质量×植株氮含量× 15N 原子百分超;15N 利用率(%)=植株N积累量/投入肥料15N 量×100;15N 土壤残留量(kg N/hm2)=土样干重×土壤 氮含量(%)×土壤15N 原子百分超×100;15N 土壤残留率(%)= 15N 土壤残留量/投入肥料15N 量×100;15N 损失率(%)=100%– 15N 利用率– 15N 土壤 残留率;氮肥回收利用效率(%)=[施氮肥处理氮素吸 收量(kg)–氮空白处理氮素吸收量(kg)]/施氮量(kg)100。 1.3.2 土壤酶活性 采用靛蓝比色法测定土壤脲酶活性,具体参考Tabatabai [13];参考Johnson 等[14] 的方法测定土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性。 1.3.3 考种与计产 在成熟期,每个小区取 3 个 10 穴进行考种,得出穗粒数、千粒重以及结实率(水 漂法)。小区实收计产。 1.4 数据处理 2 结果与分析 2.1 不同处理对水稻产量及其构成因素的影响 2.2 不同处理对N 积累量及吸收量的影响 2.3 不同处理下15N 标记的基肥吸收利用效率分析 2.4 不同栽培措施处理的土壤酶活性差异 3 讨论 4 结论 参考文献 [1] 张洪程,龚金龙. 中国水稻种植机械化高产农艺研究现状及发展探讨. 中国农业科学,2014,47(7):1273-1289. [2] 凌启鸿,张洪程,蔡建中,等. 水稻高产群体质量及其优化控制探讨. 中国农业科学,1993,26(6):1-11. [3] Wang X,Wu W,Liao Y. Mitigating ammonia volatilization and increasing nitrogen use efficiency through appropriate nitrogen management under supplemental irrigation and rain-fed condition in winter wheat. Agricultural Water Management,2021,255:107050. [4] 陈惠哲,朱德峰,林贤青,等. 促花肥施氮对超级杂交稻冠层叶片生长及光合速率的影响. 湖南农业大学学报(自然科学 版),2007,33(5):617-621. [5] 田永超,曹卫星,王绍华,等. 不同水、氮条件下水稻不同叶位水、氮含量及光合速率的变化特征. 作物学报,2004,30(11):1129-1134. [6] Gu J,Yang J. Nitrogen (N) transformation in paddy rice field: Its effect on N uptake and relation to improved N management. Crop and Environment,2022,1(1):7-14. [7] 田昌玉,孙文彦,林治安,等. 氮肥利用率的问题与改进. 中国土壤与肥料,2016(4):9-16. [8] 仇景涛,吴壮,蒋天昊,等. 不同生育时期氮肥减施对水稻群体生产特征的影响及减肥策略初步分析. 扬州大学学报(农业与生命科学版),2020,41(3):52-58. [9] 侯静华,李良君,杜晓宁. 稳定性同位素 15N 在我国农业研究中的应用. 化肥工业,2003(6):11-13. [10] 鲍士旦. 土壤农化分析. 北京:中国农业出版社,2000:30-109. [11] Wang D Y,Xu C M,Yan J X,et al. 15N tracer-based analysis of genotypic differences in the uptake and partitioning of N applied at different growth stages in transplanted rice. Field Crops Research,2017,211:27-36. [12] 李鹏飞,李小坤,侯文峰,等. 应用 15N 示踪技术研究控释尿素在稻田中的去向及利用率. 中国农业科学,2018,51(20):3961-3971. [13] Tabatabai M A. Enzymes Methods of soil analysis//Weaver R W, Augle S, Bottomly P J, et al. Microbiological and Biochemical Properties, No. 5. Soil Science Society of America Madison, 1994:775-833. [14] Johnson J L,Temple K L. Some variables affecting the measurement of “catalase activity” in soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal,1964,28(2):207-209. [15] 李艳,唐良梁,陈义,等. 施氮量对水稻氮素吸收、利用及损失的影响. 土壤通报,2015,46(2):392-397. [16] 贺帆,黄见良,崔克辉,等. 实时实地氮肥管理对不同杂交水稻氮肥利用率的影响. 中国农业科学,2008,41(2):470-479. [17] 宫亮,金丹丹,牛世伟,等. 长期定位氮肥减施对水稻产量和氮素吸收利用的影响. 中国稻米,2022,28(3):42-46. [18] 孙会峰,周胜,付子轼,等. 秸秆与缓释肥配施对水稻产量及氮素吸收利用率的影响. 中国稻米,2015,21(4):95-98. [19] 褚光,展明飞,朱宽宇,等. 干湿交替灌溉对水稻产量与水分利用效率的影响. 作物学报,2016,42(7):1026-1036. [20] 吴珊眉,倪苗娟. 有机―无机态肥氮在微型农业生态系统的转移和循环研究. 应用生态学报,1990,1(1):67-74. [21] 李婷婷. 干湿交替灌溉对水稻土壤性状、根系生长和产量形成的影响. 扬州:扬州大学,2020. [22] 张翰林,郭惠宝,杨业凤,等. 化肥有机肥配施对稻麦轮作系统作物产量和土壤肥力的影响. 上海农业学报,2022,38(3):48-53. Analysis of Nitrogen Use Efficiency of Base Fertilizer of Rice under Different Crop Management Practices by Using 15N Labeling Xie Hao 1,2 , Xue Zhangyi1,2 , Shu Chenchen 1,2 , Zhang Weiyang 1,2 , Zhang Hao 1,2 , Liu Lijun 1,2 , Wang Zhiqin 1,2 , Yang Jianchang 1,2 , Gu Junfei1,2 (1Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Yangzhou University / Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu China; 2Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops / Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China) Abstract The 15N labeling was used to trace the fate of base fertilizer nitrogen through to provide theoretical and practical basis for the efficient nitrogen fertilizer management practices in rice. Wuyunjing 24 was used as the experimental material in a two-year field experiment. The effects of different cultivation measures on nitrogen use efficiency of rice base fertilizer were studied by using five treatments (nitrogen blank area, local conventional cultivation, and comprehensive management measures 1-3), such as increasing density and reducing nitrogen, shifting nitrogen before and after, light dry and wet alternate irrigation, and increasing cake fertilizer. The results showed that 25.76%, 24.46%, and 49.78% of the nitrogen from the base fertilizer were absorbed by the plants, remained in the soil, and lost to the environment, respectively. Compared with local farmers’ practice, integrated crop management can significantly increase the uptake ratio of basal nitrogen fertilizer by crops (38.8%-61.3%), reduce the residual ratio in soil (10.3%-24.8%), and reduce the ratio of basal nitrogen fertilizer entering the environment (1.8%-18.1%). Compared with the local farmers’ practice, the integrated crop management had higher nitrogen accumulations all the growth stages; the integrated crop management significantly improved the nitrogen absorption of the basal fertilizer by the plants, reduced the nitrogen loss, and significantly increased the partitioning of nitrogen to the grains. The integrated crop management practices also improved soil quality, the activities of soil urease and catalase. The comprehensive research results showed that the nitrogen absorption of plants, the soil quality, the nitrogen storage capacity of soil, the nitrogen utilization rate of base fertilizer and the yield could be significantly increased by optimizing cultivation measures. Key words Rice; Basal fertilizer nitrogen; Yield; Nitrogen use efficiency 本文发表于《作物杂志》2024年第1期 |
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