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句子的种类 1．英语中按使用目的或功用分为四类：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。 A．陈述句。 ○1 陈述句说明一个事实或陈述一个人的看法。陈述句分为肯定陈述句和否定陈述句两种。 a．陈述句的肯定式。I have already posted the photos. / They are students. / I must go now . / He was reading a book at 8:00 last night. b．陈述句的否定形式。 （1）谓语动词是系动词be, 助动词have, will, shall, be或情态动词，只须在其后面加not构成否定句。 She isn’t a student . / He hasn’t been to the Great Wall . / I can not swim . / You will not go there tomorrow. / They aren’t sleeping . （2）若谓语动词是实义动词，在实义动词前加上do not，第三人称单数现在时用does not，过去时用did not。 He didn’t send me an invitation . （3）由具有否定含义的词never, nobody, hardly, little, dislike, seldom, few, too…to等构成的否定句。 Not all the books in our school library can be renewed .
B. 疑问句。 ○1 疑问句提出问题。英语中有四种疑问句：一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意疑问句。 a．一般疑问句：以一个助动词、情态动词、动词be或have开始，语调为升调，通常要求以yes或no回答的疑问句。 （1）一般疑问句的基本结构： Be动词(is, am, are, was, were)+主语+表语…？ Have动词(表示“有”：have, has, had)+主语+宾语…？ 情态动词(can, may, must等)+主语+行为动词或be…? 助动词(do, does, did)+主语+行为动词…？ 助动词(shall, will, have, has)+主语+行为动词…？ （2）否定形式的疑问句，通常把助动词与not缩写，放在句首。构成回答： Aren’t you a student? Yes, I am .(不，我是) No, I am not .(对，我不是)
b．特殊疑问句：以疑问代词who, what, whom, whose, which或疑问副词when, where, why, how开头。 （1）如果疑问词在句中作主语或其修饰主语时，其语序如陈述句。Who is on duty today ? / Which book is yours . （2）如果疑问词在句中不作主语或其修饰主语，用“疑问词＋一般疑问句”形式。Where have you been ? c．选择疑问句：提出两种或两种以上的情况，供回答者选择，并由or连用，但不能用Yes或no 来回答。 （1）疑问句＋选择成分1＋or＋选择成分2？Do you want coffee or cocoa ? / Are you an Englishman or an American ? （2）特殊问句＋选择答案1＋or＋选择答案2？who runs fast, Tom , Mary or Li lei . d．反意疑问句：陈述部分＋提问部分。 （1）◎前肯后否，前否后肯。 ◎前后人称、数和时态要一致，疑问部分要用代词。◎事实回答用Yes, 非事实回答用No . ◎前陈述句用降调，后问句用升调；如对前陈述句内容有把握，后问句也可用降调。◎如果前面陈述句中有否定词：hardly, little, few, never, rarely, nothing, none , nobody, not, no 等，后面疑问句应该用肯定式。 （2）陈述句中有：have to, had to, ought to, used to, don’t(imperative), somebody / someone, everybody / everyone时，附加疑问句需分别用：don’t, didn’t, shouldn’t, usedn’t / didn’t, will, they等。 My grandma used to be a teacher, usedn’t / didn’t she ? Don’t turn on the TV set, will you ? （3）陈述句部分是复合句时，提问部分的主语和助动词要与主句一致。He was reading when the teacher came in, wasn’t he ? （4）在“I think(guess, suppose, believe)+宾语从句”中，当主语是第一人称时，附加疑问句的主语和谓语应与后面宾语从句相一致；但若主语不是第一人称时，则附加问句与前面主句一致。 I don’t think he can pass the exam, can he ? He believed you had seen her before, didn’t he ? （5）在含有情态动词must 的句子中，若must 表示推测，提问用must后面的动词。若must表示有必要时，用needn’t。若mustn’t表示禁止时，提问用must。 He must be tired, isn’t he ？ You must go to Gaozhou, needn’t ？ You mustn’t smoke here, must you ? （6）陈述句部分为祈使句，疑问部分常用will you(表请求)。注：let’s 用shall we（包括说话人），let us 用will you（不包括说话人）。Have a cup of tea, will you ? Let’s go now, shall we ? Let us go now, will you ?
e．祈使句：可表示请求、命令、劝告、建议等。（省主语，动词用原形） （1）let + 第一人称，第三人称＋（not）动词原形。Let me try again . （2）动词原形＋其他成分。Listen to me carefully . （3）Don’t (never)+动词原形＋其他成分。Don’t look out of the window . （4）Do+动词原形＋其他成分。Do give him another chance . f．感叹句：表示喜怒哀乐等强烈感情，句尾用“！”。What 修饰名词，how 修饰形容词、副词。
（1） How ＋ 形容词 / 副词。 ◎ How + 形容词 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ??? ！ How cold it is today ! How clever the boy is ! ◎ How ＋ 副词 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ??? ！ How fast she runs ! How hard the girls are working ! ◎ How + 形容词 ＋ a / an + 名词 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ??? ！How clever a boy he is ! How funny an elephant it is !
（2）What + 名词。 ◎ What + a / an ＋ 形容词 ＋ 可数名词单数＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ??? ！ What a fine day it is today ! What an honest man his father is ! ◎ What ＋ 形容词 ＋ 可数名词复数 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋???！What tall trees they are !What good students the boys are ! ◎ What ＋ 形容词 ＋ 不可数名词 ＋ 主 ＋ 谓 ＋ ??? ！What cold water it is ! What delicious milk it is !
句子类型 1．从结构上看，英语的句子可分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。 2．简单句：由一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）构成的句子叫做简单句。简单句有六种句型：
型号 句型 例 子 1 主语＋不及物动词（＋状语） The Frenchman coughed badly at night. / The city lies in a valley . 2 主语＋连系动词＋表语 That is a map of China. / That piece of meat looks quite good. / It sounds like the singing of rails . 3 主语＋及物动词＋宾语 You’re doing the right thing. / Jack likes to stay at home and play by himself . 4 主语＋及物动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 Can you tell me the way to the Summer Palace ? / It took me a week to finish the work. 5 主语＋及物动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语 We call him Li Ming . / The rich man asked the singer to come up to the sitting room . 6 There +be+主语＋状语 There are some flowers on the teacher’s desk . / There are 365 days in a year . 3．并列句：由并列连词把两个以上的简单句连在一起构成的句子。常用的并列连词有and, but, for, or, nor, so, yet, neither…nor, either…or, still, however, not only…but also等。并列句的结构：简单句＋并列词＋简单。 Hurry up, or you’ll miss the early bus . / We love peace but we are not afraid of war . / He must be ill, for he is absent today . She has not only knowledge, but also experience . / He was ill, so he didn’t go to school. / Work hard, and you will succeed . 4．复合句：由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句。主句是句子的主体，从句只用作句子的一个成分，不能独立。从句可以担任复合句的主语（主语从句）、表语（表语从句）、宾语（宾语从句）、定语（定语从句）、状语（状语从句）。中学阶段主要学习含有状语从句、宾语从句、定语从句的复合句。 A．状语从句：在复合句中修饰主句中的动词、形容词或副词等的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句根据它表示的意思的不同可分为时间、地点、原因、结果、让步、比较（或方式）和条件等类。 ○1 时间状语从句：由when, while, as, the moment, the minute, once, whenever, before, after, till(until), since, as soon as等连词引导。 主 句 从 句 例 子 一般将来时 一般现在时 I will go out for a walk if it doesn’t rain tomorrow . 带有情态动词 You must look left and right when you cross the crossing . 祈使句 Ask him to give me a call as soon as he comes back . 过去时的某种时态 过去时的某种时态 I went to bed at ten after the film was over. / The film had begun when I reached the cinema . I was reading a book while he was singing a song . ○2 条件状语从句：由if, unless, so long as, as long as, in case , if only, provided that等引导。（注：在条件状语从句的将来时态要用现在时和过去时，表示相应的将来时）。 I’ll show you around the city if I am free tomorrow . / If I had enough money, I would buy the car . ○3 原因状语从句：由because（因为）, as（由于）, since（既然）, for（因为）等引导。 He was absent yesterday because he was ill . / As it was already dark, they decided to stay in the town for the night . ○4 目的状语从句：由so that, that, so, in order that, in case等引导。句中常有may, might, can, could, should, would等情态动词。 He got up early so that he could catch the early train. / He studied hard in order that he might succeed . ○5 结果状语从句：由so…that, so, so that, such…that等。 The film is so interesting that everyone likes to see it again . / Nothing more was heard of him, so people thought that he was dead . ○6 比较状语从句：由than, as…as, not as(so)…as, the（＋比较级）…the（＋比较级）等引导。 Today is not as warm as yesterday. / He listens to the teacher more carefully than I . ○7 地点状语从句：由where 和wherever等引导。地点状语从句位于句首时，常用逗号与主句隔开；位于句末时则不用逗号。 He follows her wherever she goes . ○8 方式状语从句：由as, just as…so, as if 等。As if 引导的从句的时态要用过去时（虚语语气）。 Please do as I do . / He tells me the whole thing as if he knew everything . ○9 让步状语从句：由though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, no matter who等引导。 Although he has failed many times, he doesn’t give up trying . B．宾语从句：由一个句子充当宾语，我们称之为宾语从句。（宾语从句的语序永远是陈述语序） ○1 宾语从句的连词。 a． 如果宾语从句是从陈述句变化而来的，要用连词that来引导，that可以省略。 b． 如果宾语从句是从一般疑问句变化而来的，要用连词if或whether . c． 如果宾语从句是从特殊疑问句变化而来的，连词就应该用特殊疑问词（what, when, where…）。 ○2 宾语从句的时态： 主 句 从 句 例 子 任何一种时态 一般现在时（表示真理、科学原理、自然现象） The teacher told / tells us that the earth goes round the sun. 一般现在时 任何一种时态 I hear that he will come back next week. 一般将来时 I will tell him that his father rang him up just now when he comes back . 一般过去时 过去时的某种时态 I wondered if Tom would come back ./ Lucy asked whether I had finished my homework . ○3 宾语从句的人称：人称代词要随合理的逻辑而自然变化。 She said, “I am much better than before.”--------She said that she was much better than before . ○4 when 和if 在引导宾语从句和状语从句中，后面的时态有差别。 I don’t know when (何时)she will be back（宾语从句）, but when(当…时候) she comes back, I’ll let you know（状语从句） . I don’t know if(是否) she will come back（宾语从句）, but if (如果)s 共有4条文章 页次：3/4 分页： 9 7 1 2 3 4 8 :
he comes back, I’ll let you know （状语从句） . C．定语从句：在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句，被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导从句的关系代词有：who(人，主格), whom(人，宾客), whose(人，所有格), which(物), that(人，物)。引导从句的关系副词有：where(地点), when(时间), why(原因)。 The man who lives next to us is a policeman./ You must do everything that I do ./ We will never forget the day when we visited Gaozhou . 主句/先行词 从 句 主 句 主 句 / 先行词 从 句 主 句 / 先行词 从 句 ○1 从句的谓语动词和先行词的关系。 a． 主谓关系：He asked the man(作从句主语) who/that was smoking . b． 动宾关系：The noodles(作从句宾语) that/which I cooked were delicious . ○2 只能用that 的情况： a． 先行词为all, any, few, no, some, much, little等修饰。 I have done all the work that he told us to do . b． 先行词被序数词修饰。 That last/first question that he asked me was hard to answer . c． 先行词同时有人和物。 They often talk about things and persons that they remember . d． 先行词是everything, anything, nothing, none等不定代词。 I remembered everything that the teachers taught me before . e． 先行词被形容词最高级修饰。 That is the best book that I have read . f． 先行词被the very, the only, the same修饰。 It is the very book that I am looking for . g． 先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语。Chinais no longer the country that it used to be . h． 先行词是指示代词that, one, those, this, another, all等。 Is this school the one that I saw in the picture ? i． 主句以who / which开头，定语从句用that 。who is the girl that spoke to you just now ? / which is the car that was made inChina? ○3 只能用which的情况： a． 关系代词前有介词。 This is the house in which we lived last year . b． 先行词本身是that 。 The clock is that which I bought yesterday . c． 非限制性定语从句。 His English , which used to be very poor, is now excellent . ○4 定语从句在句中作定语，所以在使用时，相当于现在分词短语，过去分词短语，动词不定式短语，介词短语作后置定语的句子。 a．I bought a book that was written by Lu Xun . = I bought a book written by Lu Xun . b．Tell the children who are playing basketball not to do that . = Tell the children playing basketball not to do that . c．The house that stands at the corner was built in 1987 . = The house standing at the corner was built in 1987 . d．We have nothing that we should fear . = We have nothing to fear . e．The book that is on the table is expensive . = The book on the table is expensive . ○5 引导词when, where和why可用相应的表示时间（in, on, at, during等）、地点（in, on, at等）和原因（for）的介词＋which 表达为介宾结构。 a．I still remember the day when I met her for the first time . ---- I still remember the day on which I met her for the first time . b．That is the place where I went when I was a child . ----- That is the place to which I went when I was a child . c．May I know the reason why you are late ? ----- May I know the reason for which you are late ? ○6 在定语从句中，不能再出现指示先行词的指示代词。 I just can’t find the book which/that she lent it to me .（×）---- I just can’t find the book which/that she lent to me .（√） ○7 注意下面的变化： a． This is the house(不作lived的宾语) where we lived last year . This is the house(作lived in的宾语) which/that we lived in last year . b． This is the day (不作left的宾语)when we left for Shenzhen . This is the day (作spent的宾语)which/that we spent in Shenzhen . ○8 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别： a． 限制性定语从句：是句中不可缺少的组成部分，没有从句，先行词意思不明确，主句也不完整，从句主句不用逗号分开。 b． 非限制性定语从句：是主句先行词的补充说明，没有从句并不影响主句意思的明确或完整，这种定语从句一般用逗号和主句分开，在非限制性定语从句中，一般不用that。 ◎ Last Sunday they reached Dalian, where a meeting was to be held . ◎ She has two brothers, who are both doctors .
Ⅲ There be 句型 1． 英语“There + be + (not)”结构表示“有（没有）某人或某物”时，there 是无词义的引导词，be是谓语动词，它后面的名词是主语，两者再数上必须一致。句末往往有表示地点或时间的状语。 2． 肯定句：There +(助动词或情态动词)＋be 主语＋地点（时间）状语。 There is a pen on the table . / There will be a football match tomorrow . 3． 否定句：There + be(助动词或情态动词)＋not（any）(或＋no)+ 主语…。 There are not fairies in the world . / There wasn’t a underground inShanghaibefore ./ There won’t be a football match tomorrow . 4． 一般疑问句：Be + there +(any) +主语… ？ / 助动词或情态动词 ＋ there +be +(any) + 主语… ？ Is there anything I can do for you ? / Will there be cloud tomorrow ? 5． 特殊疑问句：疑问词（＋名词）＋be ＋there + 状语 ？ How many weeks are there in a year ? / What is there on the desk ? / Where will there be a football match tomorrow ? 6． 如果there +be 之后是并列主语，应根据离be 最近的名词来选择be的形式。 There is a apple and two pears on the table . / There are two pears and a apple on the table . 7． 含有引导词there 的句子用seem to be , happen to be , used to be 或live 等作谓语的结构。 There happened to be an old friend of mine in the shop . / There used to be a temple here .
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