中考复习:被动语态专题
一、被动语态的概念
语态也是动词的一种形式,表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者,如:People grew rice in this area some years ago.被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者,如:A new swimming pool will be built on our school. 二、被动语态的构成 被动语态的形式是由“助动词be+动词的过去分词”构成。助动词be随着主语的人称,数,时态和语气的不同而变化。各种时态的被动语态形式如下: 1.一般现在时 am/is/are+V(p.p) People use electricity to run machines. Electricity is used to run machines. 2.一般过去时 was/were + V(p.p) We planted many trees on the hill yesterday. 3.一般将来时 will/shall +be+V(p.p) We will hold a sports meeting next week. 4.过去将来时 should/would +be+V(p.p) He told us that people would build a big reservoir in his hometown. 5.现在进行时 am/is/are +being+V(p.p) 他正在油漆房子。 He is painting the house. A house is being painted. 6.过去进行时 was/were +being+V(p.p) She was making a cake when I came into the kitchen. 7.现在完成时 have/has +been+V(p.p) He has finished his work. His work has been finished. 8.过去完成时 had +been+V(p.p) 9.将来完成时will have +been+V(p.p) The students will have learned 2,000 words by the end of next year. 10. 过去将来完成时would have +been+V(p.p) 注:1.含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时,用“情态动词+be+V(p.p)”构成。如: 当我们到那儿时他将正被检查。He will be being examined when we get there.通常用He will be examined when we get there. 注:Get+过去分词也可以构成被动语态,用这种结构的句子侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身。如: 著名学者周海中教授在论文《Get-Passive研究》中指出:Get+过去分词是一种新兴的被动语态形式;目前,相对来说它的使用还没有Be+过去分词那么广泛,一般限于口语和非正式书面语;但它却有着用得愈来愈多的趋势,是一种生气蓬勃的语言现象。 三、被动语态的几种句型 People grow rice in the south. Rice is grown in the south. 请把窗户关上。Please close the window. Let the window be closed.
四、被动语态的使用时机
被动语态的使用往往不是任意的,而是按照表达思想,描述事物的需要,通常在下列情况下使用被动语态。 1.不知道或不必说出动作的执行者。 这本书已被翻译成许多种语言。This book has been translated into many languages. 2.动作的对象是谈话的中心。 我们家乡将建一条新铁路。A new railway will be built in our hometown. 3.修辞的需要,为了使句子更加简练匀称: 他出现在舞台上受到了观众的热烈欢迎。He appeared on the stage and was warmly applauded by the audience. 被动语态便于论述客观事实,故常用于科技文章,新闻报道,书刊介绍及景物描写。
例如: ---He was heard to sing in his room just now. 刚才听到他在房间中唱歌。 一、 被动语态的用法: 1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成:is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. I am asked to study hard by my mother. Knives are used for cutting things. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成:was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. Dinosaur eggs were laid long long ago. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成:has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词
Many man-made satellites have been sent up into space by many countries. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成:will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 A new hospital will be built in our city. Many more trees will be planted next year. 5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成:情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often. Your mistakes should be corrected right now. The door may be locked inside. Your homework can be handed in tomorrow. 6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成:am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tom now. They are planting trees over there. → Trees are being planted over there by them. 7. 不定式的被动语态:to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees to be planted. 二、 怎样把主动语态改成被动语态?
1. 先找出谓语动词; 2. 再找出谓语动词后的宾语; 3. 把宾语用作被动语态中的主语; 4. 注意人称、时态和数的变化。 例:1. Bruce writes a letter every week. →A letter is written by Bruce every week. 2. Li Lei mended the broken bike this morning.→The broken bike was mended by Li Lei this morning. 3. He has written two novels so far.→Two novels have been written by him so far. 4. They will plant ten trees tomorrow.→Ten trees will be planted by them tomorrow. 5. Lucy is writing a letter now.→A letter is being written by Lucy now. 6. You must lock the door when you leave.→the door must be locked when you leave. 三、 使用被动语态应注意的几个问题: 1. 不及物动词无被动语态。 What will happen in 100 years. The dinosaurs disappeared about 65 million years ago. 2. 有些动词用主动形式表示被动意义。 This pen writes well. This new book sells well. 3. 感官动词或使役动词使用省略to的动词不定式,主动语态中不带to ,但变为被动语态时,须加上to 。 例:make somebody do something→somebody+ be +made to do something see somebody do something→somebody +be +seen to do something A girl saw my wallet drop when she passed by.→My wallet was seen to drop by a girl when she passed by. The boss made the little boy do heavy work.→The little boy was made to do heavy work by the boss. 4. 如果是接双宾语的动词改为被动语态时,直接宾语(物)作主语,那么动词后要用介词,这个介词是由与其搭配的动词决定。 He gave me a book.→A book was given to me by him. He showed me a ticket.→A ticket was shown to me by him. My father bought me a new bike. →A new bike was bought for me by my father. 5. 一些动词短语用于被动语态时,动词短语应当看作一个整体,而不能丢掉其中的介词或副词。 We can’t laugh him. →He can’t be laugh by us. He listens to the radio every day. →The radio is listened to by him every day. The nurse is taking care of the sick man. →The sick man is being taken care of by the nurse. |
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