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独立主格结构

 玉帝佛心 2013-01-17

分词的独立主格结构的用法与理解

根据英语习惯,分词用作状语时,它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致,否则就应改用其他句型。如:

他生病了,我们把他送到了医院。

误:Being ill, we took him to the hospital.

正:Being ill, he was taken to the hospital by us.

句中的句之所以有误,不仅仅是因为这句话与相应的中文不吻合,而且该句本身的意思也是很荒唐的——句中的分词短语being ill为原因状语,按理说它的逻辑主语应该是我们,所以该句的实际意思就是:由于我们生病了,所以我们把他送到了医院。如果真是这样,那我们得的就是精神病了。因为自己生病,还要把别人送到医院,够荒唐的吧!如果改用上面的句,意思就通顺了——因为他生病了,所以他被我们送到了医院。

除了以上办法之外,还有其他的办法可以解决分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题吗?有!我们还可以在分词前加一个名词或代词,使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式,所以我们称这类结构为独立主格结构,如上面一句也可改写为:He being ill, we took him to the hospital. 为了帮助大家理解,我们对这个含有独立主格的句子分析如下:

首先,它是一个简单句,不是复合句,也不是并列句,因为句中的he being ill只是一个用作状语的分词短语,句子只有一个主谓结构,所以它是简单句。

其次,这个句子不能改为:He was ill, we took him to the hospital. 因为这样一来,它就成了两个句子,但句子间却没有相应的衔接方式,所以就错了!

为什么会错了呢?因为,英语句子从结构上看,只有三种类型,即要么是简单句(只有一个主谓结构),要么是并列句(句子之间应有并列连词),要么就是复合句(有相应的主句和从句),除此之外,不存在其他的句子类型。He was ill, we took him to the hospital.这个句子的错误就在于,它既不是简单句(因为它有两个主谓结构),也不是并列句(因为句子间没有并列连词),也不是复合句(句子没有体现出主句和从句)。所以如果我们将这个句子改成以下形式则是完全正确的:

正:He was ill, and we took him to the hospital.

正:He was ill, so we took him to the hospital.

正:Because he was ill, we took him to the hospital.

正:He was ill, so he was taken to the hospital by us.

正:Because he was ill, he was taken to the hospital by us.

为了帮助大家理解,我们再举几个例子来看看:

That day being Sunday, we had no classes. 那天是星期天,我们没有课。

that day being Sunday为独立主格结构,其中的that day为现在分词being Sunday的逻辑主语。如果要将being改为was也可以,那句子就必须处理成并列句或复合句。比较:

That day was Sunday, and we had no classes. 那天是星期天,我们没有课。

That day was Sunday, so we had no classes. 那天是星期天,所以我们没有课。

As that day was Sunday, we had no classes. 由于那天是星期天,所以我们没有课。

 

 

独立主格结构介词使用的问题

 

名词或代词+介词短语这类独立主格结构中,当其中的介词是in时,其前后的两个名词通常不加任何修饰语(如物主代词或冠词),也不用复数。如:

A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了,手里拿着书。

The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。

但如果是其他介词,则不受此限制。如:

We walked out, one behind the other. 我们一个接一个地走了出来。

He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着,眼睛望着她的背影。

The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来,面颊上还带有泪痕。

 

 

独立主格用作伴随状语

 

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作伴随状语的例子:

She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着,双手叉在胸前。

We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工,他擦窗户,我扫地。

A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后,有的拎着皇帝的衣袍,有的则给他整腰带,等等。

Their room was on the third floor, it’s window overlooking the sports ground. 他们的房间在三层楼上,窗户俯视着操场。

He guiding her, they stumbled through the street. 他引着她,两个人蹒跚地穿过那条街。

He, God willing, would be in the village before the second next month. 他,如果上帝允许,将于下月2日前来到这个村庄。

He died in 1892, his death being considered as a national calamity. 他死于1892年,他的逝世被认为是举国的不幸。

 

 

独立主格用作原因状语

 

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作原因状语的例子:

All our savings gone, we started looking for jobs. 积蓄全部用完了,我们就开始找工作。

The boy leading the way, we had no trouble finding the strange cave. 由那个男孩带路,我们很容易就找到了那奇怪的洞。

The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了,我们最好还是延期开会吧。

The river having risen in the night, the crossing was impossible. 夜里河水上涨,渡河不可能了。

There being no further business to discuss, we all went home. 没有别的事可讨论,我们都回家了。

 

 

独立主格用作条件状语

 

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作条件状语的例子:

Arthur gone, he would only be allowed to make visits like other acquaintances. 阿瑟走后,他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了。

Weather permitting, we’ll have the match tomorrow. 天气允许的话,我们将于明天进行比赛。

Weather permittingthey will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天组织一次海滨郊游。

Other things being equal, I would buy the black dress not the white one. 其他方面若都相同,我将买那件黑的衣服,不买那件白的(www.)

Such being the caseyou have no grounds for dismissing him. 如果情况如此的话,你没有理由解聘他。

 

 

独立主格用作时间状语

 

独立主格结构在句中一般作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等,还可以作定语。下面给大家列举一些独立主格用作时间状语的例子:

This done, we went home. 做完此事,我们就回家了。

The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后,我们就回家了。

The dark clouds having dispersed, the sun shone again. 乌云已散去,太阳又普照大地了。

My shoes removedI entered a low-ceilinged roomtreading cautiously on the soft tatami matting. 我脱掉鞋子后,走进一间屋顶很低的房间,小心翼翼地踩在柔软的塌塌米垫子上。

The governor pondering the mattermore strikers gathered across his path. 总督思考问题时,更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上

 

 

名词(代词)+介词短语构成的独立主格

 

在英语中,独立主格可以由名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式、介词短语等构成,其中的名词或代词用主格形式,起逻辑主语的作用,其后的形容词、副词、分词不、不定式、介词短语等起逻辑谓语的作用。注意,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍名词或代词+介词短语的用法。

He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着,眼睛望着她的背影。

The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。

The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来,面颊上还带有泪痕。

We walked out, one behind the other. 我们一个接一个地走了出来。

A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进来了,手里拿着书。

He lay at full length upon his stomachhis head resting upon his left forearm.他的脊背朝天,四肢伸展,头枕着左臂,直挺挺地趴伏着。

Every afternoon a very old woman hobbled past the old housea vast load of firewood on her back.每天下午,一个背着一大背柴禾的老妇人都会从那间破旧的房屋前蹒跚着走过。

 

 

名词(代词)+构成的独立主格

 

大家知道,英语中的独立主格可以由名词或代词+名词、形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等构成。注意,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍名词或代词+名词的用法。

His first shot failurehe fired again. 他第一枪没击中,又打了一枪。

Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. 两百人死于事故,其中有许多儿童。

His book now a bestseller, he felt pleased with the world. 他的书成了畅销书,他对一切都满意了。

 

 

名词(代词)+副词构成的独立主格

 

英语中的独立主格可以由名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等构成,其中的名词或代词用主格形式,起逻辑主语的作用,其后的形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等起逻辑谓语的作用。注意,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍名词或代词+副词的用法。

名词或代词+副词这类独立主格结构中,其中的副词主要是over, on, off, up, down等这类小品词,一般不用-ly这类方式副词。如:

The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。

The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了。

She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前,衣领已解掉,头低了下来,拿好钢笔,准备开始写一封长信。

 

 

名词(代词)+形容词构成的独立主格

 

大家知道,英语中的独立主格可以由名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等构成,其中的名词或代词用主格形式,起逻辑主语的作用,其后的形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等起逻辑谓语的作用。注意,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍名词或代词+形容的用法。

He entered the room, his face pale. 他走进屋来脸色苍白。

Computers very small, we can use them widely. 电脑虽小,我们却能广泛地利用它们。

She stood erect, her body stiff with fury. 她站得笔直,身子气得发僵。

He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排,嘴半开着。

The people, their livelihood secure, now have the leisure to take up sports. 现在人民生活有了保障,就有时间参加体育活动了。

The firm, itself immense, did not disdain the petty retail dealing. 这家公司尽管规模很大,但并不轻视这笔小零售生意。

The Trojans asleep, the Greek soldiers crept out of the hollow wooden horse.特洛伊人睡着了,于是希腊士兵从中空的木马里悄悄爬了出来。

 

 

名词(代词)+不定式构成的独立主格

 

英语的独立主格由名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等构成,其中的名词或代词用主格形式,起逻辑主语的作用,其后的形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等起逻辑谓语的作用。注意,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍名词或代词+不定式的用法。

名词/代词+动词不定式这类独立主格结构中,动词不定式和它前面的名词或代词如果存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,动词不定式则用主动的形式;如果是动宾关系,则用被动形式。如:

We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工,他擦窗户,我扫地。

A number of officials followed the emperor, some to hold his robe, others to adjust his girdle and so on. 许多官员尾随皇帝之后,有的拎着皇帝的衣袍,有的则给他整腰带,等等。

He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 他下周去参加一个会议,所有费用由他的公司支付。

The four of us agreed on a division of labor, each to translate a quarter of the book. 我们四人同意分工干,每人翻译全书的四分之一(www.)

Many trees, flowers, and grass to be planted, our newly-built school will look even more beautiful. 种上许多的树、花和草后,我们新建的学校看上去将更美。

 

 

名词(代词)+过去分词构成的独立主格

 

独立主格由名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等  构成,其中的名词或代词用主格形式,起逻辑主语的作用,其后的形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等起逻辑谓语的作用。注意,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍名词或代词+过去分词的用法。

Five years later, he returned home, his character greatly changed. 五年后回返回家乡,性格大变了。

They walked along holding hands, their fingers interlocked. 他们手指交错,携手而行。

The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。

Everyone helped, John not excepted. 大家都来帮忙,约翰也不例外。

Everything considered, his plan seems better. 从各方面考虑,他的计划似乎好一些。

That done, he put on his sweater and went out. 做完这事他穿上毛衣出去了。

The question settled, they went back to their respective posts. 这问题解决后,他们就回到各自的岗位上去了。

All things considered, I think we ought to give the job to George. 各方面考虑起来,我想我们应当把工作交给乔治。

Charles came in, his eyes swollen. 查尔斯走了进来,眼睛肿着。

This done, we went home. 做完此事,我们就回家了。

She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着,双手叉在胸前(www.)

Arthur gone, he would only be allowed to make visits like other acquaintances. 阿瑟走后,他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了。

As yet few have done their full duty, present company excepted. 迄今全部完成任务的人很少,在座的人除外。

It rained and rained, vehicles bogged clown and bridges washed out. 雨不断地下,车辆陷入泥沼,桥梁被水冲走。

 

 

名词(代词)+现在分词构成的独立主格

 

独立主格由名词或代词+形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等  构成,其中的名词或代词用主格形式,起逻辑主语的作用,其后的形容词、副词、分词不、不定式等起逻辑谓语的作用。注意,独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。本文主要介绍名词或代词+现在分词的用法。

The children playing in the room, I couldn’t get down studying. 孩子们在屋里玩,我没法学习。

Mothing being ill, I had to stay at home looking after her. 母亲病了,我只好呆在家里照顾她。

There being no bus, we had to walk home. 由于没有公共汽车,我们只好走回家。

Night enshrouding the earth, nobody could make out what the dark mass was from a distance.黑夜笼罩大地,谁也看不清远处黑压压的一片是什么东西。

 

 

 

一道高考题看独立主格结构的用法

 

2007年的山东高考卷中有这样一道高考题

The country has already sent up three unmanned spacecraft, the most recent _______ at the end of last March.(2007年山东卷)

A. has been launched                      B. having been launched

C. being launched                           D. to be launched

此题答案为 B。考查独立主格结构的用法。由于句子中没有连词,所以不能选 A。又因为动作于去年的三月底就已经发生,所以不能选表示未来动作的 D 和表示进行动作的 C

英语中的独立主格结构从语法上看,它是一个独立的成分,而不是句子(因为句中没有谓语),在句中主要用作状语,通常可转换成状语从句。下面谈谈英语独立主格结构的几种常构成方式。

1. 名词或代词+现在分词

名词或代词通常是动作的执行者,与现在分词构成逻辑上的主谓关系,表示主动的或正在进行的动作。如:

She ran up to me, her hair flying in the wind. 她向我跑来秀发在风中飘扬着。

All this time, they were fast asleep, all of them knowing nothing about what had happened. 那段时间他们都很快就入睡了没有人知道发生了什么事。

2. 名词或代词+过去分词

名词或代词是动作的承受者,与过去分词构成逻辑上的动宾关系或系表结构,表示被动或已完成的动作。如:

This done, we went home. 做完此事,我们就回家了。(表时间)

She gazed, her hands clasped to her breast. 她凝视着,双手叉在胸前。(表方式或伴随情况)

Arthur gone, he would only be allowed to make visits like other acquaintances. 阿瑟走后,他就会像其他相识的人一样地被允许来拜访了。(表条件)

As yet few have done their full duty, present company excepted. 迄今全部完成任务的人很少,在座的人除外。(表除外)

3. 名词或代词+不定式

名词或主格代词通常是动作的执行者,与不定式构成逻辑上的主谓关系,表示将要发生的动作,常位于句首或句末。如:

We divided the work, he to dean the window and I to sweep the floor. 我们分了工,他擦窗户,我扫地。(表伴随)

He is leaving for the conference next week, all expenses to be paid by his company. 他下周去参加一个会议,所有费用由他的公司支付。

4. 名词或代词+形容词或副词

形容词或副词常用来说明名词或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如:

He sat in the front row, his mouth half open. 他坐在前排,嘴半开着。

The people, their livelihood secure, now have the leisure to take up sports. 现在人民生活有了保障,就有时间参加体育活动了(www.)

She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前,衣领已解掉,头低了下来,拿好钢笔,准备开始写一封长信。

5.名词或代词+介词短语

介词短语也是用来说明或代词的性质特征或所处的状态。如:

The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand. 士兵们端着枪冲了进来。

He was waiting, his eyes on her back. 他在等着,眼睛望着她的背影。

The old woman sat down, traces of tears still on her cheeks. 老太太坐了下来,面颊上还带有泪痕。

 

 

关于分词的独立主格结构

 

在通常情况下,分词作状语时它的逻辑主语应与句子主语一致,若不一致,则应改用其他句型。如:

误:Crossing the road, a car knocked him down.

正:Crossing the road, he was knocked down by a car. 过马路时他被车撞倒了。

正:When he was crossing the road, a car knocked him down. 他过马路时车子把他撞倒了。

解决状语分词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致的问题,也可在分词前加一个名词或代词,使之成为分词的逻辑主语。由于加在分词前的名词或代词要用主格形式,故称分词的独立主格结构。如:

The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后我们就回家了。

The weather being fine, we went swimming. 天气很好,我们就去游泳了。

He being absent, nothing couldn’t be done. 由于他缺席,什么事也干不成。

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