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瞬间动词与持续动词

 最青菜1玩儿 2012-06-16

一、英语的行为动词有持续性动词和瞬间性动词之分,使用中应注意两者的区别。

一、持续性动词:表示一个动作可以持续一段时间或更长时间。常见的有study, play, do, read, learn, drive, write, clean, slean, sleep, speak, talk, wait, fly, stay, write, sit, stand, lie, keep等。

二、瞬间性动词:表示一个动作发生在一瞬间,非常短暂。亦称终止性动词。常见的有begin, start, finish, go, come, leave, find, get up, arrive, reach, get to, enter, hear, stop, open, close, become, buy, borrow, lend, happen, join, lose, renew, die, take away, put up, set out, put on, get on/off等。以上已集中了初中教材的大部分持续性动词及瞬间性动词。

三、用法:1、以上两类动词都能用于现在完成时,表示动作到现在为止已结束,例如:He has studied English for three years.(他学英语已有3年了。)He has joined the Party.(他已入党了。) Mum isn’t at home. She has gone to the library.(妈妈不在家,她去图书馆了。)

 2、持续性动词在完成时中能与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,而瞬间性动词则不能。例如:His parents talked with the teacher for half an hour.(他的父母跟老师谈了半个小时。)My mother has lain in bde for 3 days.(我母亲生病卧床已经三天了。)

My parents have lived in Shanghai since 1950.(我父母亲从1950年起就住在上海了。)

3、瞬间性动词在完成时中如要与表示持续一段时间的状语连用,通常有两种方法:(1)用意思相当的持续性动词来替换,例如:He has been in the army/a soldier for htree years.(他参军已有3年了。)不能用has joined   She has been up for quite some time.(她起床已有好久了。)不能用has got up      Has your brother been away from home for a long time?(你哥哥离家已有好久了吗?)不能用has left  初中课本中的常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下:1、go——be away   2、come——be here   3、come back——be back   4、leave——be away(be not here) 5、buy——have  6、borrow——keep  7、die——be dead   8、begin——be on   9、finish——be over 10、open——be open   11、close——be closed    12、lose——be lost   13、get to know——know   14、turn on——be on  15、get up——be up        16、sit down——sit/be seated   17、join——be in(…)或be a…member18、become——be

(2)用it is…since…结构来替换瞬间动词,例如:电影已经开映5分钟了。(两种方法)The film has been on for five minutes.   It’s five minutes since the film began.他离开上海已有3天了。(两种方法)He has been away from Shanghai for three days.  It is three days since he left Shanghai.这本书我还给图书馆已有两周了。(一种方法)It’s two weeks since I returned the book to the library.   他找到他妹妹已有多久了?(一种方法) How long is it since be found his sister?

4、瞬间动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用,例如:I haven’t seen you for a long time.(好久没见到你了。)

二、until和till两者都可作介词、连词,一般情况下可以互换使用。用于肯定句时,主句的动词只用延续性的,它所表示的动作一直延续到till或until表示的时间为止,意为“直到……为止”;用于否定句时,主句的动词一般是非延续性的,也可以是延续性的,它所表示的动作直到till或until所表示的时间才发生,意为“直到……(才)”。如:She watched TV until / till her mother came back.她看电视直到她母亲回来。(看电视的动作延续到母亲回来才结束)She didn”t watch TV until / till her mother came back.直到她母亲回来她才(开始)看电视。(看电视的动作直到她母亲回来才发生)
为了同学们更为系统地掌握它们的用法,现将一些相关知识点作具体的介绍:
1. until和till可以作介词或连词。作介词用时,后面接名词或副词;作连词用时,常用来引导一个时间状语从句。当它们用于肯定句中,主句动词常为延续性动词,表示这个动作一直延续到till / until所表示的时间为止。当它们引导时间状语从句时往往要用一般现在时代替一般将来时。如:They worked until / till six o”clock.他们一直工作到六点钟。

He will wait for you until / till your mother comes.他将等你到你母亲来。
2. not until / till意为“直到……才”,主句常用终止性动词(即非延续性),表示until /till所表示的时间一到,该动作就发生。如:He didn”t go to bed until / till eleven last night.昨天夜里他直到十一点才上床睡觉。She didn”t know me until / till last week.她直到上一周才认识我。Einstein was not able to return to his homeland until the war was over.直到战争结束后爱因斯坦才得以回国。
注意:not until放在句首时要用倒装语序,如上面第三个例句可以改为放在句首的倒装句:Not until the war was over was Einstein able to return to his homeland.
3. 如果要放在句首,只能用until而不能用till,如:误:Till I finished my homework, mother didn”t let me out.正:Until I finished my homework, mother didn”t let me out.直到我做完家庭作业妈妈才准我出去。
4. 强调结构中也常常出现not until结构,常见句型为:It is / was not until…that。如下面这个句子:
She didn”t find me until I called her from behind.直到我从后面叫她之后,她才发现了我。改为强调结构:It was not until I called her from behind that she found me.注:但在强调句型中,not until置于句首构成倒装句以及until放在句首时,均不能用till替换until。例如:It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcast began.直到1920年才开始有定期的无线电广播。Not until 12 o”clock last night did Tom come back.(倒装句)昨晚直到十二点汤姆才回来。Until I was 20 I had never been away from my hometown.我二十岁以前,从未离开过家乡

三、一、用"the same(as)"表示两者相同。例如: 1. We are the same age.我们同龄。2. Our classroom is the same size as theirs.我们的教室和他们的一样大。 二、用"different(from)"表示两者不同。例如: 1. English is different from Chinese.英语和汉语不同。  2. To eat in a fast food restaurant is quite different from that in a Chinese restaurant.在快餐馆和在中国餐馆吃饭完全不同。 三、用"A +比较级 +B"句型表示A胜过B。例如: 1. Tom is taller than I am.汤姆比我高。  2. It is much colder today than it was yesterday.今天比昨天冷得多。 四、用固定搭配"as+adj. /adv.+as"表示两者程度相同,"not as(so)+adj. /adv.+as" 表示前者不如后者。例如:1. I'm as tall as Jack is.我和杰克一样高。 2. Alice doesn't listen to the teacher as carefully as Mary does.艾丽斯没有玛丽听课认真。  五、用"prefer + A + to + B"表示喜爱A胜过B。例如: 1. I prefer apples to oranges.我喜欢苹果胜过桔子。 2. Hill preferred death to turn-ing against his motherland.希尔宁死不叛国。 六、用"would rather...than..."表示"宁愿……而不愿……"。例如: My mother would rather stay at home than go for a picnic.我妈妈宁可呆在家里也不愿去野炊。

四、一、祈使句(Imperative Sentence) 定义:用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常用于表达命令,因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句。 祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都为一般现在时,句末则使用句号来表示结束。例:Go and wash your hands. (去洗你的手。——命令)  Be quiet, please.(Please be quiet.) (请安静。——请求) Be kind to our sister. (对姊妹要和善。——劝告) Watch your steps.
(走路小心。——警告) Look out!Danger! (小心!危险!——强烈警告,已如感叹句) Keep off the grass. (勿践草坪。——禁止) No parking. (禁止停车。——禁止) 祈使句也常把主语“You”表达出来,使对方听起来觉得柔和些,例如: You go and tell him, Chris. (克立斯你去告诉他。)

二、相关口令 祈使句无主语, 主语you常省去;动词原形谓语当, 句首加don't否定变;朗读应当用降调, 句末常标感叹号。

三、表现形式 ●肯定结构: 1. Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。如:Please have a seat here. 请这边坐。 有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please. = Go this way, please. 请这边走。2. Be型(即:Be + 表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子!3. Let型(即:Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分)。如:Let me help you. 让我来帮你。●否定结构:1. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don't构成。如:Don't forget me! 不要忘记我! Don't be late for school! 上学不要迟到!2. Let型的否定式有两种:“Don't + let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分”和“Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。如:Don't let him go. / Let him not go. 别让他走。3. 有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking! 禁止吸烟!No fishing! 禁止钓鱼!   练习:将下列汉语翻译成英语。1. 请照看好您的包。 ___________________.2. 让我们去学校吧! ___________________!3. 亲爱的,高兴点儿! ___________________!4. 不要把书放这儿。 ___________________.5. 不要让猫进来。 ___________________.Key:1. Please look after your bag 2. Let's go to school 3. Be glad, dear 4. Don't put the book here 5. Don't let the cat come in / Let the cat not come in

"let"带头的祈使句由"let"带头的祈使句(Imperative Sentences)是个常见的动词句型,它的主要用法有下列三种: 1.表示“建议”。 这个句型里的"let"后头紧跟着一个第一人称的代词宾语,如: (1) Let me try. (2) Let's do it. (3) Let me go and look for it. 这个句型语气委婉,比直接的祈使句客气。试比较(4)a和(4)b: (4) a. Don't disturb him. b. Let's not disturb him. (a)是直接命令,语气强烈,不如(b)温柔悦耳。 2.表示“间接命令”或“愿望”。  这句型里的动词宾语是第三人称名词或代词,如: (5) Let Robert take charge of the marketing department. (6) Let her join our choir. 3.表示“警告”、“蔑视”、“威胁”等。 这种祈使句里的宾语也是第三人称为主。除了口气凶悍之外,有时还语带讽刺,如: (7) Let him try and he will expose his inability to work on his own.
(8) Let the invaders come and our armed forces will wipe them out in no time. 用"let"的祈使句时,必须注意下列几点: 一、"let" 的否定句有二。如果宾语是第三人称用"Don't let....."(见例(9));如果宾语是第一人称,则用"Let......not" (见例(10)): (9) Don't let this type of things happen again. (10) It's raining now. Let's not go out until after the rain. 二、"Let"只适用于现在时态,可以有被动语态 (the passive voice),如: (11) Let the recalcitrant criminals be sent to prison. (12) Let all the dedicated capable staff be promoted. 三、"Let"后头除了是不带"to"的不定式动词 (The infinitive without"to")之外,还可以是某些适当的副词,如out, in, down, alone等: (13) Let the puppy out. (14) Open the windows and let the fresh air in. (15) The room is too sunny. Let the blinds down. (16) Let me alone, please. 四、用"Let's"时,把谈话者的对象包括在内;用"Let us"时,并不包括对方,如:  (17) Let's try it, shall we? (18) Let us do it by ourselves, will you? 从(17)里的"shall we"和(18)里的"will you",不难知道前者包括听话人,后者并没有

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