非谓语动词的注意事项

注意事项

　　1. “to” 是不定式符号还是介词，下列短语中的to 都是介词。

　　agree to object to close to , come to , lead to , refer to ,

　　equal to , familiar to , point to , thank to , devote to , next to , belong to , be used to , look forward to

　　2. 带to 还是不带to

　　I have no choice but to give in

　　I cannot do anything but give in

　　I saw him enter the classroom 。

　　( 但是： He was seen to enter the classroom 。)

　　3. 动词不定式逻辑主语是由for 作为标记的。但是有时用of 。

　　It’s necessary for you to study hard 。

　　It’s foolish of him to do it 。

　　与of 连用的形容词有：

　　good, kind , nice , wise ,clever , foolish , right , wrong , careful , careless , polite , possible

　　4。后接不定式作宾语的动词有：

　　want , hope , wish , like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , promise , teach , refuse , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , fail , manage , offer , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect etc。

　　需要宾语补足语的动词不能用动词不定式直接做介词的宾语，而要用it做形式宾语。例如：通常不说We think to obey the laws is important . 而说We think it important to obey the laws 。

　　5。不定式的省略。下列短语中，如果意义明确，常常省略到to 。

　　want to , wish to ,hope to , like to , hate to , plan to , try to , love to , have to , ought to , need to , used to , be able to

　　6。不定式作定语，应注意两种关系：

　　1)动宾关系：

　　He has a lot of meeting to attend 。

　　Please lend me something to write with 。

　　He is looking for a room to live

　　He is looking for a room to live in 。

　　He has no money and no place

　　to live ( in ) 。

　　I think the best way to travel ( by ) is on foot 。

　　There is no time to think ( about ) 。

　　2)主谓关系：

　　She is always the last ( person) to speak at the meeting 。

　　----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . ( 逻辑主语是I )

　　-------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now ( 逻辑主语不是I )

　　7。不定式作状语，可以有以下几种意义：

　　1) 原因

　　He is lucky to get here on time 。

　　这种结构中常用的形容词有：

　　happy , glad , delighted , pleased , sorry , eager , anxious . lucky , fortunate , proud , angry surprised , frightened , disappointed , ready , clever , foolish , worthy

　　2) 目的

　　He came to help me with my maths 。

　　3) 结果

　　I hurried to get there only to find him out 。

　　The book is too hard for the boy to read 。

　　He is old enough to go to school 。

　　8 . 不定式作补足语

　　I saw him play in the street just now 。

　　能跟不带to 的不定式作补足语的动词有：

　　see , feel , hear , listen to , look at , watch , let , have make, observe, notice

　　注： 当这些词为被动式时，不定式要带to , 如：

　　He was seen to play in the street just now。

　　二。动名词

　　1.There’s no telling what will happen 。

　　=It’s impossible to tell what will happen 。

　　= No one can tell what will happen 。

　　2.It’s no use talking with him 。

　　It’s no good speaking to them like that 。

　　3.There’s some difficulty ( in ) doing …

　　在此句型中，difficulty 可以由以下单词替换：

　　trouble , problem , fun , pleasure , a good time , a hard time

　　注意以下几个问题：

　　1。下列动词后跟不定式与跟动名词作宾语意义有区别，

　　forget to do … 忘记要做某事

　　forget doing… 忘记做了某事

　　remember to do…记住要做某事

　　remember doing …记着做了某事

　　mean to do … 有意要做某事

　　mean doing … 意味着做了某事

　　regret to do …(do指代有限的几个词，如say、tell) 很抱歉要告诉你…

　　regret doing … 对做过去的事后悔

　　can’t help to do…不能帮助做某事

　　can’t help doing … 情不自禁做某事

　　try to do … 尽力去做某事

　　try doing 试着做某事

　　learn to do … 学着去做某事

　　learn doing … 学会做某事

　　stop to do … 停下来去做(另一件事)

　　stop doing … 停止做某事

　　go on to do … 接着做(另外一件事)

　　go on doing … 继续做某事

　　used to do … 过去做某事

　　be used to doing … 习惯做某事

　　2。动名词作定语与现在分词作定语意义有区别

　　动名词作定语表达 n+ for doing 的含义

　　现在分词作定语表达 n+which(who) be doing的含义

　　如：a sleeping car = a car for sleeping

　　a running horse = a horse which is running

　　前者是动名词 ， 后者是现在分词

　　又如： drinking water , walking stick running water , sleeping boy

　　3. 动名词的逻辑主语：

　　动名词的逻辑主语为代词或名词的所有格形式。

　　例如：His coming made us very happy 。

　　4。动名词的语态和时态

　　5. 动名词主动形式表被动的情况：

　　need doing , want doing , require doing

　　例如： This room needs painting . 这个房间需要粉刷。

　　6。只能跟动名词作宾语的动词：

　　admit , avoid , advise , consider , delay , deny , enjoy , escape , excuse , fancy , finish , complete , forbid , imagine , mind , miss , permit . practise , require , suggest , risk , keep, take to , look forward to , get down to , feel like , can’t help , can’t stand , be used to ,insist on , succeed in , set about, give up , include ,

　　三. 分词

　　1 The story is interesting . I’m interested in it 。

　　这个故事有兴趣，我对这个故事感兴趣。

　　2 . This is a moving film 。

　　这是一部动人的电影。

　　3. The secretary worked late into the night , preparing a long speech for the president 。

　　秘书工作到深夜，为主席准备一篇长篇演讲稿。

　　4. Given more time , I’ll do it well 。

　　如果给我多一点时间，我会做的更好。

　　When he passed the back of the street , he saw the thief stealing some money from the bank 。

　　当他后街时，看到小偷正从银行偷钱。

　　应注意的几个问题：

　　1。现在分词与过去分词的区别

　　Do you know the woman talking to Tom ?

　　= Do you know the woman who is talking to Tom ?

　　The soldier wounded in the war has become a doctor。

　　= The soldier who was wounded in the war has become a doctor。

　　China is a developing country and America is a developed country。

　　2。分词作表语

　　The news sounds encouraging 。

　　They got very excited 。

　　1)现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别：

　　The news is interesting 。

　　He is interested in the news 。

　　doing 作表语，主语与表语是主谓关系 ；done 作表语，主语与表语是动宾关系。

　　2)表语与被动式的区别：

　　The blackboard was broken by Xiao Ming 。(强调动作)

　　The blackboard is broken . You’d better have it repaired。(强调状态)

　　3)常作表语的过去分词：

　　amused , injured , covered , known , dressed , lost , broken , gone , delighted, excited , pleased , satisfied , married , worried , surprised , interested , burnt , shut , crowded , wounded , drank , done

　　3。现在分词、动名词 现在进行时的区别

　　The situation in our country is encouraging . (表语)

　　The situation in our country is encouraging the people . ( 现在进行时)

　　My job is looking after the little baby . (动名词)

　　能回答how-question 的是现在分词，能回答what-question 的动名词，即不能回答how-question 也不能回答what-question 的是现在进行时。

　　例如： How is the situation in our country ? It is encouraging 。

　　What is your job ? My job is looking after the little baby 。

　　4。注意的四种结构：

　　have something to do 有某事要做

　　have something done 使某事被做

　　have somebody do something 使某人做某事

　　have something doing 让某事一直做着

　　5. 需要跟反身代词作宾语的动词：

　　seat , prepare , hide , dress

　　如：I seated myself on the chair 。

　　I was seated on the chair 。

　　6。分词做状语与不定式的区别：

　　分词做状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等；而不定式表示目的和结果。

　　Having finished the homework , I went home . ( 时间)

　　Being a Party member , I should work hard . (原因)

　　Given more time ,I can do my work better . ( 条件 )

　　He ran out of the classroom ,shouting at the boy. ( 伴随)

　　To get more knowledge , we must work harder and harder . ( 目的 )

　　He is old enough to join the army . ( 结果)

　　7。分词、动名词和不定式作定语的区别

　　a running horse 现在分词 = a horse that is running

　　a fallen leaf 过去分词 = a leaf that has already fallen

　　a walking stick 动名词 = a stick for walking

　　something to do 不定式 = something that I should do

　　8。不定式被动式、分词的被动式和过去分词的区别：

　　I have a problem to be discussed at the meeting . ( 将来)

　　The building being built on the river is the Science Museum . (正在进行)

　　The building completed three years ago is now in bad conditions . ( 过去)

　　9。分词做状语需要注意的一个问题：

　　分词与句子主语的逻辑关系

　　Seeing from the hill , the city looks beautiful 。( 错误 )

　　Seen from the hill , the city looks beautiful . ( 正确)

　　Seeing 与the city 不是主谓关系；seen 与city 是动宾关系