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［正］ The children came late to the cinema yesterday. ［析］ 表示一定长度的时间的副词不应放于句中，可放于句尾。如果表示强调则可放于句首。 ［误］ You have few new books, haven't you? ［正］ you have few new books, have you? ［析］ 英语中的数量形容词有两组。修饰可数名词的有few(很少，几乎没有)，a few(有一些，几个)；修饰不可数名词的有little (很少，几乎没有)，a little(有一点，有一些)。要注意的是当few和little用于句中时应看作否定句，而 a few 和a little 用于句中时则应看作是肯定句。 ［误］ He spent quite little money on his food. ［正］ He spent quite a little money on his food. ［析］ quite a 为一固定用法，其意为"十分，相当，所以"。 quite a few＝many, quite a little＝much 而only a little＝little, only a few=few. ［误］ Do you want to have many bread? ［正］ Do you want to have some bread? ［析］ some与any都可以用作形容词、副词或代词，在一般情况下，some用于肯定句，any用于疑问句和否定句，但在希望得到肯定答复时，应用some。 其次是some 可以用来修饰可数名词和不可数名词。 ［误］ Please tell me where the shoes shop is? ［正］ Please tell me where the shoe shop is. ［析］ 在用名词作修饰词来修饰另一名词时，这个作修饰词的名词应用单数形式，如： a shoe shop 鞋店 a fruit shop 水果店 a book shop 书店 a post office 邮局 a police station 警察局 a bus stop 汽车站 ［误］ He is weak at physics. ［正］ He is weak in physics. ［析］ 在表达擅长于作某事时用be good at something, 而其反意词为be bad at something， 但be weak in something。 ［误］ This dictionary is worth to buy. ［正］ This dictionary is worth buying. ［析］ be worth 后可接动、名词表达值得作某事，又可接价格、金钱表示值多少钱。 ［误］ Don't afraid of that. ［正］ Don't be afraid of that. ［析］ afraid 在英文中是形容词而不是动词。这样的词组还有： be afraid of 害怕 be careful of 小心 be certain of 有把握，确定 be sure of 确信 be glad of 高兴 be sick of 厌恶 be fond of 喜欢 ［误］ The work has already been done well. ［正］ The work has already been well done. ［析］ well 与badly作副词时，表示好坏，如果句子是被动语态，则应放在过去分词之前，如：This machine has been badly damaged. 如果句子是主动语态，则应放于句末，如：I did my homework well. ［误］ We are yet in the classroom now. ［正］ We are already in the classroom now. ［析］ already主要用于肯定句，而yet多用于否定句和疑问句中，如： Did you finish it? No. not yet. ［误］ Look. Here comes he! ［正］ Look! Here he comes! ［误］ Look! Here the bus comes! ［正］ Look! Here comes the bus! ［析］ 在句子开头用Here时，如主语是人称代词则不要用倒装语序，如果主语是名词则要用倒装语序。 ［误］ She is my older sister. ［正］ She is my elder sister. ［析］ elder 和eldest是用来指家庭中兄弟姐妹的长幼关系，而older, oldest 则是指岁数大多少，如：She is three years older than I. ［误］ I'm tired. I can't go further. ［正］ I'm tired. I can't go farther. ［析］ far有两个比较级 farther 较远的，further 进一步的，如：Do you need any further explanation? 你需要进一步的解释吗?当然它也有两个最高级。farthest和furthest. ［误］ I went to Beijing University five years before. ［正］ I went to Beijing University five years ago. ［析］ ago常与过去时连用，而before则多与完成时连用。 ［误］ - Have you finished your homework? - No, not already. ［正］ - Have you finished your homework? - No, not yet. ［析］ 仍然有三个英文字可以表达它们是already， yet 与 still。 要注意的是 already经常用于肯定句中，如The bus has already gone。 而yet 多用于疑问句和否定句中，如：Have you finished your homework yet? 而still则常用于主语与谓语动词之间，如：We still can't decide what to do. 但也有时用于be 动词之后，如：He is still here. ［误］ He is very higher than I am. ［正］ He is much higher than I am. ［析］ much可以用来修饰比较级，而very则用来修饰形容词原级，如：I'm very tired. ［误］ - Can I walk to the station?- You'd better not. It is very far. ［正］ - Can I walk to the station? - You'd better not, It is a long way. ［析］ for一般用在疑问句与否定句中，如：How far is it from here to the station? 又如：It isn't far. ［误］ I've ever been to America. ［正］ I've been to America once. ［析］ once 多用于肯定句，而ever则用于疑问句，否定句，及条件状语从句中，如：Have you ever been to London? ［误］ - Could you pass the exam this time? - No, I am not afraid so. ［正］ - Could you pass the exam this time? - No, I'm afraid not. ［析］ 在肯定的答语中我们可以用so来代替上句所讲的事件，如：Do you think she is a good student? Yes I think so, /I hope so, /I believe so/ I'm afraid so.但在否定的答语中，英语口语的习惯用法则有所不同，如，I don't think so 而在hope, belive 与 afraid后则常用not， 如：I hope not. ［误］ She didn't work enough hard, so she couldn't pass the exam. ［正］ She didn't work hard enough, so she couldn't pass the exam. ［析］ enough 可以作名词用，如：Enough has been said for how to learn English well. (对于如何学好英语已经讲的足够多了。)另外它可以作为形容词，如：I have enough money (or money enough) to buy this dictionary. 注意 enough作为形容词时即可放于名词前又可放于名词后，在初中范围的考题中多用于名词之前。如果enough 作为副词用，那么它一定要放在被修饰的形容词或副词之后。 ［误］ You can't be very careful. ［正］ You can't be too careful. ［析］ 此句话的含意是你如何小心也不过分。too…to的用法是"太……以至于不能作某事"。但在实际应用时也常常将后面的to省去，如：It is too expensive for me.那对我来讲是太贵了。 ［误］ He is good past fifty. ［正］ He is well past fifty. ［析］ well 作为副词用时除用于"好"之外还有"大大地、远远地"，等意。往往有人对下面两句的对或错有争议； He is well. He is good. 其实这两句都是正确的表达法，只不过其含意不同。He is well是"他身体不错"，而He is good 则为"他是个好人"。 ［误］ She is not as half clever as her brother. ［正］ She is not half as clever as her brother. ［析］ 在as…as结构中要将修饰形容词的数量词倍数及nearly, almost, exactly… 等置于第一个as之前。 ［误］ He is same age as Tom. ［正］ He is the same age as Tom. ［析］ the same…as是固定的用法，其中定冠词the是不可省也不能换成别的词的。 ［误］ Mother and her daughter are exactly like. ［正］ Mother and her daughter are exactly alike. * like 作为介词，其意为"像"，应用于 look like, be like, sound like, 其后要加宾语。而 alike 是形容词，或副词，如: You and I think alike. The twins are dressed alike。 但 alike 仅作表语而不能用于名词前作定语。 ［误］ Who is taller of the two? ［正］ Who is the taller of the two? ［析］ 两者的比较级之前要加定冠词。 ［误］ I have less books than Tom. ［正］ I have fewer books than Tom. ［析］ less 是 little的比较级，而fewer是few的比较级。less后应加不可数名词而fewer后是可数名词。 ［误］ There are three girls in my group. The cleverer is Mary. ［正］ There are three girls in my group. The cleverest is Mary. ［析］ 在两者之间应用比较级，在三者之间或三者以上的范围内应用最高级。 ［误］ The boy sat there as quiet as his sister. ［正］ The boy sat there as quietly as his sister. ［析］ as…as的用法要注意的是：①在其中间应加形容词或副词的原级，而不可加比较级，也有的语法书中称为同级比较。②要根据句意决定是加形容词还是副词，这要看它具体是修饰动词还是名词而定，如：He is as good as his friend. ［误］ The harder you study, and you can learn more. ［正］ The harder you study, the more you can learn. ［析］ 英文中如果要表达越来越怎样，在初中范围有两种表达法：①比较级+and+比较级。②定冠词+比较级……，如：The nights are getting longer and longer。 要注意的是多音节形容词的比较级前要加more，这样的用法是：more and more 加形容词，如：The girl is growing more and more beautiful. ［误］ Studying physics is not so interesting as to learn English. ［正］ Studying physics is not so interesting as learning English. ［析］ 在作比较时，英语一般要求对比的两部分结构应一致。如用动名词，应都用动名词，用不定式时则都用不定式。但有时在后一个不定式前的符号to可以省略。如：To repair the old one is as much expensive as (to) buy a new one. ［误］ The girl is more cleverer than the boy. ［正］ The girl is much more clever (much cleverer) than the boy. ［析］ clever有两个比较级：cleverer和more clever,要注意的是不能用比较级来修饰比较级。clever的两个比较级也各有不同之处，如用在两种不同性质的比较时多用more clever,如：He is more clever than honest. (他的聪明要远远超过其诚实。) ［析］ The boy is the tallest to the three. ［正］ The boy is the tallest of the three. ［析］ 最高级的范围要用of加复数形式或加集合名词。 ［误］ This book is one of the most useful dictionary. ［正］ This book is one of the most useful dictionaries. ［析］ 在one of 后面最高级形容词后要加可数名词复数。 ［误］ This dictionary is the much best one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries. ［正］ This dictionary is much the best one of the EnglishChinese dictionaries. ［析］ 在修饰最高级时应用 far/by far/much 加the加最高级。但very例外，如：He is the very best player in the team. ［误］ Shanghai is bigger than any other cities in China. ［正］ Shanghai is bigger than any other city in China. ［析］ 在比较级中表示比较对象时如用any other其后一般要加单数名词。 ［误］ Most of stories in this book are written in English. ［正］ Most of the stories in this book are written in English. ［正］ Most stories in this book are written in English. ［析］ "大多数"一词的表达法有most of the +名词，或most+名词。当用前一种结构时，其后面的定冠词不可少。 ［误］ The temperature of that room is higher than this room. ［正］ The temperature of that room is higher than that of this room. ［析］ 比较级用于两句话之间时，比较的部分不可省略掉，但为了避免重复，一般都要用that代替前面的单数名词，而用those代替前面的复数名词，如：The books in that box are bigger than those in this box。 ［误］ He is no more here. Maybe he is at home. ［正］ He is no longer here. Maybe he is at home. ［析］ no more在现代英语中多译为："从此再也不会了"，如：His voice is no more here. 他已经去世了，他的声音不可能再出现了。而用no longer 表达目前的状态。要注意下面几组句子的实际含意：This room is no cleaner than that one.即两间屋子都不干净。(两者都不干净) This room is not cleaner than that one,即这屋子不如那间干净。(前者不如后者干净。即一间干净，一间不干净。) (三) 例题解析 1 I think Chinese is ＿＿＿ than maths. Ａ. interesting B more interesting C. most interesting D. the most interesting ［答案］ B. ［析］ 在有than作比较的句子中应用形容词的比较级。 2 - What does Lucy like better, singing or dancing? - Singing. of course. She's known to ＿＿＿ it. A. be good at B. be good for C. be bad at D. be bad for ［答案］ A. ［析］ be good at为固定搭配，意为"擅长作某事"。初中英语中有些这样的固定用法应记牢，而不能似是而非。如：be good at, be bad at, be poor in, be week in, be fit for 3 The Huang He River is one of ＿＿＿ in China. A. The long river B. the longest river C. the longest rivers D. the longer river ［答案］ C. ［析］ 在one of + 定冠词+最高级之后的名词应用复数形式。 4 The girl was ＿＿＿ afraid ＿＿＿ she threw her bag away. A. so, that B. too, to C. too, that D. enough, to ［答案］ A. ［析］ so…that为"如此怎样以至于如何"，此句意思是：小女孩如此害怕以至于扔下包跑掉了。而too…to的意思为"如何如何，以至于不能作某事"。但to的后面是动词原形，而不是从句。 5 It was ＿＿＿ yesterday than today. A. hot B. hoter C. hotter D. the hottest ［答案］ C. ［析］ 用than表达比较的句中应用比较级 。 6 Which subject do you like ＿＿＿ , English Chinese or maths? A. best B. well C. better D. good ［答案］ A. ［析］ 在两者之间应用比较级，而在三者之间或三者以上用最高级。 7 None of the students watched it ＿＿＿ . A. careful enough B. enough carefully C. carefully enough D. enough careful ［答案］ C. ［析］ 首先应判定是选用用来修饰名词的形容词还是用来修饰动词的副词。这里是修饰watch这一动词，应选用副词。当enough用来修饰副词或形容词时应放于被修饰的形容词或副词之后。 8 ＿＿＿ she eats, ＿＿＿ she'll be. A. More…fat B. The more…fatter C. More…the fatter D. The more…the fatter ［答案］ D. ［析］ the+比较级表示"越来越……"本句应译为：她吃得越多，她就会越胖。 9 I don't think English is ＿＿＿ Chinese. A. as important as B. not important as C. not so important D. important as ［答案］ A. ［析］ think+宾语从句时，应采用否定主句的形式，如：中文讲，"我认为你不对"，英文应为："我不认为你对"。 I don't think you are right. 所以不能选答案B。而C、D均为不正确的表达法。 10 Miss Gao is a good English teacher. The students in her class ＿＿＿ English.A. are interested in B. are interesting in C. are interested at D. are interesting to ［答案］ A. ［析］ 过去分词常用来修饰人，而现在分词常用来修饰物，如：an interesting book， 实际上过去分词含有被动之意，如：interested 其含意是"被……所吸引，感动"。而interesting 则为"使人感兴趣的"，如：an interesting man 一个有趣、风趣的人。 11 The twins are together most of the time. So they never feel ＿＿＿ . A. alone B. lonely C. happily D. friendly ［答案］ B. ［析］ alone意为"独自的，一个人的"，它只能作表语不能作定语。I am not alone in doing such a thing.而lonely 意为"寂寞的，孤单的"，如：The old man felt lonely. 要体会两个词的区别，如：The old man lived alone, but he didn't feel lonely. 12 What a ＿＿＿ cough! You seem ＿＿＿ ill. A. terrible, terribly B. terribly, terrible C. terrible, terrible D. terribly, terribly ［答案］ A. ［析］ terrible是形容词，而terribly是副词，第一个空是修饰名词的，所以应填入形容词。第二个空ill是形容词，这里terribly 是用来修饰ill的。 13 The two friends were ＿＿＿ pleased to see each other that they forgot everything. A. so B. too C. very D. much ［答案］ A. ［析］ 这里用的是so…that的固定搭配。 14 Which is ＿＿＿ , Li Lei's box or Han Meimei's box? A. heavy B. heavier C. more heavier D. the heaviest ［答案］ B. ［析］ 两者之间用比较级，三者或以上用最高级。 15 You don't like the same colours and I don't like them, ＿＿＿ . A. too B. also C. either D. neither ［答案］ C. ［析］ 在否定句中也应用either, 而不要用too，因too用于肯定句中。 16 Jim is ＿＿＿ at all his lessons. And I'm sure he'll do very ＿＿＿ in the exams. A. well, good B. good, well C. well, well D. good, good ［答案］ B. ［析］ good为形容词，如：He is good. 他是个好人。而well作为身体状况的好坏讲时是形容词，如：He is well为他身体不错，而作为其他意思时为副词，如：He speaks English well. 17 You look ＿＿＿ than before， why? A. more thin B. more thinner C. much more thin D. much thinner ［答案］ D. ［析］ 多音节形容词才用more或most加形容词来表示其比较级或最高级，而thin的比较级为thinner。 18 Let's go out for supper now. I'm very ＿＿＿ . A. hungry B. angry C. tired D. thirsty ［答案］ A. ［析］ hungry-饿，angry-生气，tired-紧，疲劳，thirsty-口渴。要注意名词的词义。 19 - Can you understand me? - Sorry, I can ＿＿＿ understand you. A. hardly B. almost C. even D. ever ［答案］ A. ［析］ hardly为一否定词，用在句中时应被看作是否定句。在答语中Sorry决定了其意为"听不明白"，所以只能选 hardly。 20 "＿＿＿ do you write to your penfriend?" "About twice a month." A. How often B. How soon C. How much D. How long ［答案］ A. ［析］ how often用来提问某一动作经多久就要发生一次，也就是提问发生的频率。how soon是问从现在起还有多久。 21 Changjiang River is ＿＿＿ river in China A. long B. longer C. longest D. the longest ［答案］ D. 22 I'll work ＿＿＿ I can. A. so hardly as B. so hard as C. as hardly as D. as hard as ［答案］ D. ［析］ hard可用作形容词和副词，如：The desk was made of hard wood 又如：It is raining hard。 而 hardly 是副词，其词义是"几乎不"，如：Hardly did I sleep last night. 我昨晚几乎没有睡觉。而且hardly用于句首时要采用倒装语序。as…as即可以用于肯定句，也可以用于否定句，但so…as则只能用于否定句中。 23 It is very ＿＿＿ to listen to him. A. interested B. interesting C. interested in D. interest ［答案］ B. ［析］ interest作为名词有两个词义，①兴趣，②银行中所讲的利息。而其形容词 interesting是"使人感兴趣的"，而interested是"感兴趣的"如：He is interested in English. 24 Things are ＿＿＿ worse than I thought. A. more B. few C. very D. much ［答案］ D. ［析］ 只有much可以修饰比较级。 25 It is one o'clock, but her father hasn't come back ＿＿＿ . A. already B. still C. too D. yet ［答案］ D. ［析］ 完成时的否定句尾要用yet， 而already则用于肯定句。 26 Comrade Chen is ＿＿＿ older than I. A. very B. more C. much D. quite ［答案］ C. ［析］ 只有much可以修饰比较级。可以修饰比较级的词还有much, far, even a little, by far等。 27 She did her homework ＿＿＿ . A. carefully B. careful C. care D. careless ［答案］ A. ［析］ 这里应填入副词，而careless是由care加less后辍得来的，less意为"没有"，是否定之意，如：careless-不小心，homeless-无家可归。而carefully为副词。 28 They can't answer the question in Japanese; we can't answer it, ＿＿＿ .A. also B. too C. either D. neither ［答案］ C. 29 - How are your parents? - They are very ＿＿＿ , thank you. A. good B. kind C. well D. happy ［答案］ C. ［析］ 由问句得知其询问的是身体如何，所以well作为身体状况不错时应视为形容词。30 Peter runs ＿＿＿ in our class. A. the fast B. faster C. fastest D. most fast ［答案］ C. ［析］ 副词的最高级前可以加定冠词，也可以不加定冠词。 31 We were all ＿＿＿ glad that we sang and danced. A. such B. so C. very D. quite ［答案］ B. ［析］ 在so与that之间只有形容词时不可用such。 32 Kate sings ＿＿＿ Joan. A. as well as B. as good as C. so good as D. as better as ［答案］ A. ［析］ 这里well为副词，意为"唱得好"。 33 This egg smells ＿＿＿ , though it looks all right. A. good B. well C. bad D badly ［答案］ C. ［析］ smell为系动词，其后应加形容词，而不是副词。同样的词，还有sound， feel, seem、become(变成)等等，如：Ice feels cold in winter. 34 Wait a minute, I have ＿＿＿ to tell you. A. something interested B. something interesting C. interesting something D. anything interesting ［答案］ B. ［析］ 修饰不定代词的修饰词要放在不定代词之后。 35 I shall visit you ＿＿＿ next year. A. sometimes B. sometime C. some time D. some times ［答案］ B. ［析］ sometimes 有时，sometime 某一时刻，some time 一段时间， some times 若干次 36 My sister said she would try to speak ＿＿＿ English every day. A. a little B. a few C. litttle D. few ［答案］ A. ［析］ little修饰不可数名词，而a little意为"一些，一点"。 37 I have ＿＿＿ friends here and I often visit them. A. few B. little C. a few D. a little ［答案］ C. ［析］ a few意为"有些"，few后面要加可数名词复数。 38 Of all these books, do you think, which one is ＿＿＿ ? A. interesting B. much interesting C. more interesting D. the most interesting ［答案］ D. ［析］ Of all these books 是用来表示最高级的范围 五、 连 词
(一) 知识概要 连词是一种在句子与句子之间，短语之间以及名词等其他词语之间起连接作用的虚词，它不能单独作句子的成份。按其意义可分为并列连词和从属连词两大类。并列连词连接的双方是对等的。常有的并列连词有and, both…and, either…or, neither…nor， not only…but also, as well as等。但如果连接的两部分意义不趋向一致，意义有转折的并列连词有：but, however, while (而)，only (只不过)。还有表示选择关系的并列连词，如：or, or else, otherwise… 再有的是连接双方，互为因果，或表示前因后果的连词有：for, so, therefore (因此)，then等。从属连词在初中范围内常常用来连接名词性从句，如：that, if, whether, 其次用来连接状语从句。其中有原因状语从句，常用的连接词有：when while, as, since, before, after, once, as soon as, until, till 连接条件状语的连词有：if, unless, as long as 等，而原因状语的连接词有because, since, as, now that (既然)。目的、结果、方式、比较、地点等状语从句的连接词有：so that, so…that, such…that, as…as, than, where… 它们在句子与文章中几乎无处不见。具体用法见下表。 连词用法一览表 种类 功用 例句 并列连词 连接具有并列关系的 词 He knows neither English nor French. 短语 Are you going by bus or on foot? 分句 Mary was a good girl, but she had one shortcoming. 从属连词 引导： 状语从句 I'll do it as you told me. You will be late unless you hurry. 连接代词和连接副词 主语从句 What he said proved true. When we'll start has not been decided yet. 表语从句 This is why he didn't come yesterday. That is where he lives. 宾语从句 The man asked me which I liked best. I can't understand why she is so late. 关系代词和关系副词 定语从句 Nicotine is a drug that gets one into the habit of smoking. He came last night when I was out. (二) 正误辨析 ［误］ Both my parents are not here. They went to the concert just now. ［正］ Neither of my parents is here. They went to the concert just now. ［析］ 在英语中both一般用于肯定句中，如用于否定句中，其意义也不同于汉语，如：Both of us are not right. 在英语中应被理解为"我们俩不都对。"而Neither of us is right。 才能被理解为"我们俩无一正确"。 ［误］ He or his parents has some tickets for the film. ［正］ He or his parents have some tickets for the film. ［析］ 由or 连接两主语时，谓语动词应与相临近的那一个主语保持一致。 ［误］ You should study hard, and you won't pass the exam. ［正］ You should study hard, or you won't pass the exam. ［析］ or作为连词，这里的意思为"否则"。又如：Hurry up, or you'll be late for school. ［误］ Though he is poor, but he is ready to help others. ［正］ Though he is poor, he is ready to help others. ［正］ He is poor, but he is ready to help others. ［析］ "虽然……但是"是中文中的常用结构，但在英文中用了"虽然"则不要用"但是"，用了"但是"则不能再用"虽然"，二者只可用其一。 ［误］ Either you or I are on duty. ［正］ Either you or I am on duty. ［析］ either…or 连接两个主语时，其谓语动词与相临近的一个主语相呼应，这也叫作就近原则。类似的用法还有or, neither… nor, not only…but also等。 ［误］ Tom is our English teacher and teaching English in our school now. ［正］ Tom is our English teacher and is teaching English in our school now. ［析］ 并列句中常常在后面的句子中作一些省略，以免重复，但不是所有词都可作任意的省略的。当你连接的是两个系动词时，后面的那个系动词不可省略，也就是讲连接的部分不可省略。 ［误］ My father likes swimming and to collect stamps. ［正］ My father likes swimming and collecting stamps. ［析］ 由并列连词连接的两个部分要保持相等的语法结构。如是动名词则都用动名词，如用不定式则都应用不定式，这是初学者要注意的一点。 ［误］ My father is reading a newspaper, I am doing my homework. ［正］ My father is reading a newspaper while I am doing my homework. ［析］ 两个并列句中间不可用逗号连接，要用并列连词来连接。 ［误］ My father asked me that if I wanted to learn how to drive. ［正］ My father asked me if I wanted to learn how to drive. ［析］ 宾语从句的连接词只能有一个不能重复使用。 ［误］ We will go both to Beijing and Shanghai. ［正］ We will go to both Beijing and Shanghai. ［析］ 用both…and…作连接词时，其相连接的部分结构也要相同。 ［误］ Not only Mary but also her brothers is going to dance. ［正］ Not only Mary but also her brothers are going to dance. ［析］ 由not only… but also…连接两个主语时，其重点在其后面的那一个主语，所以谓语形式应采用就近原则。 ［误］ The teacher as well as his students are coming. ［正］ The teacher as well as his students is coming. ［析］ 由as well as 连接两个主语时，谓语动词与as well as 后面的名词无关，而与前面的名词相一致。 ［误］ Tom does not swim nor play football. ［正］ Tom does not swim or play football. ［析］ nor主要用于连接句子的对等连词，如在否定句中连接某一部分时要用or, 但要注意句子的含意，如：This animal does not like a cow or a horse. 这个动物既不像牛也不像马。This animal does not like a cow but a horse. 这个动物不像牛而像马。 ［误］ For there is no light in the classroom. The students must have gone home. ［正］ The students must have gone home, for there is no light in the classroom. ［析］ 由for引出的原因状语从句在使用时要注意不能将该从句置于句 首，而应置于主句之后，并在主句与从句之间加一逗号。更要注意的是because, as, since与for 4个表示原因的连词中because是因果关系，是最强的一个，而for是最弱的一个。有些语法书中干脆把for叫做并列连词 ［误］ My brother will pass the English exam is no question. ［正］ That my brother will pass the English exam is no question. ［析］ 主语从句的引导词that是不可省略的。这一点不要和宾语从句的引导词相提并论。 ［误］ This map will show you how will you get to the hotel. ［正］ This map will show you how you will get to the hotel. ［析］ 名词性从句作宾语从句使用时，最重要的一点是要用陈述语句。特别要注意的是那些使用双宾语的动词，如：tell, ask, show… ［误］ While the clock struch ten, all the lights went out. ［正］ When the clock struck ten, all the lights went out. ［析］ while是强调两个动作在同时进行中，如：While I am doing myhomework, my father is reading a newspaper. 而这里的when是"正当某某时刻"，"就在这一时间点上"，其重点强调在某一特定时刻某动作的发生。 ［误］ While I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend. ［正］ When I was walking along the street yesterday, I met an old friend. ［析］ 这里用when表达在一个动作的进行中，另一个动作突然发生了。正在进行的动作用一进行时态，而突然发生的动作用一般时态。 ［误］ While I heard the bad news I felt sad. ［正］ When I heard the bad news, I felt sad. ［析］ while不能表达一点儿的时间，即瞬时某一时间点。 ［误］ After school some students play football, or others go to the library. ［正］ After school some students play football, while others go to the library. ［析］ while在此处意为"而，然而"。 ［误］ She sang when she walked along the dark street. ［正］ She sang as she walked along the dark street. ［析］ as用于句中时，其要点是强调两个动作的同时进行。这里用when虽然不能讲是语法上的错误，但则看不出来小女孩因独自走黑暗的街道因害怕而唱歌的心情。 ［误］ I finished my homework until twelve o'clock last night. ［正］ I didn't finished my homework until twelve o'clock last night. ［正］ I did my homework until twelve o'clock last night. ［析］ until用在句中时其含义是某一动作一直持续到某时结束，那么句中的动词则一定要用持续性动词，如果要用瞬间，或截止性动词时一定要用否定句式。因截止性动作的否定式应看作是持续性的动作。如离开leave是瞬间动作，因一出门即为离开了，而不离开则是长时间的。 ［误］ I have studied English when I was twelve. ［正］ I have studied English since I was twelve. ［析］ since引出的时间状语从句是表达了一个时间点，而这个时间点是主句动作的启始点，所以主句一般要用完成时态。 ［误］ Because he didn't study hard, so he didn't pass the exam. ［正］ He didn't pass the exam because he didn't study hard. ［析］ because 与 so在英文中两者不能并用的，只能在句中用其一。 ［误］ He was such excited that he could not speak. ［正］ He was so excited that he could not speak. ［析］ so与such的用法可以分为四种情况，①用于单数可数名词之前，其格式是such+不定冠词+形容词+单数可数名词，如：It is such a beautiful book that every child likes it. 也可以用so, 其格式是so+形容词+不定冠词+单数可数名词，如：It was so beautiful a book that every child likes it. ②在不可数名词前或可数名词复数前这时只能用such, 如：It is such good weather that we want to swim. 又如：They are such good students that they can pass the exam easily. ③在few, little， much, many 这4个字前只能用so而不能用such, 如：I have so much money that I can buy everything I want. ④当that前只有形容词或副词时，这时只能用so, 如：She is so beautiful that every one likes her. He ran so fast that I couldn't keep up with him. ［误］ He got up earlier this morning so as to that he could catch the first bus. ［正］ He got up earlier this morning so as to catch the first bus. ［正］ He got up so earlier that he could catch the first bus. ［析］ so…that与so that的用法有相同之处，那就是其后接从句，而so as to 其后要接不定式，即动词原形。这样的词组还有：in order to。 ［误］ I want to buy same stamp that you have. ［正］ I want to buy the same stamp as you have. ［析］ the same…as (that)这是个固定用法，在same前的定冠词是不能少的。而the same…that意为"我要的就是那一个"。而the same…as为"要的是和……一样的东西"。 ［误］ Before I do not give you the answer, I'll ask you some questions. ［正］ Before I give you the answer, I'll ask you some questions. ［析］ 这种错误是由于受中文的影响。在中文中可以讲"我没给你答案前"。而英文用了before就不要再用否定句了。 (三) 例题解析 1 We bought Granny a present, ＿＿＿ she didn't like it. A. but B. and C. or D. so ［答案］ A. ［析］ 由于句意的原因，应选择转折连词。 2 Run quickly, ＿＿＿ we'll miss the early train. A. and B. but C. so D. or ［答案］ D. ［析］ or这里应译为：否则。 3 I'll give the book to him ＿＿＿ he comes back. A. since B. as soon as C. before D. until ［答案］ B. ［析］ as soon as 引出的时间状语从句应用一般现在时表示将来要发生的动作。 4 Don't cross the road ＿＿＿ the light turns green. A. when B. while C. until D. as ［答案］ C. ［析］ until应译为"直到……才"，因为前面的祈使句为否定句。又如：She did not go to bed until her mother came back. 应译为"直到她妈妈回来她才睡觉"。 5 Miss Gao has been a teacher ＿＿＿ 1990. A. before B. after C. since D. in ［答案］ C. ［析］ 因为主句为完成时，所以应用 since表示该动作的启始点。 6 - Which would you like better, tea ＿＿＿ milk? - Tea, please. A. but B. and C. or D. with ［答案］ C. ［析］ 在疑问句与否定句中应用or来表示一种选择。 7 We love spring ＿＿＿ there's beautiful flowers every where. A. though B. but C. or D. because ［答案］ D. ［析］ 因为这里表示的是因果关系。 8 Please leave ＿＿＿ 7∶００, then you'll be able to get ＿＿＿ there earlier. A. till, in B. from, / C. before, / D. behind, to ［答案］ C. ［析］ before为在７∶００之前离开。 9 The teacher didn't begin the lesson ＿＿＿ all the students stopped talking. A. until B. after C. if D. because ［答案］ A. ［析］ 这句应译为"直到所有的学生都停止讲话老师才开始上课"。因begin为瞬间动词，所以应用否定句。 10 Betty didn't go to see the film yesterday ＿＿＿ she was ill. A. but B. until C. if D. because ［答案］ D. ［析］ 这里是表示因果关系，所以应用because。因为她病了所以未去看电影。 11 You must start right now, ＿＿＿ you'll miss the train. A. for B. and C. so D. or ［答案］ D. ［析］ or译为"否则"。本句句意为：你必须马上走了，否则要赶不上火车了。 12 ＿＿＿ he is a child of six, he can read and write. A. Whose B. If C. Though D. Because ［答案］ C. ［析］ 这种状语从句在英语中称为让步状语从句，应译为：虽然他才是个6岁的孩子，他却可以读书和写字。 13 I like fish, ＿＿＿ chicken, ＿＿＿ eggs. A. and, and B. and, with C. /, and D. and, / ［答案］ C. ［析］ 在有若干个名词或动词出现时，每一个词之间只用逗号连接，只在最后两个词之间加and。如：The old man passed the street, went into a shop and bought some food。 14 Take this dictionary with you ＿＿＿ you may use it in class. A. when B. in order to C. but D. so that ［答案］ D. ［析］ so that应译为"为的是"。本句句义为：带上字典，为的是在上课时可能有用。而in order to 其后应接动词不定式，如：Take this dictionary with you in order to use it in class。 15 I hope ＿＿＿ will be fine tomorrow. A. it B. what C. whether D. when ［答案］ A. ［析］ hope后接的是宾语从句，而且宾语从句中少主语，应用it来代替天气。 16 ＿＿＿ she was not well, I decided to go without her. A. Though B. As C. When D. Because of ［答案］ B. ［析］ as这里应译为"由于"。全句意为：由于她不舒服，我决定不带她去了。而because of 其后不能接从句只能接宾语。如： Because of the heavy rain, we decided not to go。 17 My aunt bought me ＿＿＿ many story books that I spent a lot of time them. A. such…on B. such…in C. too…in D so…on ［答案］ D. ［析］ 因many前只能用so来修饰，所以只能选择D选项。而spend…on something 为在某事上花费时间或钱。如：She spent a lot of money on her clothes。 18 Mother was cooking ＿＿＿ she ＿＿＿ a knock at the door. A. when, listen to B. while, listened to C. while, heard D. when, heard ［答案］ D. ［析］ when在这里应译为：就在那时，那一刻，那一瞬间。 19 Speak slowly, ＿＿＿ we can understand you. A. and B. or C. if D. because ［答案］ A. ［析］ and这里是并列连词，应译为：请讲慢些这样我们就会明白你的意思。 20 You'll learn English well ＿＿＿ you put your heart into it. A. if B. so C. until D. or ［答案］ A. ［析］ 本句译为：如果你将心放在学习上，你就会将英语学好。这里的语法现象是从句中用一般现在时表示将来。 21 I won't let you in ＿＿＿ you show me your pass. A. until B. for C. since D. because ［答案］ A. 22 She didn't go to school ＿＿＿ she was ill. A. why B. because C. where D. but ［答案］ B. 六、 介 词
(一) 知识概要 介词在英语中用法很活，也无一定规律可循。在初中范围内还应学一个记住一个，特别是那些和动词的特殊搭配。这样长期下去不断学习自然会总结出一套自己的规律来。下面是一般的规律，可帮助学习时参考，千万不要作为定律去背诵，照搬。 介词 表示时间 表示地点方位 表示原因方式 其 他 about 大约在……时间about five o'clock 在周围，大约多远about five kilometres 关于、涉及 talk about you above 高出某一平面 above sea level across 横过 walk across the street对面 across the street after 在……之后 after supper 跟……后面 one after another 追赶 run after you against 背靠逆风 against the wall, against the wind 反对 be against you among 三者以上的中间 among the trees at 在某时刻 at ten 在小地点 at the school gate 表示速度 at high speed 向着，对着 at me before 在……之前 before lunch 位于……之前 sit before me behind 位于……之后 behind the tree below 低于……水平 below zero 不合格 below the standard by 到……时刻，在……时刻之前 by five o'clock 紧挨着 site by site 乘坐交通工具by air, by bick 被由 was made by us during 在……期间during the holidays for 延续多长时间 for five years 向……去 leave for Shanghai 为了，对于 be good for you from 从某时到……某时from morning till night 来自何方 from New York 由某原料制成be made from 来自何处 where are you from in 在年、月、周较长时间内in a week 在里面 in the room 用某种语言in English 穿着 in red into 进入……里面 walk into 除 分 divide into 变动 turn into water near 接近某时near five years 在……附近near the park of 用某种原料制成 be made of 属于……性质 a map of U. S .A on 某日、某日的上下午on Sunday afternoon 在……上面 on the desk 靠吃……为生live on rice 关于a book on Physics over 渡过一整段时间work over night 在上方 over the desk 超过， 高于over five pairs past 超过某一时刻 ten past five 经过某地 walk past the park since 从某时以来 since 1980 原因 Since you were ill through 经过某一时期through his life 通过、穿过某地 through the forest tilluntil 直到某时为止till five o'clock to 差多少时间 five to ten 问，到，去往 to Shanghai 面对面 face to face 给予give a book to me under 在……下面 under the desk 少于 under ten 在……管制之 下 under the rule with 用某种工具with a pen 带着，具有 with me without 没有 without air (二) 正误辨析 ［误］ We got to the top of the mountain in daybreak. ［正］ We got to the top of the mountain at day break. ［析］ at用于具体时刻之前，如：sunrise, midday, noon, sunset, midnight, night。 ［误］ Don't sleep at daytime ［正］ Don't sleep in daytime. ［析］ in 要用于较长的一段时间之内，如：in the morning / afternoon, 或 in the week / month / year. 或 in spring / supper /autumn / winter等等。 ［误］ We visited the old man in Sunday afternoon. ［正］ We visited the old man on Sunday afternoon. ［析］ in the morning, in the afternoon 如果在这两个短语中加入任何修饰词其前面的介词都要改为on, 如：on a cold morning, on the morning of July 14th ［误］ He became a writter at his twenties ［正］ He became a writter in his twenties ［析］ 这句话应译为：他在20多岁时就成了作家。在某人的一段生活时间段中要用介词in来表示，而在具体岁数时用at来表示。 ［误］ He went to New York to find a job in sixteen years old. ［正］ He went to New York to find a job at sixteen. ［析］ 在具体年岁前用at, 如：at the age of 12， at your age， 等等。 ［误］ We went to swim in the river in a very hot day. ［正］ We went to swim in the river on a very hot day. ［析］ 具体某一天要用介词on, 又如：on New Year's Day ［误］ I'm looking forward to seeing you on Christmas. ［正］ I'm looking for ward to seeing you at Christmas. ［析］ 在节日的当天用on，而全部节日期间用at,Christmas是圣诞节期间，一般要有两周或更长的时间。 ［误］ I haven't see you during the summer holidays. ［正］ I haven't seen you since the beginning of the summer holidays. ［析］ during表示在某一段时间之内，所以一般不与完成时搭配，如：I visited a lot of museums during the holiday. 而for表示一段时间，可以用于完成时，如：I haven't see you for a long time. 而through 用来表示时间时则为"整整，全部的时间"。如：It rained through the night.而since则是表达主句动作的起始时间，一般要与完成时连用。 ［误］ At entering the classroom, I heard the good news. ［正］ On entering the classroom, I heard the good news. ［析］ On 加动名词表示"一……就"。本句的译文应是：我一进入教室就听见这个好消息了。又如：on hearing… 一听见， on arrival 一到达就……(on表示动作的名词) ［误］ In the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories. ［正］ At the beginning of the book, there are some interesting stories. ［析］ at the begining与at the end都是指某事物的开始与结束部分，均不指时间范围，而in the beginning 则是指开始一段时间。in the end＝at last是指"最终，终于"之意。 ［误］ Till the end of next week. I will have finished this work. ［正］ By the end of next week. I will have finished this work. ［析］ by 引起的时间状语表示了动作的截止点，其意思为"不迟于某一时刻将工作做完"，所以主句一般是完成时态。当然可以有将来时态，如：I'll be there by five o'clock.而till则表达其一动作一直持续到某一时刻，但句中的动词一定要用持续性动词，而瞬间的截止性动词应用其否定句式，如：I won't finish this work till(until) next weekend. ［误］ He came to London before last weekend. ［正］ He had come to London before last weekend. ［正］ He came to London two weeks ago. ［析］ before 一般要与完成时连用，而ago则与一般过去时连用。 ［误］ I have studied English for three years gince I had come here. ［正］ I have studied English for three years since I came here. ［析］ since用来表达主句动作的开始时间，所以其引出的从句中应为过去时，而不能用完成时态 ［误］ I can help you repair this bike. You will get it after two hours. ［正］ I can help you repair this bike. You will get it in two hours. ［析］ 中文经常讲两小时之后来取，两天内会修好，而这个介词在英文中要用in而不要用after。其原因有二，①after 多用于过去时，如：I arrived in New York. After three days, I found a job in the bank. ② after 加时间是表达一个不确定的时间范围，如：after three days, 即三天之后的哪一天都可以。所以在许诺若干时间内会完成某事时，一定要用介词in。 ［误］ Three days after he died. ［正］ After three days he died. ［正］ Three days later he died. ［析］ after 与 later都可以用来表达一段时间之后，但它们所处的位置不同，after 在时间词前，而later在时间词后。 ［误］ She hid herself after the tree. ［正］ She hid herself behind the tree. ［析］ after多用来表达某动作之后，所以有的语法书中称它为动态介词，如：I run after him. After finishing my homework, I went to see a film. 而behind则多用于静态事物之后。 ［误］ There is a beautiful bird on the tree. ［正］ There is a beautiful bird in the tree. ［析］ 树上长出的果实，树叶要用on, 而其他外来的人、物体均要用in the tree. ［误］ Shanghai is on the east of China. ［正］ Shanghai is in the east of China. ［析］ 在表达地理位置时有3个介词：in, on, to。 in表示在某范围之内; on表示与某地区接壤；to则表示不相接。如：Japan is to the east of China. ［误］ I arrived at New York on July 2nd. ［正］ I arrived in New York on July 2nd. ［析］ at用来表达较小的地方，而in用来表达较大的地方。at常用于at the school gate, at home, at a bus stop, at the station, at the cinema, at a small village。 ［误］ He lived in No. 3 Beijing Road. ［正］ He lived at No. 3 Beijing Road. ［析］ 在门牌号码前要用at, 并要注意它的惯用法：at the end of the street, at the foot of the mountain, at the top of the page。 ［误］ There is a colour TV set at the corner of the hall. ［正］ There is a colour TV set in the corner of the hall. ［析］ 在屋内的角落应用in，而墙的外角用at，如：There is a tree at the corner of the street. ［误］ This weekend I'll stay in Uncle Wang's. ［正］ This weekend I'll stay at Uncle Wang's. ［析］ 要注意英文的特殊表达法，如：at a tailor's shop (裁缝店)＝at a tailor's, at the doctor's (去看病) at the bookseller's (在书店) at uncle Wang's (在王叔叔家) ［误］ Do you know there is some good news on today's newspaper? ［正］ Do you know there is some good news in today's newspaper? ［析］ 在报纸上的新闻要用in, 而在具体某一版上，或某一页上则要用on。 ［误］ The school will begin on September 1st. ［正］ School will begin on September 1st. ［析］ 这里的school应看作不可数名词泛指学校的课程，即开学之意。要注意，有些活动场所当表达正在从事该种活动时不要加冠词，如：at table (吃饭)， When I came to Tom's home, they were at table. 还有： at desk (学习)，at work (工作) at school (上学)， in hospital (住医院) at church 作礼拜如加上定冠词则另有他意，如：at the school 即在学校工作或办事，in the hospital 即在医院工作或去看望病人。 ［误］ In my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time. ［正］ On my way to the station, I bought a newspaper to kill time. ［析］ 译文为：在去车站的路上我买了份报纸，为的是消磨时光"在……的路上"应用on one's way…。而 in the way 有挡道之意，如：Please move the chair it is in the way。 ［误］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into. ［正］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke in. ［正］ Look, the door is open, Maybe someone broke into the office. ［析］ in是表达一个静止状态，在与break连用时其后不加介词宾语，而into则是动态介词，与break连用时要加介词宾语。 ［误］ I'll leave Beijing to Shanghai tomorrow. ［正］ I'll leave Beijing for Shanghai. ［正］ I'll leave for Shanghai. ［析］ leave for 是离开某地去某处的固定搭配，不可将for改为别的介词。这样的搭配还有：start for 动身前往某处，set out for， sail for。 ［误］ I'm sorry. I have to get out the bus at next stop. ［正］ I'm sorry. I have to get out of the bus at next stop. ［析］ get in, 与 get out是两个相反的词组。get in 为上车，而get out为下车，但语法家认为这里的in与out为副词，所以其后不能接名词，我们可以讲We'd better get in. 或We'd better get out. 还有一组词组有关上下车：get on／off(a train, a ship, a struck) get into／out of (a car, taxi…) ［误］ Be careful The temperature of the water is ninety degrees over zero. ［正］ Be careful. The temperature of the water is ninety degrees above zero. ［析］ over 与 above 在作为比某物高的意思时有时可以互换。但在垂直方向上的高矮时，即正上方时则要用above.而泛指上方时用over. ［误］ There is an old stone bridge above the river. ［正］ There is an old stone bridge over the river. ［析］ over还有一意为"跨越，横跨"。 ［误］ The Dead Sea is under the sea level. ［正］ The Dead Sea is below the sea level. ［析］ 在垂直下方要用below.也就是讲above与below互为反意词，over与under也是反意词。 ［误］ There is a big tree in the front of the house. ［正］ There is a big tree in front of the house. ［析］ in front of 是在物体外部的前面，而in the front of 是在物体内部的前面，如：The driver sits in the front of the bus. ［误］ It took them two days to walk across the forest. ［正］ It took them two days to walk through the forest. ［析］ across 作为介词有两个主要意思：① 横过，如：I want to walk across the street.② 对面，如：There is a post office across the street,而through 多用于三维空间中的穿越。across则多用于平面上的横过。如：The little girl ran across the room to meet her mother. ［误］ The sun sets toward the west. ［正］ The sun sets in the west. ［析］ towards也可用作toward，它主要表达朝向某方向运动，但不一定到达，如：He ran toward(s) the mountain.而在表示方位east, west, north, south 时，其前面要用in。要注意的是这4个词可以用作副词，如：I went south. 也可用作名词，如：I went to the south.也可用作形容词，如：I went to the south part of China. ［误］ Do you have no other clothes except those? ［正］ Do you have no other clothes besides those? ［析］ beside 是"在……旁边"，如：The students stood beside their teachers.而besides是"除……之外，不仅……而且……，除了……以外还有……"， 如：I studied English besides French, when I was in college. 而except 则是从同一类物体中去掉某一部分，如：I come here every day except Sunday. 而except for 是指去掉不同种类的事物，如：The room is clean except for two chairs. 而except that则要加从句。 ［误］ Can I write the exam paper with ink? ［正］ Can I write the exam paper with a pen? ［正］ Can I write the exam paper in ink? ［析］ with后要加拿得起来放得下的工具，而墨水、颜料等原料则要用in。 ［误］ I'm earlier today. I came here by his car. ［正］ I'm earlier today. I came here in his car. ［析］ 在交通工具前加介词by，但不能再有任何指示代词或冠词，否则要改换相应的介词。by taxi=in a taxi by train=in a train by bicycle=on a bicycle by ship=on a ship by boat=in a boat by bus=on a bus by plane=on a plane by air 空运 by land 陆运 by sea 海运 on foot on horseback by phone by letter by radio by air mail by hand ［误］ A lot of French wines are made of grape. ［正］ A lot of French wines are made from grape. ［析］ made of 是指由原材料到成品过程中原材料未发生质地的变化，而发生了某种变化则要用from,如：The desk was made of hard wood. ［误］ This is a good dictionary in English grammar. ［正］ This is a good dictionary on English grammar. ［析］ 关于某方面的书籍、报告等有两个介词，其中on表示某专业用书，about则为某方面的普通读物，如：This is a book about physics.即物理科普知识。 ［误］ Do you have the key of the door. ［正］ Do you have the key to the door. ［析］ key to the door门的钥匙。相同用法还有answer to the question, entrance to the highway, danger to health.千万不要用of。 ［误］ Today a lot of Chinese people have interest of collecting stamps. ［正］ Today a lot of Chinese people have interest in collecting stamps. ［析］ have interest in是在某方面有兴趣。 ［误］ I didn't do my homework, so the teacher was angry to me. ［正］ I didn't do my homework, so the teacher was angry with me. ［析］ be angry with其后接人，而be angry at其后接事。如：He was angry at what she said. ［误］ He was good for skating. ［正］ He was good at skating. ［析］ be good at 为"擅长某事"，而be good for somebody为对某人很好。 ［误］ It was good to you to help my little boy. ［正］ It was good of you to help my little boy. ［析］ 这句话应译为：你真太好了，帮助了我的小孩。而be good to somebody 是对某人态度好。如：Her mother is good to everyone. ［误］ My parents were very pleased at me. ［正］ My parents were very pleased with me. ［正］ My parents were very pleased at my studying. ［析］ be pleased with后加somebody, 而be pleased at后加something。 ［误］ He is agree with me. ［正］ He agrees with me. ［误］ He againsts me. ［正］ He is against me. ［析］ 同意agree为动词，而反对against则为介词。在使用中一定要注意。 ［误］ I haven't heard letters from him. ［正］ I haven't heard from him. ［析］ hear from 即为：从某人处得到信件。不要再加letter了。 ［误］ Teacher. May I call at you this weekend? ［正］ Teacher. May I call on you this weekend? ［析］ 作为"拜访"讲call at其后接地点，如：May I call at your home this weekend?而call on其后接人。 ［误］ Do you know the girl on white? ［正］ Do you know the girl in white? ［析］ in white为穿一身白。与in有关的词组有：in bed(睡觉)，in hospital(住院)，in a hurry(匆匆忙忙)，in danger(危险中),in joy (高兴)，in good health(身体好)，in love(恋爱)，in trouble(困境)，与之相反的是out of ,如：out of trouble (摆脱困境)，out of date(过时了)， out of order(出故障) ［误］ He looked at me at surprise. ［正］ He looked at me in surprise. ［析］ surprise的用法一般有三种。①用于句首，To one's surprise, 如：To my surprise he succeeded. ② be surprised at, 如：I was surprised at the news. ③用于句尾in surprise. ［误］ She didn't come to school because of she was ill. ［正］ She didn't come to school because she was ill. ［析］ because of 后接名词，如：The game was put off because of the rain. (三) 例题解析 1 - Thank you ＿＿＿ the beautiful flowers! - Not at all. A in B on C at D for ［答案］ D. ［析］ 由于某事向某人道谢应用for。 2 Can you answer this question ＿＿＿ English? A by B in C with D from ［答案］ B. ［析］ in 表示用语言、声音、或材料，如：He answered the question in a low voice. 3 Look ＿＿＿ the map ＿＿＿ China ＿＿＿ the wall, please. A after, of, in B at, of, in C after, in, on D at, of, on ［答案］ D. ［析］ look at 为"看"，而on the wall为"在墙表面挂着"，而in the wall 则是"在墙内"，如：There is hole in the wall.墙上有个洞。 4 - When did Mr Green arrive in London? - He arrived there ＿＿＿ the evening of December 6th. A at B in C on D to ［答案］ C. ［析］ in the evening / afternoon这两个词组不论是在其前或后加上任何修饰词都应将介词换为on,如：on a cold morning, on a spring morning等。 5 We won the relay race. And there was a big smile ＿＿＿ our teacher's face. A off B near C on D between ［答案］ C. 6 The twins got on well ＿＿＿ their classmates. A to B in C with D about ［答案］ C. ［析］ get on well with与人相处很好。 7 - Please remember to come to my birthday party. - I see. I'll come ＿＿＿ Saturday evening. A in B at C on D for ［答案］ C. 8 Let's hurry， or we'll be late ＿＿＿ school A to B at C with D for ［答案］ D. ［析］ be late for， 而 come late to， 如： Don't come late to school 9 They will have a maths test ＿＿＿ two days A for B at C in D after ［答案］ C. ［析］ 三天之内应用in，而不要受中文影响用after， after three days 是个不定的时间范围，即没有一个准确的时间。5天、6天、10天全是after three days。 10 My brother joined the army ＿＿＿ A 1989， March B in March， 1989 C March， 1989 D 1989， in March ［答案］ B. ［析］ 在月份、年、前用介词in，而日子前用on。 11 He couldn't work out the maths problem ＿＿＿ your help A without B under C for D with ［答案］ A. ［析］ 在某人帮助下应用with， 如：With the help of the teacher I passed the exam easily 而要是没有你的帮助则用 without your help 12 Granny took one look at us ＿＿＿ her glasses A by B through C on D in ［答案］ B. ［析］ through 为穿过……。 13 We had our breakfast ＿＿＿ a quarter ＿＿＿ seven A /， to B in， to C at， to D on， to ［答案］ C. ［析］ 具体时间点前用at，而差几分几点用to，这里应译为：我在差一刻七点吃的早饭。 14 I learn French ＿＿＿ the radio every day A on B in C from D at ［答案］ A. ［析］ 从收音机中听到某事应用词组 on the radio。 15 It's good manners to wait ＿＿＿ line A in B on C at D with ［答案］ A. ［析］ in line 为排队。 16 How many English words had you learnt ＿＿＿ last term? A by the end of B at the end of C to the end of D till the end of ［答案］ A. ［析］ by the end of 为动作的截止时间，与完成时态相配合 17 The manager was very satisfied ＿＿＿ his work A in B on C about D with ［答案］ D. ［析］ be satisfied with 为固定搭配。 18 John hit Jack ＿＿＿ face A on the B in the C on his D in his ［答案］ B. ［析］ 英文中的某些动词其后要接人，然后加介词＋the＋身体部位，如：He caught the boy by the arm。 19 I was born ＿＿＿ the night ＿＿＿ September 15， 1978 A in， on B at， on C at， in D on， of ［答案］ D. ［析］ 在时间前加介词时应以最小的时间单位为准。 20 It's a bad manner to laugh ＿＿＿ people when they are ＿＿＿ trouble A over， in B at， in C in， at D at， for ［答案］ B. ［析］ laugh at 嘲笑某人， laugh over 笑着谈论某人或某事， in trouble 陷入困境。 21 I can't do this work well ＿＿＿ Tom's help A under B for C without D from ［答案］ C. 22 Don't shout ＿＿＿ the old woman。 You should be more polite ＿＿＿ her A to， at B at， to C in， for D from， for ［答案］ B. ［析］ shout at 为"冲某人喊叫"，而 be polite to somebody 为"对某人和气。" 23 We must be strict ＿＿＿ our selves ＿＿＿ everything A with， in B in， with C with， to D to， of ［答案］ A. ［析］ be strict with 对某人严格要求。 24 He went to the football match ＿＿＿ lunch last Sunday A to B without C behind D between ［答案］ B. ［析］ without lunch 未吃午饭。 25 The people's Republic of China was founded ＿＿＿ 1949 A with B on C since D in ［答案］ D. ［析］ 在年代前用in。因句子是过去时而不是完成时，所以不能用since。 26 Mr Black got to Hangzhou ＿＿＿ a few days A in B after C on D at ［答案］ B. ［析］ 这句话应译为：几天之后 Mr Black 到达了杭州。而不是在几天之内一定要做完某事，所以选B。 27 - Has the teacher given you any advice ＿＿＿ your English study? - Yes， he has A from B with C on D in ［答案］ C. ［析］ 给予某一方面问题的忠告其介词用on。 28 You may depend ＿＿＿ him He is ＿＿＿ honest man A on， a B in， an C on， an D at， the ［答案］ C. ［析］ depend on 为"依靠某人或某事"，而 honest 的首字母 h 不发音。 29 ＿＿＿ my joy， I can answer this question A With B To C By D For ［答案］ B. ［析］ To one's joy 意为"使我高兴的是。" 30 The teacher asked the students to look ＿＿＿ the word in the dictionary A for B at C up D after ［答案］ C. ［析］ look for 寻找， look at 看， look after 照顾， look up 查字典。 31 A little monkey is playing ＿＿＿ a tree and there are a lot of bananas ＿＿＿ it A on， on B in， on C on， in D in， in ［答案］ B. ［析］ 树上长出的果实为 on the tree 而其他外来之物要用 in the tree， 表达在树上。 32 I go to school ＿＿＿ bus every morning. A. in B. by C. on D. at ［答案］ B. ［析］ by后直接加交通工具，表示乘某种交通工具去某地。 33 No one likes a person ＿＿＿ bad manners. A. without B. on C. out of D. with ［答案］ D. ［析］ with bad manners 有不良习惯的人。 34 The policeman was surprised ＿＿＿ the news. A. into B. for C. at D. out of ［答案］ C. ［析］ be surprised at 对某事吃惊。 35 He had to sell newspapers ＿＿＿ seven. A. at an age of B. at the ages of C. at the age of D. at age of ［答案］ C. ［析］ at the age of 在几岁时。 36 The little girl couldn't help ＿＿＿ when she saw a large dog. A. cried B. to cry C. crying D. cries ［答案］ C. ［析］ couldn't help＋动名词表示情不自禁地去做某事，或禁不住做某事。 37 Jack was born ＿＿＿ March 1st, 1978. A. on B. in C. at D. of ［答案］ A. ［析］ 日期，时间前的介词按其表达语中的最小单位计算。 38 Edison was very interested ＿＿＿ science when he was a boy. A. to B. on C. in D. about ［答案］ C. ［析］ be interested in something 对某事感兴趣。 39 The teacher was very satisfied ＿＿＿ her answer. A. in B. on C. for D. with ［答案］ D. 40 The story happened ＿＿＿ Beijing. A. in B. with C. for D. on ［答案］ A. 七、 数 词
(一) 知识概要 数词用来表示人或物的数目多少和顺序。所以数词主要有两种：基数词，用于计数，如：one, two…而序数词用于表示位置先后或次序，台：first second…其构成法如下： 阿拉伯数字 基数词 序数词 简写序数词 1 one first 1st 2 two second 2nd 3 three third 3rd 4 four fourth 4th 5 five fifth 5th 6 six sixth 6th 7 seven seventh 7th 8 eight eighth 8th 9 nine ninth 9th 10 ten tenth 10th 11 eleven eleventh 11th 12 twelve twelfth 12th 13 thirteen thirteenth 13th 14 fourteen fourteenth 14th 15 fifteen fifteenth 15th 16 sixteen sixteenth 16th 17 seventeen seventeenth 17th 18 eighteen eighteenth 18yh 19 nineteen nineteenth 19th 20 twenty twentieth 20th 21 twenty-one twenty-first 21st 30 thirty thirtieth 30th 40 forty fortieth 40th 50 fifty fiftieth 50th 60 sixty sixtieth 60th 70 seventy seventieth 70th |
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