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離乳仔豬飼糧中能量與離胺酸需要量之探討

 LM0318 2013-03-10

離乳仔豬飼糧中能量與離胺酸需要量之探討

吳繼芳(1)(2) 游義德(1) 鄭清森(1)

收件日期:87831日;接受日期:871028

 

摘要本研究目的在探討四週齡離乳仔豬飼糧中能量和離胺酸需要量。能量用量試驗:選用64頭四週齡離乳仔豬逢機分配於玉米-大豆粕為主含四種不同代謝能3,0503,2503,4503,650 kcal/kg之試驗處理組。能量含量以添加纖維素粉或大豆油調整,而各處理組中能量與離胺酸比例均維持為282 kcal ME/g lysine。試驗結果顯示豬隻平均隻日增重,經統計分析後各處理組之間差異不顯著,其中以3,250 kcal/kg之代謝能處理組,其增重最高。豬隻平均隻日飼料攝食量,各處理組之間差異極顯著,隨著代謝能含量提高而成直線的降低。飼料利用效率各處理組之間差異亦極顯著,隨著代謝能含量提高而獲得改善。而每增重一公斤所需飼料費則以3,250 kcal/kg代謝能處理組最經濟。

 

  離胺酸用量試驗:選用96頭四週齡離乳仔豬逢機分配於玉米、大豆粕及魚粉為主六種不同離胺酸0.850.951.051.151.251.35% 之試驗處理組。而各處理組代謝能含量均維持為3,250 kcal/kg。試驗結果顯示豬隻平均隻日飼料攝食量隨著離胺酸濃度的增加而不受影響。豬隻平均隻日增重隨著離胺酸用量增加而增加至離胺酸濃度為1.15% 時達最高,然後逐漸下降。飼料利用效率隨著離胺酸用量增加而獲得改善至1.15% 最佳。若採用Bent-stick model,以離胺酸用量為X值,以隻日增重為Y值分析時,求得最適當離胺酸用量為1.25%;而以飼料利用效率為Y值分析時,求得最適當離胺酸用量則為1.15%

 

  綜合以上試驗結果顯示以玉米-大豆粕或玉米、大豆粕及魚粉為主要原料之四週齡離乳仔豬飼糧,其代謝能用量為3,250 kcal/kg,離胺酸用量為1.15%,可獲得較佳的生長性能與較經濟的飼料成本。(關鍵語:能量、離胺酸、需要量、離乳仔豬)

 

緒  言

 

  仔豬飼糧中能量濃度與胺基酸含量為了發育成長的需要皆比成熟豬隻來得高。Campbell et al. 1975)報告指出體重5.420 kg仔豬為了滿足生長其最適當能量濃度為3,640 kcal DE/kg。而McConnell et al.1982)報告指出3週齡離乳仔豬飼餵玉米-大豆粕為主飼糧飼養至68週齡時,達到最佳生長性能其能量需要量為3,500 kcal ME/kg。在國內,陳與蘇(1970)報告指出離乳仔豬在38週齡時,滿足仔豬生長最適當的能量濃度亦為3,500 kcal ME/kg。這些研究結果顯示仔豬能量需要量皆高於目前台灣地區豬隻飼養標準(1990)和NRC1988)所推薦體重620 kg仔豬能量需要量,其可消化能為3,400 kcal或代謝能為3,250 kcal

 

  同樣地,很多研究結果亦顯示體重620 kg仔豬離胺酸需要量亦高於NRC1988)所推薦之0.95%。諸如Lewis et al.1981),Aherne and Nielsen1983),Rosell and Zimmerman1984),Lin and Jensen1985),Leibholz and Parks1987)等研究使用玉米-大豆粕或大麥-小麥-大豆粕之實用性飼糧進行傳統的生長試驗,達到仔豬體重620 kg最大生長或最佳飼料利用效率,其離胺酸需要量應提高為1.151.25% 之間。而目前台灣地區豬隻飼養標準(1990)所推薦體重510 kg1020 kg仔豬離胺酸需要量分別為1.301.15%。而ARC1981)所推薦仔豬體重515 kg離胺酸需要量則高達1.33%

 

  本研究的目的有二:其一,在重新評估四週齡離乳仔豬飼糧中代謝能之需要量。其二,在利用本研究第一個試驗中所獲得最適當代謝能用量為基礎,進行重新評估四週齡離乳仔豬飼糧中離胺酸需要量。期能將兩個試驗結果所獲得的資料提供養豬業者和飼料界參考應用。

 

材料與方法

一. 能量用量試驗

  選用28日齡離乳平均體重8.0 kg三品種(Landrace×Yorkshire×Duroc; LYD)雜交仔豬64頭。採用完全逢機區集設計法,以體重與性別為區集將豬隻逢機分配至每一處理與重複。即每欄飼豬4頭,每一處理各有4欄。仔豬飼養在面積大小為175×295㎝水泥地面之保育豬欄,各欄設有自動吮水器(nipple waterer)供給清潔飲水,並於試驗開始時幾天將吮水器前端固定,使水自動流出供仔豬飲用。同時每欄使用兩側各有4個飼料孔之自動飼料槽(self-feeder)一個,採任食方式飼養至8週齡時結束。全部供試驗豬隻在試驗開始時,試驗進行期中每一週以及試驗結束時均分別秤重,以測定平均隻日增重,飼料攝食量以及飼料利用效率。每天至少兩次檢查飼料槽是否架橋。並且每天記錄地面上浪費的飼料。本試驗在45月進行保育豬舍月平均溫度在25.327.5之間。

 

  本試驗分四個不同試驗處理組,各處理組飼料配方與營養成分列於表1。飼料配方以玉米-大豆粕為主,能量含量以添加纖維素粉(Solka-floc)或大豆油調整。因此,飼糧中代謝能3,050 kcal/kg組添加纖維素粉5.56% 而飼糧中代謝能3,650 kcal/kg組則添加大豆油10.98%。各處理組中代謝能與離胺酸比例(Calorielysine)均維持恆定為282 kcal ME/g lysine。因為Allee and Hines1972)報告指出如果飼糧中增加脂肪含量,而沒有適當的調整能量與離胺酸含量比例的話,則會降低隻日增重與增加每單位增重之代謝能。

 

  試驗結束之後,將所獲得各項結果數據先以微電腦SAS1987)統計分析套裝軟體中ANOVAAnalysis of variance)分析之,其中飼料攝食量以欄為試驗單位,隻日增重則以豬隻個體為試驗單位。並以線形比較法(Linear contrast)比較處理間之效應。

 

二. 離胺酸用量試驗

  從能量用量試驗結果獲得飼糧中代謝能3,250 kcal/kg對仔豬隻日增重最高且每增重一公斤所需飼料費最低。因此本試驗中能量含量以代謝能3,250 kcal/kg作為基礎,再重新評估4週齡離乳仔豬離胺酸需要量。

 

  選用4週齡離乳平均體重6.7 kg三品種(LYD)雜交仔豬96頭,逢機分配於不同離胺酸含量0.850.951.051.151.251.35% 之六個處理組中,飼糧中蛋白質含量隨著離胺酸含量增加而由18.0%增加至25.5%,而代謝能各處理均維持為3,250 kcal/kg(表2)。

 

1. 不同能量含量之飼料配方

Table 1. Composition of diets of different energy levels

處  理 Treatment

1

2

3

4

Corn, ground

58.90

62.07

53.60

45.14

Soybean meal, solvent, 44%

32.16

34.30

37.45

40.59

Soybean oil

0.31

5.64

10.98

纖維素粉Cellulose, powdered

5.56

磷酸氫鈣Dicalcium phosphate

1.81

1.68

1.70

1.71

石灰石粉Limestone, pulverized

0.82

0.89

0.86

0.83

Salt

0.30

0.30

0.30

0.30

維生素預混料Vitamin premix(1)

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

微量礦物質預混料Trace mineral premix(2)

0.10

0.10

0.10

0.10

Antibiotic(3)

0.25

0.25

0.25

0.25

Calculated value

 粗蛋白質Crude protein, %

19.16

20.37

21.03

21.70

 離 Lysine, %

1.08

1.15

1.22

1.29

 鈣Calcium, %

0.90

0.90

0.90

0.90

 磷Phosphorus, %

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

 代 Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg

3,050

3,250

3,450

3,650

Analyzed value

 粗蛋白質Crude protein, %

19.36

20.40

20.94

21.86

 鈣Calcium, %

0.99

0.96

0.96

0.96

 磷Phosphorus, %

0.69

0.68

0.67

0.68

 粗 Crude fat, %

2.69

3.21

8.28

13.20

 粗 Crude fiber, %

7.05

3.40

3.35

3.72

 總 Gross energy, kcal/kg

3,776

3,953

4,146

4,334

(1) 維生素預混料添加0.1%,供應每公斤飼糧中添加維生素含量如下:Adding vitamin premix 0.1% in the diet to supply the following vitamins per kg of diet: vitamin A, 4,000 IU; vitamin D3, 600 IU; vitamin E, 20 mg; vitamin K3, 2 mg; vitamin B2, 4 mg; vitamin B12, 0.02 mg; pantothenic acid, 12 mg; niacin, 40 mg; folic acid, 0.18 mg; biotin, 0.01 mg.

(2) 微量礦物質預混料添加0.1%,供應每公斤飼糧中添加微量礦物質含量如下:Adding trace mineral premix 0.1% in the diet to supply the following trace minerals per kg of diet: choline chloride, 50 mg; Zn, 100 mg; Cu, 20 mg; Fe, 140 mg; I, 0.2 mg; Mn, 4 mg; Se, 0.1 mg.

(3) 抗生素預混料添加0.25%,供應每公斤飼糧中添加抗生素含量如下:Adding antibiotic premix 0.1% in the diet to supply the following antibiotic: chlortetracycline, 110 mg; penicillin, 55 mg; sulfa-methazine, 110 mg.

2. 不同離胺酸含量之飼料配方

Table 2. Composition of diets with various lysine levels

處  理 Treatment

1

2

3

4

5

6

玉  米Corn, ground

71.80

67.50

63.00

58.50

54.00

49.50

Soybean meal, solvent, 44%

20.00

24.30

28.70

33.00

37.30

41.60

魚  粉Fish meal, 65%

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

5.00

磷酸氫鈣Dicalcium phosphate

1.40

1.33

1.24

1.15

1.07

0.98

石灰石粉Limestone, pulverized

0.78

0.76

0.71

0.74

0.75

0.78

食  鹽Salt

0.41

0.43

0.43

0.45

0.48

0.51

甲硫胺酸Methionine

0.05

0.08

0.10

0.13

維生素預混料Vitamin premix(1)

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

微量礦物質預混料Trace mineral premix(2)

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.14

Soybean oil

0.33

0.40

0.59

0.80

1.02

1.22

Calculated value

 離 Lysine, %

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

 粗蛋白質Crude protein, %

18.00

19.50

21.00

22.50

24.00

25.50

 鈣Calcium, %

0.85

0.85

0.85

0.85

0.85

0.85

 磷Phosphorus, %

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

0.70

 代 Metabolizable energy, kcal/kg

3,250

3,250

3,250

3,250

3,250

3,250

Analyzed value

 粗蛋白質Crude protein, %

18.53

19.33

21.11

22.52

24.44

25.83

 鈣Calcium, %

0.89

0.87

0.86

0.88

0.87

0.86

 磷Phosphorus, %

0.71

0.72

0.72

0.73

0.72

0.72

 總 Gross energy, kcal/kg

3,894

3,915

3,936

3,956

3,973

4,014

(1) 維生素預混料添加0.14%,供應每公斤飼糧中添加維生素含量如下:Adding vitamin premix 0.14% in the diet to supply the following vitamins per kg of diet: vitamin A, 5,600 IU; vitamin D3, 840 IU; vitamin E, 28 mg; vitamin K3, 2.8 mg; vitamin B2, 5.6 mg; vitamin B12, 0.028 mg; pantothenic acid, 16.8 mg; niacin, 56 mg; folic acid, 0.252 mg; biotin, 0.014 mg.

(2) 微量礦物質預混料添加0.14%,供應每公斤飼糧中添加微量礦物質含量如下:Adding trace mineral premix 0.14% in the diet to supply the following trace minerals per kg of diet: choline chloride, 70 mg; Zn, 140 mg; Cu, 28 mg; Fe, 196 mg; I, 0.28 mg; Mn, 5.6 mg; Se, 0.14 mg.

  試驗期間仔豬採群養群飼,每個處理組有4頭仔豬飼養於一欄,每個處理組進行四個重複共96頭仔豬。試驗進行五週至仔豬體重23 kg結束。試驗期間每週稱體重與飼料一次,以測定隻日增重,飼料採食量以及飼料利用效率。飼料採任食,飲水則充份供應。

  試驗測得之資料先以SAS套裝程式,採用一般線形模式方法(General Linear Model Procedure, GLM)進行變方分析,並以Duncan之多變距測驗法(Duncan's new multiple range test)比較處理組間之差異,最後再以Best-stick model求出最適當離胺酸用量。

 

結果與討論

一. 能量用量試驗

  飼糧中不同能量用量對離乳仔豬生長性能之影響結果列於表3。仔豬離乳後14週之平均隻日增重各處理組之間差異雖未達5% 顯著水準(P0.511),但仔豬飼餵3,250 kcal代謝能含量之第2處理組比仔豬飼餵3,450 kcal代謝能含量之第3處理組和3,650 kcal代謝能含量之第4處理組的隻日增重分別高出6.7% 4.5%。而根據Frobish et al.1970, 1971)報告指出仔豬飼餵5% 豬油,可獲得較高增重,但飼料中脂肪含量由5% 增加到10% 時則有降低仔豬增重之趨勢。而本試驗第3和第4處理組飼糧中分別添加大豆油5.64% 10.98% 其隻日增重比其他二個處理組亦有降低的趨勢而獲得相同的映證。

 

3. 飼糧中不同能量含量對離乳仔豬生長性能之影響

Table 3. Effect of different dietary energy levels on the growth performance of weaned pigs

代謝能含量
Matabolizable energy levels, kcal/kg

3,050

3,250

3,450

3,650

供試頭數
No. of pigs

16

16

16

16

 

開始時平均體重,kg
Avg. initial body weight

8.01

8.09

7.96

8.06

0.21

結束時平均體重,kg
Avg. final body weight

21.89

22.36

21.35

21.71

1.00

平均隻日增重,g
Avg. daily gain

496

510

478

488

29.23

平均隻日飼料攝食量,g b
Avg. daily feed intake

844

800

719

679

47.21

隻日能量攝食量,kcal
Daily caloric intake

2,575

2,600

2,480

2,478

149.30

飼料/增重b
Feed to gain ratio

1.70

1.57

1.50

1.40

0.03

每增重一公斤所需飼料費,NT$/kg
Feed cost/kg gain

29.28 c

12.86

14.06

16.64

 

a 標準機差。

Standard error.

b 直線效應(P0.01)。

Linear effect (P0.01).

c 每公斤纖維素粉價格為17.2元。

Solk-floc cost/kg.

  仔豬離乳後14週之平均隻日飼料攝食量隨著飼糧中能量含量增加而成直線的減少(P0.01)。顯示本試驗結果與Ewan1970);Campbell et al.1975);Lewis et al.1981)等報告指出飼糧中能量或脂肪含量增加,則仔豬平均隻日飼料攝食量減少之結果相同。仔豬離乳後14週之隻日能量攝食量各處理組之間差異不顯著(P0.05)。當比較各處理組之間的隻日能量效率(每增重一公斤所需代謝能)時,則發現所有飼糧非常接近,其範圍很狹窄為5,0935,191 kcal之間。這些資料顯示使用脂肪和碳水化合物能量來源對仔豬具有同樣效率。而Allee et al.1971)和Leibbrandt et al.1975)等報告亦持相同看法。仔豬離乳後14週之飼料利用效率隨著飼糧中能量含量增加而成直線(P0.01)獲得改善。仔豬飼餵3,2503,450以及3,650 kcal代謝能飼糧之每單位增重所需飼料量比仔豬飼餵3,050 kcal代謝飼糧分別減少7.6511.76以及17.65%。而大部分仔豬研究報告指出添加脂肪可以改善飼料利用效率(Sewell et al., 1961; Frobish et al., 1967; Ewan, 1970; Campbell et al., 1975; Lewis et al., 1981; McConnell et al., 1982; Zhang et al., 1986)。

 

  仔豬離乳後14週之每增重一公斤所需飼料費除3,050 kcal代謝能飼糧因為了降低飼糧中能量含量添加純纖維素粉造成價格偏高而無法比較外,其他各處理的飼料價格隨著飼糧中大豆油用量增加而提高。其中以3,250 kcal代謝能飼糧之每增重一公斤所需飼料費12.86元最低而以3,650 kcal代謝能飼糧之16.64元最高。

 

  綜合以上試驗結果顯示仔豬離乳後14週飼糧中所需能量含量為3,250 kcal代謝能與NRC1988)和(1998)所推薦仔豬離後14週飼糧中代謝能需要量3,2503,265 kcal相吻合。同時3,250 kcal代謝能含量對仔豬隻日增重在本試驗各處理組中最高,而且飼料利用效率亦可以被接受。當飼糧中能量含量高於3,250 kcal代謝能時,雖然增加改善飼料利用效率,但這有利的效果被添加較高大豆油用量而在實質上所增加成本相抵銷。因此本試驗結果建議仔豬離乳後14週飼糧中所需要代謝能含量應為3,250 kcal才能符合仔豬隻日增重,飼料利用效率以及每增重一公斤所需的成本。

 

二. 離胺酸用量試驗

  飼糧中不同離胺酸用量對離乳仔豬生長性能之影響結果列於表4。而以Bent-stick model分析結果列於表5。由表4之生長試驗結果可以看出,仔豬隻日飼料攝食量隨著飼糧中離胺酸濃度的增加而減低(六個處理組分別為754754748738737712 g)。仔豬隻日增重隨著飼糧中離胺酸用量增加而增加至離胺酸濃度為1.15% 時達到最高,然後逐漸下降(六個處理組分別為380428422488450447 g)。飼料利用效率隨著飼糧中離胺酸用量增加而改善至1.15% 最佳,然後逐漸變差(六個處理組分別為1.861.741.771.591.641.70)。若採用Bent-stick model分析,以離胺酸用量為X值,以隻日增重為Y值,求得最適當離胺酸用量為1.25%;而以飼料利用效率為Y值分析時,求得最適當離胺酸用量則為1.15%

 

  Lewis et al.1981)報告指出仔豬體重515 kg飼餵玉米-大豆粕實用性飼料,其離胺酸需要量為1.151.25%,同時亦指出增加脂肪含量並無增加離胺酸之需要量。Aherne and Nielsen1983)報告指出體重719 kg仔豬飼餵大麥-小麥-大豆粕為基礎飼料,其離胺酸需要量為1.15% 對仔豬生長速率和飼料利用效率獲得改善。而Rosell and Zimmerman1984)報告指出離乳仔豬飼餵玉米-大豆粕實用性飼料,其離胺酸需要量至少為1.151.20%Lin and Jensen1985)報告指出四週齡離乳仔豬飼料以含1.19% 離胺酸對飼料利用效率為最佳。而Leibholz and Parks1987)報告則指出2856日齡仔豬為了達到最大生長,其飼料中離胺酸含量不超過1.2%。這些研究報告和本試驗結果所獲得的數據皆比NRC1988)所推薦離胺酸需用量0.95%(仔豬體重1020 kg)為高,但與NRC1998)所推薦以總胺基酸為基礎之離胺酸需要量1.15%(仔豬體重1020 kg)相接近。

 

  綜合以上試驗結果顯示以玉米-大豆粕或玉米-大豆粕-魚粉為主要原料之離乳仔豬飼糧,其代謝能用量為3,250 kcal/kg,離胺酸用量為1.15%,可獲得較佳的生長性能與較經濟的飼料成本。

 

4. 飼糧中不同離胺酸用量對離乳仔豬生長性能之影響

Table 4. Effect of different dietary lysine levels on the growth performance of weaned pigs

離胺酸用量Lysine levels, %

0.85

0.95

1.05

1.15

1.25

1.35

供試頭數
No. of pigs

16

16

16

16

16

16

 

平均隻日增重,g
Avg. daily gain

380

428

422

488

450

447

85

飼料/增重
Feed to gain ratio

1.86

1.74

1.77

1.59

1.64

1.70

0.15

平均隻日飼料攝食量,g
Avg. daily feed intake

754

754

748

738

737

712

45

(1) 標準機差

Standard error.

5. 以Bent-stick model a 計算最適當離胺酸用量

Table 5. The optimum lysine level estimated by "Bent-stick" model


Criterion

離胺酸用量,%
Lysine level

相關係數,r
Correlation coefficient

模式之P
P value of model

隻日增重,g
Daily gain

1.25

0.89

0.01

飼料/增重
Feed to gain ratio

1.15

0.98

0.0005

a 模式以離胺酸含量為橫(x)座標,以隻日增重和飼料利用效率為縱(y)座標。

The x coordinate of the model was lysine level, and the y coordinate was value of daily gain and feed to gain ratio.

 

  本試驗承蒙行政院農業委員會補助經費,特此致謝。

 

參考文獻

台灣地區飼養標準-豬。1990。行政院農業委員會編。

陳賜鈺、蘇麗華。1970。三週齡早期離乳仔豬飼料中胺基酸及熱能適當用量之研究。台糖公司種畜場研究試驗報告3441

Aherne, F. X. and H. E. Nielsen. 1983. Lysine requirement of pigs weighing 7 to 19 kg liveweight. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 63221224.

ARC. 1981. The Nutrient requirements of pigs. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough.

Allee, G. L., D. H. Baker and G. A. Leveille. 1971. Fat utilization and lipogenesis in the young pig. J. Nutr. 10114151421.

Allee, G. L. and R. H. Hines. 1972. Influence of fat level and calorie: protein ratio on performance of young pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 35210 (Abstr.).

Campbell, R. G., M. R. Taverner and P. D. Mullaney. 1975. The effect of dietary concentrations of digestible energy on the performance and carcass characteristics of early-weaned pigs. Anim. Prod. 21285294.

Ewan, R. C. 1970. Effect of protein quality on fat utilization by baby pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 311020 (Abstr.).

Frobish, L. T., V. W. Hays, V. C. Speer and R. C. Ewan. 1967. Effect of protein source and fat levels on fat utilization and fatty acid content of blood plasma and feces. J. Anim. Sci. 261479 (Abstr.).

Frobish, L. T., V. W. Hays, V. C. Speer and R. C. Ewan. 1970. Effect of fat source and level on utilization of fat by young pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 30197202.

Frobish, L. T., V. C. Speer and R. C. Ewan. 1971. Effect of fat source on pancreatic lipase activity and specificity and performance of baby pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 33385389.

Leibbrandt, V. D., R. C. Ewan, V. C. Speer and D. R. Zimmerman. 1975. Effect of age and calorie:protein ratio on performance and body composition of baby pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 4010701076.

Leibholz, J. and J. R. Parks. 1987. Lysine supplementation of diets for pigs between 7 and 56 days of age. Anim. Prod. 44421426.

Lewis, A. J., E. R. Peo, Jr., B. D. Moser and T. D. Crenshaw. 1981. Lysine requirement of pigs weighing 5 to 15 kg fed practical diets with and without added fat. J. Anim. Sci. 51361366.

Lin, C. C. and A. H. Jensen. 1985. The lysine requirement of weanling pigs at different levels of dietary protein. J. Anim. Sci. 61 (Suppl. 1)99. (Abstr.).

McConnell, J. C., M. W. Stuck, R. C. Waldorf, W. P. Byrd and L. W. Grimes. 1982. Caloric requirements of early weaned pigs fed corn-soybean meal-based diets. J. Anim. Sci. 55841847.

NRC. 1988. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. Ninth Revised Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.

NRC. 1998. Nutrient Requirements of Swine. Tenth Revised Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.

Rosell, V. L. and D. R. Zimmerman. 1984. Effects of graded levels of lysine and excess arginine and threonine on young pigs fed practical diets. J. Anim. Sci. 59135140.

Sewell, R. F., M. C. Thomas and D. Price. 1961. Protein-energy relationships in the rations of early weaned pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 20820823.

Statistical Analysis System. 1987. SAS User's Guide : Statistics. 5th ed. SAS Institute Inc. Cary, NC. U.S.A.

Zhang, Y., I. G. Partridge and K. G. Mitchell. 1986. The effect of dietary energy level and protein : energy ratio on nitrogen and energy balance, performance and carcass composition of pigs weaned at 3 weeks of age. Anim. Prod. 42389395.

Evaluation of Dietary Energy and

Lysine Requirements of Weaned Pigs

Jih-Fang Wu(1)(2), I-Te Yu(1)

and Ching-Shen Cheng(1)

Received Aug. 31, 1998; Accepted Oct. 28, 1998

ABSTRACT

  The objective of this study was to evaluate the dietary energy and lysine requirements of weaned pigs. In energy level trial, sixty-four pigs weaned at 28 days of age were randomly assigned to four treatments and fed corn-soybean-meal-based diets containing 3,050, 3,250, 3,450, or 3,650 kcal of metabolizable energy (ME)/kg. Caloric levels were adjusted in the respective diets by the addition of powdered cellulose or soybean oil. Calorie:lysine ratios (C:L) were maintained at approximately 282 kcal ME/g lysine. Average daily gain of pigs showed no significant differences among dietary treatments by statistical analysis. Highest average daily gain occurred with the 3,250 kcal ME diet. Average daily feed intake of pigs decreased linearly as energy level in the diet was increased. Feed to gain ratios of pigs improved linearly as caloric density was increased in the diet. The feed cost per kg of gain was lowest for pigs fed the 3,250 kcal ME diet.

  In lysine level trial, ninety-six pigs weaned at 28 days of age were randomly assigned to six treatments and fed corn-soybean-fish-meal-based diet containing 0.85, 0.95, 1.05, 1.15, 1.25, or 1.35% of lysine. All diets were based on the same metabolizable energy of 3,250 kcal/kg. Average daily feed intake of pigs was not influenced by lysine level in the diet. Average daily gain was lowest for pigs fed the 0.85% lysine diet, and highest for those fed the 1.15% lysine diet, but decreased as lysine level was increased from 1.15% to 1.35%. Feed to gain ratios improved as lysine level was increased, with the greatest improvement reached at the 1.15% lysine level. When "bent-stick" model was used to interpret the results with Y as daily gain, the optimum lysine level was 1.25%; with Y as feed to gain ratio, the optimum lysine level was 1.15%.

  These results indicated that a corn-soy or -fish-meal-based diet supplying 3,250 kcal/kg of metabolizable energy and 1.15% of lysine resulted in optimum growth performance and more economic feed cost for pigs weaned at 28 days of age.Key WordsEnergy, Lysine, Requirement, Weaned pigs

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