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The International Day for Monuments and Sites Theme for 2010 “The Heritage of Agriculture” Celebrate the world’s heritage on 18 April 2010! A contribution to the United Nations 2010 International Year of Biodiversity 国际遗址日 2010年主题—农业遗产 在2010年4月18日庆祝世界遗产 一个对联合国2010年国际生物多样性年的贡献 About the day On the proposal of ICOMOS, 18 April was endorsed as The International Day for Monuments and Sites by UNESCO in 1983. 关于这一天 在国际遗址委员会的建议下，联合国教科文组织在1983年将4月18日定为国际遗产日。 This special day offers an opportunity to raise public awareness concerning the diversity of the world’s heritage and the efforts that are required to protect and conserve it, as well as to draw attention to its vulnerability. 这个特殊的日子为提高公众意识即关于世界遗产的多样性和为了保护和保留它需要付出努力以及吸引公众注意到它的脆弱性。 For several years now, ICOMOS suggests a topic to be highlighted on this occasion. This has allowed our members and our committees to hold activities, conferences, colloquia or other events to raise awareness on this cultural heritage among the public, the owners or the public authorities by linking a global theme to local or national realities. 若干年以来，国际遗产保护委员会建议借机突出一个主题。这使得我们的成员和委员们以举办活动、会议、对话或其他事件的方式，通过将其与当地、国家的现实情况联系起来的世界性主题，来提高公众、文化遗产所有者和公共机构对于文化遗产的意识。 We thank you in advance for all your initiatives and ask you to inform the ICOMOS Secretariat, as early as possible, of the activities you plan to undertake for 18 April, but also to share their results with us (programme, participation, publications). This will help us to disseminate information and to gather conclusions on all your activities, so as to be able to testify of the vitality of ICOMOS’ network. 我们首先对于你们发起的所有活动表示感谢并且要求你们尽早通知国际遗产委员会秘书处，你们在4月18日将要举办的活动，同时也请你们与我们分享其结果（计划、参与情况和出版物）。这将帮助我们传播信息并且汇集关于你们所有活动的总结，以便验证国际遗产保护委员会的活络活力。 For further information on the Day, previous themes, support material and the calendar of activities foreseen in 2010 consult http://www.international./18thapril/inde x.html. We will post information as it comes in. 关于这一天的更多信息，以前的主题和支持材料以及预见活动的2010年日历，请参阅 我们的网站，我们将及时张贴相关信息。 About the theme In the last two decades, the international NGO’s and public administrations in charge of heritage protection have begun to define and characterize the heritage of agriculture as well as to establish the criteria and tools that should guide the assessment of its values, protection and management. 关于主题 在过去的二十年中，国际非政府组织和负责文化遗产保护的公共行政机构已经开始定义和定性农业文化遗产并且建立了将用来指导对其价值、保护与管理进行评估的原则和工具。 Accordingly, ICOMOS, UNESCO and other international organizations have included these objectives in their ongoing research and projects. 因此，国际遗产保护委员会，联合国教科文组织和其他国际组织已经在他们正在进行的项目和研究中包括了这些目标。 It is therefore pertinent to evaluate how heritage properties linked to agricultural and livestock rearing practices are taken into account in current heritage practice by examining significant international experiences in this field, 因此，在当代文化遗产实践中，通过检验那些在这个领域里的重要的国际经验，评估与农业和牲畜饲养实务相关联的文化遗产资产是如何被考量的，是顺理成章的事情， such as the listing of such properties in UNESCO’S World Heritage List and in the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, as well as the Globally Important Ingenious Agricultural Heritage Systems Programme (GIAHS), led by the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) with other partners such as UNDP (United Nations Development Programme), UNESCO and its World Heritage Centre, ICCROM (International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property), IUCN (The World Conservation Union) and CGIAR (the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research). 如相关列入的组织名单有：联合国教科文组织世界遗产保护名录的这些资产，和人类非物质文化遗产的代表名单以及全球重要的本地农业遗产保护体系计划，这些都是由联合国粮农组织与其他合作者如联合国发展计划署，联合国教科文组织和它的世界遗产中心，以及文化资产保护与重建国际研究中心，世界保护联盟和国际农业研究咨询团。 The protection of the heritage of agriculture: a legitimate social and scientific demand 文化遗产保护的科学的法律的社会的需求 These international efforts to implement and assess the values of the heritage of agriculture undoubtedly arise from a legitimate social and scientific demand: the need to protect all significant natural and cultural heritage properties generated by agrarian activity in the course of history (country houses, orchards, mills, terraces, crops, irrigation channels, wells, farmyards, traditional festivities, gastronomy, indigenous species, landscapes…). 这些执行和评估农业文化遗产价值的国际努力，毫无疑问地来自于科学的法律的和社会的需要：就是保护所有重要的自然和文化遗产资产的需要，就是在历史进程中由农业活动所产生的(如乡村农舍，果园，磨坊，梯田，农作物，灌溉渠道、井，农家院，传统节庆，烹饪法，本地特产物种，自然风光等等)文化遗产资产。 However, the establishment of criteria to guide the identification and formal recognition of the heritage of agriculture, in all its meanings and manifestations, is a relatively recent and pressing subject of study. In contrast to what has been achieved for other heritage categories, such as industrial or vernacular heritage, the latter being in fact frequently part of the agricultural heritage, the absence of a particular and appropriate recognition of agricultural heritage, as a multidimensional heritage which embraces different types of tangible and intangible, cultural and natural properties, has led to its underestimation and a lack of consideration. 然而，从所有的内涵和外延上说，指导农业文化遗产的认证和正式承认的原则的建立，都是相当迫近的研究主题。与已经取得成效的其他文化遗产名录相比较，如工业遗产或动植物遗产，后者其实常常是农业遗产的一部分，一个特定的恰当的对农业遗产的认证的缺失，农业遗产作为一个多维度的，包含不同种类的物质和非物质的，文化和自然的遗产，已经导致人们对其低估和认知缺乏。 This lack of consideration strongly contrasts with the objective importance of agricultural heritage for humanity its subsistence value, its contribution to sustainable development and to the respect for the landscape, its role in the quality of life and the preservation of cultural and biological diversity, etc.-, and the relevance of the values and types of properties associated with it. This relevance is particularly exemplified by the profound integration of these natural and cultural (tangible and intangible) properties within their territory, as well as in the close links between agricultural heritage, cultural landscapes and other heritage types, such as cultural routes and heritage canals, that have already been studied by ICOMOS International Scientific Committees and special working groups. 认知缺乏与农业遗产对人类的客观重要性形成了鲜明对比---它的物质价值，它对可持续发展的贡献和在自然景观方面，在提高生活质量的作用方面以及对生物和文化多样性等的保护等等方面。以及与其相关联的各类财产与价值的相关性。这种相关性，以自然和文化财产在它们的领域中（物质与非物质的）的深度整合为例，就与农业遗产，文化景观和其他遗产类型之间的紧密联系一样，如文化路径和遗产渠道，这已经是国际文化遗产保护委员会中国际科学委员和特别工作组的研究范畴。 It is also important to note that the protection of agricultural heritage reflects the development and broadening of the concept of heritage itself, given that its recognition implies: 了解农业文化遗产的保护反映了遗产概念本身的拓宽与发展，也是重要的，鉴于此，对它的认证显示了： - the inclusion within the heritage concept of landscapes, artefacts and the traces of the “material cultures” which bear witness to the daily routines, the concerns of the working and middle classes and the efforts of men and women in the context of their work and subsistence, and not only those values traditionally linked to the historic, aesthetic and artistic appreciations of the dominant culture; 包含在景观的文化遗产概念之内，“物质文化”承担着见证日常生活作用的古器物 或遗迹，和蓝领和中产阶级的关注，以及在工作和物质背景下的男人女人的努力的 作用，并且，不仅仅是这些传统上与主流文化的历史、审美和艺术欣赏相联系的价 值。 - the identification and protection of intangible, living, continuous and contemporary aspects of heritage; - the fusion of different types of heritage values, such as cultural and natural, tangible and intangible, a constant trend in the development of heritage management and theory worldwide; - taking into account the spatial dimension of natural and cultural properties and their definitive integration within their territorial, cultural, social and economic scale, which has led to a substantial improvement in heritage theory, protection, management, interpretation and dissemination. -非物质的，活着的，可持续的和当代的文化遗产方面的认证和保护； -不同类型的文化遗产的价值融合，例如文化与自然，非物质与物质，和世界范围内 的文化遗产管理和理论的持续发展趋势； -考虑到自然和文化资产的空间尺度，和在它们领域内的，文化的，社会的，经济的 范畴内的确定性整合，这都将导致文化遗产理论、保护、管理和解释与传播方面的极 大提升。 The international approach to the heritage of agriculture 农业文化遗产的国际方法 The recognition and protection of agricultural heritage at the international level has principally occurred within the framework of UNESCO and ICOMOS and in two different directions: 在国际层面上对农业文化遗产的认证和保护，在联合国教科文组织和国际文化遗产保护委员会的框架下产生，主要体现在两个方面： - the inscription on the UNESCO World Heritage List of agricultural landscapes and mixed cultural and natural sites of outstanding universal value; -在联合国教科文组织世界文化遗产名录上的，混合了文化与杰出的具有世界性价值的自然景点的农业风光。 - the inclusion of agricultural activity itself, and the skills and traditions related to it, within the intangible heritage concept and the instruments developed for its protection and universal appreciation, that is to say the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Heritage and the List of Intangible Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding. -包含在农业活动自身在内的，与之相联系的传统与技巧，在非物质文化遗产概念和为保 护和普遍性评价而开发出的工具之范畴内，就是说，在联合国教科文组织的非物质文化遗 产的代表名录内，以及处于紧急保护需要的非物质文化遗产。 The background and origin of both these forms of recognition lie not only in the World Heritage Convention and the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, but, even before, in the Italian theory of cultural properties (Teoria dei beni culturali e ambientali) and its definition of cultural, environmental and landscape properties, which assumed, as stated in the sixties by the Commissione Franceschini, and later by Giannini, that certain territorial features, such as agrarian crops, related infrastructures and buildings, etc., were valuable not only as evidence of civilization (“testimonio materiale avente valore di civiltà”), but also because of the immaterial entity they represent and their particular way of shaping and conserving the landscape. （对农业文化遗产的）这些形式的认证的起源和背景，不仅存在于世界文化遗产保护大会和非物质文化遗产保护大会，而且，更早出现在关于文化资产的意大利学说方面，以及对自然文化和景观资产的定义上，如曾在六十年代的the Commissione Franceschini，和后来的Giannini所表述的，在确定的特别的领域，例如，农作物及相关的基础设施和建筑等，不仅仅有文明见证的价值，并且由于它们所代表的非物质实体，以及它们的塑造和保护自然风光方面的特定方式的价值。 a. Agricultural landscapes and mixed sites on the World Heritage List 在世界遗产名录上的农业景观与混合遗迹 The inclusion of agricultural properties in the World Heritage List, mainly under the categories of cultural landscapes and mixed sites, results from four essential orientations in international doctrine: 包含在世界文化遗产名录上的农业资产，主要存在于文化景观和混合遗址的名录下，来源于存在于国际原理的四个基本起源： - the trend of linking cultural and natural properties in relation to the World Heritage concept and through their characterization in wider contexts than those strictly associated with the properties and their buffer zones; 与世界文化遗产概念有关的自然与文化资产的连接趋势，以及通过（自然与文化资产 的）比那些与资产和缓冲区更紧密联系的更广阔背景的特征 - the relevance of research, programs and strategies conducted by ICOMOS and the World Heritage Committee in the context of the Global Strategy for a credible, representative and balanced World Heritage List, in particular the ICOMOS Action Plan and survey The World Heritage List. Filling the Gaps - an Action Plan for the Future, and its proposal to identify new categories of World Cultural Heritage, including the properties related to agricultural activity and its landscapes; 由国际遗址委员会ICOMOS进行的研究、计划和战略关系，特别是与在全球战略背景 下，为了一个可信的具有代表性的平衡的世界遗产名录的世界遗产委员会，特别是国 际遗址委员会的行动计划和检验世界遗产名录，填补了鸿沟—为了未来的行动计划， 确定世界文化遗产的新的名录，包括与农业活动和景观相关联的资产。 - the awareness that all landscapes, even those considered almost unspoilt or pristine, have been to some degree changed by human presence and activity; 对所有自然景观，甚至那些被认为几乎未曾损害的纯朴的景观的意识，已经被人 类存在和活动相当程度地改变了。 - the importance attached to the need for harmonious coexistence with the natural environment, deeply linked to current concepts of sustainable development and cultural and natural diversity. Agricultural landscapes, where such values are still alive, therefore represent a link between the past, the present and the future, and particularly reflect ongoing trends in the development of heritage theory. As stated in Annex 3 (paragraph 9) of the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention: “Cultural landscapes often reflect specific techniques of sustainable land-use, considering the characteristics and limits of the natural environment they are established in, and a specific spiritual relation to nature. 与自然环境和谐共存的需要的重要性被格外强调，与当代可持续发展和自然文化多样性的概念深刻联系。一直存在的价值观，如农业景观，代表着与过去现在和未来的联系，特别反映了文化遗产理论发展的正在进行的趋势。如附件3所列的世界遗产大会的执行操作指引：文化景观常常反映了可持续的土地使用的特别技术，考虑到自然的特征与局限，它们得以建立其中，并且有一种特别的与自然的精神联系。 -Protection of cultural landscapes can contribute to modern techniques of sustainable land-use and can maintain or enhance natural values in the landscape. The continued existence of traditional forms of land-use supports biological diversity in many regions of the world. The protection of traditional cultural landscapes is therefore helpful in maintaining biological diversity”. 自然景观的保护能够对现代的可持续使用土地的技术能有所贡献，并且能保持和加强景观的自然价值。传统形式的土地使用的持续共存在世界很多地区支持着生物多样性。对传统农业景观的保护在保持生物多样性方面很有助益。 Agricultural landscapes particularly correspond to Category ii under cultural landscapes, as defined in the Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention, and referred to as an organically evolved landscape: “This results from an initial social, economic, administrative, and/or religious imperative and has developed its present form by association with and in response to its natural environment. Such landscapes reflect that process of evolution in their form and component features. They fall into two sub- categories: 农业景观特别与文化景观下的目录II相对应，如在为完成世界文化遗产大会所作的操作指引中所定义的,并且作为一个有机包含其中的景观：“这来源于一个初始的社会的经济的行政的和/或宗教的 并且通过与它自然环境相联系和发生反应，已经发展成它目前的形式。这样的景观反映了在它们形式与内容特征方面的演化的过程。它们导致两个子目录产生。 - a relict (or fossil) landscape is one in which an evolutionary process came to an end at some time in the past, either abruptly or over a period. Its significant distinguishing features are, however, still visible in material form. 一个遗迹景观是一个演变的过程在过去某时结束的景观，或者突然间或者经过一段 时间。它的明显的突出的特征是，在物质形式上一直可见的。 - a continuing landscape is one which retains an active social role in contemporary society closely associated with the traditional way of life, and in which the evolutionary process is still in progress. At the same time it exhibits significant material evidence of its evolution over time.” 一个持续的景观，是一个在当代社会中，与传统生活方式紧密联系的，保持一个活跃的社会作用的景观，并且在这其中，演变过程是一致在进步中。同时，它也展示了随着时间而演变的明显的物质证明。 With regards to their representation on the World Heritage List, it must be noted that approximately 21 landscapes, mainly from the European continent, have already been inscribed because of their outstanding universal value related to agricultural activities. The first landscape of this type, the spectacular Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras, was inscribed in 1995, and, as Henry Cleere has noted, “established an important precedent by identifying the significance of landscapes that evolved in the production of significant staple and economic crops”, namely tobacco (Viñales Valley, Cuba), coffee (Archaeological Landscape of the First Coffee Plantations in the South-East of Cuba), agave (Agave Landscape and Ancient Industrial Facilities of Tequila, Mexico), etc. 关于它们在世界文化遗产名录上的代表性，必须要知道的是大概21个自然景观，主要是来自欧洲大陆，由于它们杰出的普遍价值，已经被确定下来。这样类型中的第一个景观，这壮观的位于菲律宾的Cordilleras梯田，1995年被确定，并且，如Henry Cleere所描述的那样，“通过确认这些景观的重要性，建立起一个重大的先例，即这些包含了重要主食和经济作物生产过程的景观” 著名的烟草（古巴Viñales谷地），咖啡（在古巴东南地第一个咖啡种植园的考古景观）， Agave(Agave景观和远古的Tequila（龙舌兰酒）产业化设施) In this sense, it is also important to note that, despite the numerous regional and expert meetings organized by ICOMOS, IUCN and the World Heritage Centre over the past twenty years to stress the importance of the traditional landscapes of staple crops in heritage terms, the only other agricultural landscapes to have been inscribed on the List in recent years are connected wholly or partly to wine production. This is not surprising taking into account that vineyard landscapes are of high scenic and historic value and that they provide significant economic benefits to their communities. Nevertheless, the identification of other agricultural landscapes of outstanding universal value that could be promoted and protected at national or international level should be encouraged. 从这个意义上说，知道这些也很重要，尽管有国际遗址理事会组织的很多地区性和专家会议，以及世界遗产中心在过去的二十年中强调从文化遗产角度的主食作物的传统景观的重要性，最近几年，唯一的被确定在名录上的农业景观，只是整个或部分地与葡萄酒生产有关。这并非让人吃惊，考虑到葡萄园景观具有高景观与历史价值，并且它们为所在社区提供了非常重要的经济收益。然而，具有突出的普遍性的价值的其他农业景观的确认，可能得到国家或国际水准上的提升或保护，这样的做法，值得鼓励。 转贴 |
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