中学英语语法简表（4）

中学英语语法简表（4）

Langzi选编

九．定语从句

I. 定语从句起了形容词的作用，在句中修饰一个名词或代词。被修饰的词叫做先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词，他的作用一是放在先行词与定语从句中间起了连接作用，二是在从句中担当一个成分，并与先行词保持数的一致。

 

关系词		先行词	从句成分	例句	备注
关系代词	who	人	主语	Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?	whom, which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用that
	whom	人	宾语	Mr. Smith is the person with whom I am working The boy (whom) she loved died in the war..
	whose	人，物	定语	I like those books whose topics are about history. The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.
	that	人，物	主语，宾语	A plane is a machine that can fly. She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.
	which	物	主语，宾语	The book (which) I gave you was worth $10. The picture which was about the accident was terrible.
	as	人，物	主语，宾语	He is such a person as is respected by all of us. This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.	as做宾语一般不省略
关系副词	when	时间	时间状语	I will never forget the day when we met there.	可用on which
	where	地点	地点状语	This is the house where I was born.	可用in which
	why	原因	原因状语	I can’t imagine the reason why he turned down my offer.	可用for which

 

II. that与which, who, whom的用法区别：

 

情况	用法说明	例句
只用that的情况	1．  先行词为all, everything, anything, nothing, little, much,等不定代词时。 2．  先行词被all, any, every, each, much, little, no, some, few等修饰时 3．  先行词有形容词最高级和序数词修饰时 4．  先行词既指人又指物时 5．  先行词被the only, the very修饰时 6．  句中已经有who或which时，为了避免重复时	1.He told me everything that he knows. 2.All the books that you offered has been given out. 3.This is the best film that I have ever read. 4.We talked about the persons and things that we remembered. 5.He is the only man that I want to see. 6.Who is the man that is making a speech?
只用which, who, whom的情况	1．  在非限制性定语从句中，只能用which指代物，用who/whom指人 2．  在由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句中，只能用which指物，whom指人。 3．  先行词本身是that时，关系词用which, 先行词为those, one, he时多用who。	He has a son, who has gone abroad for further study. I like the person to whom the teacher is talking. Those who respect others are usually respected by others.

 

III. as与which的区别：

 

定语从句	区别	例句
限制性定语从句中	名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as,不能用which	He is not such a fool as he looks. Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.
非限制性定语从句中	as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，象”的含义，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。	They won the game, as we had expected. They won the game, which we hadn’t expected. As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.

 

IV. 限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别：

 

类别	语法意义及特征	例句
限制性定语从句	对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写时不用逗号分开。	The accident happened at the time when I left.
非限制性定语从句	对先行词作附加的说明，与主句的关系不十分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词做宾语时也不能省略。	His mother, whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.

 

 

十．名词性从句

 

种类	作用	常用关联词	例句
主语从句	在复合句中做主语，相当于名词，一般置谓语之前，也可用it作形式主语，主语从句放主句之后	that, whether, if, as if, as though, who, whose, which, how, when, where, why, what, whatever, whoever, wherever	Whether he will come or not doesn’t matter much. Whoever comes here will be welcome.
表语从句	在复合句中做表语，相当于名词，位于系动词之后		It looks as if it is going to snow.
宾语从句	在复合句中做宾语，相当于名词		He asked me which team could win the game.
同位语从句	放在名词之后(news, problem, idea, suggestion, advice, thought, hope, fact等) 表明其具体内容		You have no idea how worried we are. The fact that he lied again greatly surprised us.

 

 

十一。状语从句

 

种类	连接词	注意点
时间状语	when, whenever, while, as, before, after, until, till, by the time, as soon as, hardly…when, no sooner…than, the moment, the minute, immediately, directly, instantly	主句表示将来意义时，从句须用一般现在时；while引导的从句中动词一般是延续性的；until用在肯定句中主句动词是延续性的，而否定句中主句动词为短暂性的。
地点状语	where, wherever
原因状语	because, as, since, now that	because语气最强，since较弱，表示大家都明了的原因，as又次之。
条件状语	if, unless, once, in case, as long as, on condition that	从句中动词时态不可用将来时，常用一般时代替
目的状语	so that, in order that, for fear that	so that和in order that后常接may, should, could, would等情态动词
结果状语	so…that, such…that
比较状语	than, as…as, not so/as…as, the more…the more
方式状语	as if, as though, as	as if 和as though引导的从句一般用虚拟语气。
让步状语	though, although, even if, even though, as, no matter what, whatever, no matter who, whoever, no matter which, whichever, no matter how, however, no matter when, whenever	as在让步状语从句中常用倒装形式；although和though用正常语序，可和yet连用，但不可和but连用

 

 

十二。倒装句

 

种类	倒装条件	例句
完全倒装	here, there, up, down, in, out, off, away等副词开头的句子表示强调	Out rushed the children.
	表示地点的介词短语作状语位于句首	Under the tree stood two tables and four chairs.
	强调表语，置于句首，或为保持句子平衡	Present at the meeting were 1,000 students.
部分倒装	never, hardly, scarcely, seldom, little, not until, not等表示否定意义的副词放于句首	Hardly did I know what had happened.
	only和修饰的状语放于句首	Only then did he realized the importance of English.
	not only…but also连接并列的句子，前倒后不倒	Not only does he know French, but also he is expert at it.
	neither…nor…连接并列的句子，前后都倒装	Neither do I know it, nor do I care about it.
	so…that, such…that中的so或such及修饰的成分放于句首时前倒后不倒	So busy is he that he can not go on a holiday.
	as引导的让步状语	Child as he is, he has learned a lot.
	so, neither或nor表示前句内容也适用于另外的人或事。	He can play the piano. So can i.
	用于表示祝愿的祈使句中	May you be in good health!
	省略if的虚拟条件	Were I you, I would not do it in this way.

 

十三。虚拟语气

 

类别	用法		例句
If引导的条件从句	与现在事实相反	从句动词：过去式（be用were） 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形	If he were here, he would help us.
	与过去事实相反	从句动词：had+过去分词 主句动词：should/would/could/might+have+过去分词	If I had been free, I would have visited you.
	与将来事实相反	从句动词：过去式 / should+动词原形 / were+不定式 主句动词：should/would/could/might+动词原形	If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go camping.
其它状语从句	as if引导的状语从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式		They are talking as if they had been friends for years.
	in order that / so that引导的状语从句中动词用can / could / may / might / would等+动词原形		Turn on the light so that we can see it clearly.
宾语从句	demand, suggest, order, insist后接的从句中动词为should+动词原形		He suggested that we not change our mind.
	wish后的从句中分别用过去式，过去完成式和should/would+动词原形表示与现在，过去和将来情况相反		I wish I could be a pop singer.
主语从句	在It is necessary / important / strange that…, It is suggested / demanded / ordered / requested that… 等从句中，谓语动词用should+动词原形		It is strange that such a person should be our friends.
其它句型中	It is time that…句型中动词用过去式或should+动词原形		It’s high time that we left.
	would rather所接的从句中动词用过去式或者过去完成式		I would rather you stayed at home now.
	If only句型中动词常用过去式或者过去完成式，表示强烈的愿望		If only our dream had come true!