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情态动词的will 、would、shall 、should用法 一、will/would的用法 1、will指主语的的一种有意识的行为，表示“意志、决心”等; would表示过去的意愿。如： I will have you thrown out of the room if you don’t keep quite .如果你不安静下来，我就把你扔出窗外。 I meant to reason with you , but you won’t reason . 我本想和你讲道理，但是你不讲道理 。 Go where you will. 你愿到哪里就到哪里。 “Tell me the secret.” “I won‘t.”“把秘密告诉我。”“我才不哩。” I won’t have anything said against her. 我绝不让谁说她的坏话。 I won’t do it any more , I promise you . 我向你保证，我再也不做这件事了 However I tried, he just wouldn't listen. 不管我怎样努力，他就是不听。 He wouldn’t help me yesterday. 他昨天不愿帮助我。 She asked if I would go with them. 她问我是否愿同他们一起去。 He would do it， though I told him not to. 虽然我叫他不要做，可是他偏要做。 If you will allow me， I will see you home. 如果你同意，我可以送你回家。 If you will read that book , I will read this one . If you will help me now, I'll surely help you sooner or later. 要是你现在愿意帮我，我迟早也会帮你。 （2） would也可表示现在的意愿，语气较委婉。如： I’d go there with you. 我愿同你去那儿。 I wouldn’t go. 我不会去。 2、表示推测“大概、想必” will用于谈论现在；would可用于谈论过去，也可用于谈论现在（语气较委婉）。如： He will have got home by now , I think .我猜他现在已经到家了。 The man with the green umbrella will be our new president .拿着绿伞的那个人想必是我们的新任董事长。 It is his father, Professor Wang ——you’ll have heard of him . 那是他的父亲，王教授，想必你听说过他。 Ask him. He will know. 问问他吧，他大概知道。 Every family would have some sort of trouble. 家家都会有本难念的经。 The person you mentioned would be her father， is that right？你提的那个人想必是她的父亲，对吗？ 「注」有时可后接完成式，表示对过去可能已经发生的情况进行推测。如： You will have heard of it. 你已经听到那事了吧。 I thought you would have finished it by now. 我想你现在可能已经做完了吧。 3、表示物体的功用或能力。will表示现在的功用、能力；would表示过去的功用、能力。 This car will hold six people. 这辆小汽车可以坐六个人。 The room will（=can） seat 200 persons .这间屋子能容纳200人。 Oil will float on water. 油总是浮在水上。 This window won‘t open. 这扇窗户经常打不开。 He said the box wouldn't open. 他说那盒子打不开。 4、表示习惯性、倾向性，有“惯于或经常（做某事）” 之意。will表示现在的习惯、倾向；would表示过去的习惯、倾向。 Sometimes he will tell lies. 有时候他也会说谎。 He’ll talk for hours， if you let him. 你要让他讲，他会讲几个小时。 Every day he would get up at six o/'clock. （以前）他每天早晨六点钟起床。 When he was a child， he would often go skiing. 他小时候经常去滑雪。 He would sit there for hours sometimes doing nothing at all. 有时他在那里一坐几个钟头，什么也不做。 「注」有时would表示经常发生的令人不耐烦的事。如： That‘s just like him—he would lose his keys！ 他就是这样，老丢钥匙！ 5、 will在陈述句中与第二、三人称连用，表示说话人的建议、命令、许诺、指示、叮嘱，有"应该、必须"之意。would还可用于评论某一特定的行为等。如： You will not go out today You will report it to your head teacher right now . 你现在必须把这件事汇报给你的班主任。 You will have your share. 你会得到你那一份的。 You will do as I told you. 你得照我说的去做。 That’s just what he would say. 他就是爱那样讲话。 You would never do anything to hurt me. 你绝不会做伤害我的事的。 You will act at once. 你应该马上行动。 6、用于第二人称的疑问句中，表示征求意见或提出请求。will和would均可用，would此时并不表过去，而表示委婉语气。如： Won‘t you take off your coat？ 你要不要把大衣脱掉？ Will [would] you please post the letter for me？ 请帮我寄了这封信好吗？ Would Sunday night suit you？ 星期天晚上适合你吗？ 「注」（1）有时为使语气委婉，可用否定式。总的说来，用would比用will委婉，用won‘t和wouldn’t比单独用will和would要委婉。 I‘d like I would prefer not to go out today. 我今天不想出去。 二、shall的用法 1、在陈述句中与第二、三人称主语连用，表示说话者给对方的承诺、决心、警告、威胁等。如： If you get a full mark in this coming English test, you shall get a new computer , I promise. 如果你这次英语考试得满分，你会得到一台新电脑。 I shall write to you again at the end of the month. 月底我再给你写封信。 He shall be fired if he makes the same mistake. You shall not leave school at this very time . 你目前不准离校。 He shall suffer a lot if he breaks the rules . 如果他违反了制度，就有他受的了。 You shall have it back next week. 下星期一定还你。 If you really want a puppy , you shall get one .如果你真想要一只宠物狗，你就会得到一只。 He shall stay in bed. 他必须躺在床上。 You shall give me a cigarette, or I shall tell the boss. 2、表示强制，用于法令、条约、规章中，意为“必须，应该”。如： Each athlete shall wear a number in red print at the game .在这场比赛中每一位运动员必须佩戴红色的号码。 Candidates shall remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 试卷收回后，应试人才能离开座位。 3、在主语是第一、三人称的疑问句中征求对方意见，“要不要……？”、“……好吗？”如： Shall I turn on the lights?我开灯好吗? Shall he wait for you outside?要不要他在外面等你? 4、表示不可避免的某事：一定 That day shall come. 那一天总会来的。 三、关于“shall／will”的用法的四个规则： 1、要表达主语的“意志”，通常都用“will”（文法上称为意志将来）。 I won't see him again.我不愿意再和他见面。 Who will go and help that poor old man？谁愿意去帮助那个可怜的老人？ 2、说话者要把自己的“意志”表达或行使出去，通常用“shall”。 You shall not do that again.你不可以再做那样的事。 He shall return that book tomorrow.明天他必须把那本书归还。 3、第一人称问句使用“shall”。 Shall I call you a taxi？需要我替你叫一辆出租车吗？ Shall we tell her the truth？我们可以把实情告诉她吗？ 4、问句是“Shall…？”，答句就用“shall”；问句用“Will …？”，答句就用“will ”。 Shall you go to school tomorrow？ Yes，I shall. We'll have an exam. 你明天须要上学去吗？是的，我必须去。我们明天有考试。 Will you go to school with me tomorrow？ No，I won't. I'm going on a picnic. 明天你要不要和我一道去学校？我不要。我已定好要去郊游。 注：Let's …的附加疑问通常使用“…，shall we ？”。 Let's have a rest，shall we？我们休息一下，怎样？ 四、should的用法 1、should 作为情态动词，可以表示谦逊、客气、委婉之意，译为“可……”、“倒……”。如： I should say that it would be better to try it again.我倒是认为最好再试一试。 You are mistaken， I should say. 据我看，你搞错了。 He should expect their basketball team to win the match. I should be grateful to your help . 我由衷感激你的帮助。 I should be glad to have a talk with you . 和你聊天我真是太高兴了。 2、should 作为情态动词，可以用来表示意外、惊喜或者在说话人看来是不可思议的。尤其在以 why， who， how 等开头的修辞疑问句或某些感叹句中常常译为“竟会”、“居然”。如： It does seem silly that I should have to learn how to walk ! 这真是太愚蠢了，我竟然得学习怎么走路！ I don’t know why you should think I did it .我不知道为什么你竟然认为是我做的那件事。 When I went out， whom should I meet but my old friend Xiao Li ！当我出去时，想不到竟会碰见我的老朋友小李！ I don't see any reason why he shouldn't be happy.我不明白为什么他居然不愉快。 It’s strange that he should be late. 真奇怪，他竟会迟到。 3、should 作为情态动词，表示说话人根据自己以往的生活经验或常识，作出的有较大可能实现的猜测、推论，通常译为“可能”、“总该……吧”，相当于 be expected to .例如： I should say she’s over 40 . 我猜她40多岁了。 I should imagine that it will take about 3 hours .我猜那会用去大约3个小时。 They should be home by now， I think. 我想现在他们总该到家了吧。 The report was written after a careful investigation， so it should be reliable. He should arrive soon他可能很快就到了。 The train should have already left. 火车大概已经走了。 4、should与ought to的比较 (1)should强调主观看法，而ought to强调客观要求。如： We ought to go and see my mother in hospital tomorrow, but I don’t think we will. 我们按理应当在明天去看看住院的母亲的，但我认为我们不会去。 (2)在公告、须知或条例中，出于礼貌，常用should。如： You shouldn’t run alongside the swimming pool. 不准在游泳池边奔跑。 5、“ should have + - ed 分词”结构用来表达下述意义： ⑴ 表示“应该已经……”，“本来应该……”，即过去该做某事但实际没有做，其否定式“ shouldn't have + - ed 分词”意为“本来不应该……”。如： These cells should have been kept in some dry places. 这些电池本来应该放（保存）在干燥的地方。（但实际上没有把它们放在干燥的地方。） You shouldn't have dept those cells in the damp place. 你本来不该把那些电池放在潮湿的地方。（但实际上已经把它们放到潮湿的地方了。） They left at nine， so they should have arrived （= probably have arrived） home by now. They should have finished their work， for they began to do it so early. I'm surprised that he should have been so foolish. 我很奇怪，他竟然会这么傻。 I'm amazed that Mr Harris should have said nothing about the matter. It is wonderful that you should have achieved so much these years.这几年你竟然取得如此大的成就，你真了不起。 此外， should 还可以出现在“ should be doing sth ”或“ should have been doing sth ”等句式中，表示“应该正在……”或表示说话人的某种不满情绪。例如： Why should we be sitting here doing nothing？ 我们干嘛坐在这里闲着？ You should be wearing a mask. 你应当戴着口罩。 She shouldn't be working like that. She is still so weak. You should have been waiting for us. Why haven't you？你应当等着我们的。怎么没有等？ 五、试试吧 1. — When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon. — They A. can 2. You can’t imagine that a well-behaved gentleman ______ be so rude to a lady. A. might 3. Mr. White_______ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn't show up. A. should have arrived C. should have had arrived 4. I___ such a mistake again. A. will never make 5. — You must phone us every week. A. must 6. I’ve decided to take the job and I ______ change my mind. A. mustn’t 7. She ___ the hospital so soon, for she has not yet recovered. A. wouldn't have left 8. — I promise her daughter ____ get a nice present on her birthday. — Will it be a big surprise to her? A. should 9. — What's wrong with your pen'? A. can't 10. "Whatever you want, you ____ have it on condition that you get the best result." said the boss. A. would 11. Tom, you are so lazy! This work ___ hours ago. A. should finish 12. There________ be any difficulty in passing the road test since you have practised a lot in the driving school. A. mustn't 13. "The interest ____ be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides," declared the judge. A. may 14. ---- I'll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow. ---You _______ her last week. A. ought to tell 15. I ______ pay Tom a visit, but I'm not sure whether I will have time this Sunday. A. should 16. ----Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report. ----You________ have my computer if you don't take care of it. A. shan't 17. I often see lights in that empty house. Do you think I ___report it to the police? A. should 18. When the old man was alive, he ______ sit for hours at the door. A. would BCAACCBDDCCCDDAAAA |
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