 汉字的学习往往是各国朋友们学习中文的一大难点。汉字真的有大家想象的这么难吗？今天，请大家和我们一起来了解中国的文字——汉字的前世今生吧！ Learning Chinese characters is often a major challenge for friends from all over the world who are studying Chinese. Are Chinese characters really as difficult as everyone imagines? Today, please join us to explore the past and present of Chinese characters, the writing system of China.   汉字的起源 Origin  关于汉字的产生，旧时的说法有三：一是说汉字是由伏羲发明的，因为伏羲发明了八卦，而文字是由八卦演变来的；二是说，汉字起源于结绳记事，而据说结绳记事是从神农氏开始的，因此认为汉字最早是由神农创造的；三是说，汉字的创造者为黄帝的史官仓颉。 Regarding the origin of Chinese characters, there were three old theories: The first one is that Chinese characters were invented by Fuxi because Fuxi invented the Eight Trigrams, and characters evolved from the Eight Trigrams. Secondly, it is said that Chinese characters originated from knot-tying for record-keeping, and it is said that knot-tying for record-keeping began with Shennong. Therefore, it is believed that Chinese characters were first created by Shennong. Thirdly, the creator of Chinese characters was Cangjie, the historian of the Yellow Emperor.  仓颉是什么人呢？他所处的时代大约是四千多年前的父系氏族社会的早期阶段。据古籍记载，仓颉“首有四目，通于神明，仰观奎星圜曲之势，俯察龟文鸟迹之象，博采众美，合而为字，是曰古文。”仓颉因此被称为“万代文字之宗，千古士儒之师。” Who was Cangjie? The era he lived in was approximately the early stage of the patrilineal clan society over four thousand years ago. According to ancient records, Cangjie 'had four eyes on his head, which were in communication with deities. He could look up at the curved shape of the Kui star and look down at the patterns of turtle characters and bird traces, absorbing the beauty of all and combining them to form characters. This is called ancient literature.' Cangjie is thus called 'the master of writing for all ages and the teacher of scholars and scholars for all time.' 最早的汉字 The earliest characters 中国现存最早的汉字是甲骨文和金文。“甲骨文”就是刻在龟甲和兽骨上的文字，据说是1899年由金石学家王懿荣首先在河南省安阳市小屯村发现的。 The earliest existing Chinese characters in China are oracle bone script and bronze inscriptions. Oracle bone script refers to the characters engraved on tortoise shells and animal bones. It is said that it was first discovered by the epigraphist Wang Yirong in Xiaotun Village, Anyang City, Henan Province in 1899.    甲骨文之后便是金文，又叫做“钟鼎文”，是商周时代可在青铜器上的文字，其中以周代金文最多。商代金文和殷墟甲骨文在形体上非常接近，而周代金文要简化的多，字体也整齐的多，这说明汉字到周代已经有了长足的进步。 After oracle bone script came bronze inscriptions, also known as 'bell and tripod inscriptions', which were the characters that could be found on bronze wares during the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Among them, the bronze inscriptions of the Zhou Dynasty were the most numerous. The bronze inscriptions of the Shang Dynasty and the oracle bone inscriptions of the Yin Ruins are very similar in form, while the bronze inscriptions of the Zhou Dynasty are much more simplified and the characters are much neatser. This indicates that Chinese characters had made considerable progress by the Zhou Dynasty. “六书” 'Six Scripts' 六书，首见于《周礼·地官·保氏》，汉代学者把汉字的构成和使用方式归纳成六种类型，总称六书。普遍采取的是许慎的名称、班固的次序。后世学者定名为象形、指事、会意、形声、转注、假借。 六书是后人对汉字进行分析而归纳出来的系统，也是最早的关于汉字构造的系统理论。当有了六书系统以后，人们再造新字时，都以该系统为依据。 The 'Six Scripts' first appeared in 'The Rites of Zhou: Officials of the Earth - Baoshi'. Scholars in the Han Dynasty classified the composition and usage of Chinese characters into six types, collectively known as the 'Six Scripts'. The common practice is the name of Xu Shen and the order of Ban Gu. Later scholars named them pictographic, ideographic, associative, phonetic, derivative and loan. The Six Scripts is a system summarized by later generations through the analysis of Chinese characters and is also the earliest systematic theory about the construction of Chinese characters. After the Six Scripts System was established, when people created new characters, they all relied on this system. 象形：属于“独体造字法”。用文字的线条或笔画，把要表达物体的外形特征，具体地勾画出来。例如“月”字像一弯明月的形状，“龟”字像一只龟的侧面形状， “马”字就是一匹有马鬣、有四腿的马，“鱼”是一条有鱼头、鱼身、鱼尾的游鱼，“艸”（草的本字）是两束草，“门”字就是左右两扇门的形状。而“日”字就像一个圆形，中间有一点，很像我们在直视太阳时，所看到的形态。 Pictographic: It belongs to the 'single-component character creation method'. Use the lines or strokes of words to specifically outline the shape features of the object to be expressed. For example, the character '月' is in the shape of a crescent moon, the character '龟' is in the side shape of a turtle, the character '马' is a horse with a mane and four legs, the character '鱼' is a swimming fish with a head, body and tail, the character '艸' (the original character for grass) is two bundles of grass, and the character '门' is the shape of two doors on the left and right. The character '日' is like a circle with a dot in the middle, very much like the shape we see when we look directly at the sun. 指事：属于“独体造字法”。与象形的主要分别，是指事字含有绘画中较抽象的东西。例如“刃”字是在“刀”的锋利处加上一点，以作标示；“凶”字则是在陷阱处加上交叉符号；“上”、“下”二字则是在主体“一”的上方或下方画上标示符号；“三”则由三横来表示。这些字的勾画，都有较抽象的部分。 Note: It belongs to the 'individual character creation method'. The main difference from pictographic characters is that the character '事' contains more abstract elements in painting. For example, the character '' is marked by adding a dot to the sharp part of a' 刀 '. The character '' is formed by adding a cross symbol at the trap. The characters '上' and '下' are marked by symbols drawn above or below the main body '一'. The number 'three' is represented by three horizontal strokes. The delineations of these characters all have rather abstract parts. 会意：属于“合体造字法”。会意字由两个或多个独体字组成，所以组成的字形或字义，合并起来，表达此字的意思。例如“酒”字，以酿酒的瓦瓶“酉”和液体 “水”合起来，表达字义；“解”字的剖拆字义，是以用“刀”把“牛”和“角”分开来字达；“鸣”指鸟的叫声，于是用“口”和“鸟”组成而成。 Associative meaning: It belongs to the 'compound character creation method'. Ideographic characters are composed of two or more single characters, so the combined form or meaning of the formed characters, when combined, conveys the meaning of the character. For example, the character '酒' (wine) is expressed by combining the earthenware bottle '' (you) used for brewing wine with the liquid' 水 '(water). The split meaning of the character '解' is to separate the characters '牛' (ox) and '角' (horn) with the character '刀'. 'Ming' refers to the call of a bird, so it is formed by combining 'mouth' and 'bird'. 形声：属于“合体造字法”。形声字由两部分组成：形旁(又称“义符”)和声旁(又称“音符”)。形旁是指示字的意思或类属，声旁则表示字的相同或相近发音。例如“樱”字，形旁是“木”，表示它是一种树木，声旁是“婴”，表示它的发音与“婴”字一样；“篮”字形旁是“竹”，表示它是竹制物品，声旁是 “监”，表示它的韵母与“监”字一样（古音及部分方言）；“齿”字的下方是形旁，画出了牙齿的形状，上方的“止”是声旁，表示两字韵母相同。 Phonogram: It belongs to the 'combined character creation method'. Phonogram characters consist of two parts: the radical (also known as the 'semantic component') and the phonetic component (also known as the 'musical note'). A radical indicates the meaning or category of a character, while a phonetic component shows the same or similar pronunciation of a character. For example, the character '' has the radical' 木 '(wood), indicating that it is a kind of tree, and the phonetic component' '(infant), suggesting that its pronunciation is the same as that of the character' '. The radical of the character 'baskets' is 'bamboo', indicating that it is made of bamboo. Its phonetic radical is 'supervision', suggesting that its vowel is the same as that of the character 'supervision' (in ancient pronunciation and some dialects). The lower part of the character '齿' is the phonetic component, which depicts the shape of a tooth. The upper part, '止', is the phonetic component, indicating that the two characters have the same final. 转注：属于“用字法”。各说文家解释不同。大致有“形转”“音转”“义转”三说。江声认为所谓“建类一首”是指部首，“考”和“老”同属老部。戴震认为转注就是互训，《说文解字》“考”字下说“老也”，“老”字下说“考也”，“转相为注，互相为训”的例子。 Note: It belongs to the 'method of using characters'. Different commentators have different explanations. There are roughly three theories: 'form transformation', 'sound transformation' and 'meaning transformation'. Jiang Sheng believes that the so-called 'Jian Le Yi' refers to the radical, and 'kao' and 'Lao' both belong to the Lao radical. Dai Zhen believes that the transformation and annotation is mutual training. In 'Shuowen Jiezi', the character '考' is said to have '老也' under it, and the character '老' is said to have '考也' under it. This is an example of 'transforming each other into a annotation and training each other'. 假借：汉字是由象形 、象意的文字发展起来的。有的外物有形象可以描绘，有的意思可以利用图像和笔画来表现 ，可是有很多代表某些事物的概念不能用象形、指意的方式随时造出文字来表现，于是就假借已有的音同或音近的字来代表 ，这种跟借用的字的形义完全不合的字就称为假借字。 Borrowing: Chinese characters have developed from pictographic and ideographic writing. Some external objects have images that can be depicted, and some meanings can be expressed through images and strokes. However, there are many concepts representing certain things that cannot be represented by creating characters at any time through pictographic or indicative methods. Therefore, existing characters with the same or similar pronunciations are borrowed to represent them. Such characters that are completely inconsistent in form and meaning with the borrowed characters are called borrowed characters. 如何学汉字 How to learn 汉字就像一幅幅藏着故事的画，掌握了方法，你们会发现每个字都会说话。来，拿出纸笔，我们边写边聊。 第一招：给汉字拍“X光片” 部首定位法：比如'语’字，左边'言字旁’告诉我们和说话有关，右边'五’是声旁。记住，部首是汉字的'身份证’，看到'氵’想到水，'木’想到树木。 部件拼图：写'赢’字时，拆成'亡、口、月、贝、凡’，每个部件都像乐高积木，组合起来就有'获得胜利’的意思。试着把'休’字拆成'人’和'木’，想想为什么人在树旁就是休息？ 第二招：让汉字“动”起来 笔顺口诀：'先横后竖，先撇后捺’，比如写'火’字，先写两点再写人字。 空中书写：伸出手指在空中画'日’字，想象阳光从左边升起，最后封口。 身体笔画：用胳膊画'大’字，左腿撇，右腿捺，身体就是活的汉字！” 第三招：汉字“真人秀” 你们可以用树枝摆'林’字，用米粒贴'米’字，拍汉字手势舞视频 Chinese characters are like paintings containing stories. Once you master the methods, you will find that each character can speak. Come on, take out a pen and paper. Let's chat while writing. The first trick: Take 'X-ray films' of Chinese characters Radical positioning method: For example, in the character '语', the '言' radical on the left indicates that it is related to speaking, while the '五' radical on the right is the phonetic component. Remember, radicals are the 'ID cards' of Chinese characters. When you see '', you think of water; when you see' 木 ', you think of trees. Component jigsaw puzzle: When writing the character '赢', break it down into '亡', '口', '月', '贝', '凡'. Each component is like a Lego block, and when combined, it implies 'winning'. Try to break down the character '休' into '人' (person) and '木' (wood), and think about why people are resting when they are beside a tree? The second trick: Make the Chinese characters 'come alive' The stroke order mnemonic is: 'First horizontal stroke, then vertical stroke; first left-falling stroke, then right-falling stroke.' For example, when writing the character '火' (fire), write two dots first and then the character '人' (person). Air writing: Stretch out your finger to draw the character '日' in the air, imagine the sunlight rising from the left side, and finally seal it. The strokes of the body: Draw the character '大' with your arm. The left leg is a left-falling stroke and the right leg is a right-falling stroke. The body is a living Chinese character! The third trick: Chinese character 'Reality Show' You can form the character '林' (forest) with branches, stick the character '米' (rice) with grains of rice, and shoot a video of Chinese character gesture dance 结语 The end 汉字是祖先留给我们的密码本，每解开一个字，就打开了一扇了解中国文化的窗。期待你们成为“汉字侦探”. 好了，通过本次的学习，你是否对汉字的学习有了进一步的了解呢？希望下一次在学习汉字时，我们都可以大声的说出“汉字一点也不难！” Chinese characters are the codebooks left to us by our ancestors. Every time we unlock a character, we open a window to understand Chinese culture. Looking forward to you becoming 'Chinese character detectives'. Well, through this study, have you gained a further understanding of the learning of Chinese characters? I hope that next time when we learn Chinese characters, we can all loudly say, 'Chinese characters are not difficult at all!' 点击关注 编辑：童先超 风从东面来 视频链接：https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1ow4m1Y7nNvd_source=3fee253de4b7c38bd171fa941edde34a |
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