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现在完成时(二) 一、现在完成时的构成 二、现在完成时态的基本句型 三、现在完成时的主要用法 四、现在完成时的时间状语 一、现在完成时的构成： 助动词have (has）+ 过去分词 二、现在完成时的基本句型 1.陈述句肯定形式。主语+ have/has+ 过去分词+ 其它 e.g. I
have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。 He has
gone to 2.陈述句否定形式。主语+ have/has+ not+过去分词+… （在助动词have/has后+not，可缩写为 haven’t/hasn’t） e.g. I
haven’t had lunch. 我还没吃午饭。 He
hasn’t gone to Beijing. 他还没有去北京。 3.一般疑问句形式及其答语。Have/Has+主语＋ 过去分词＋… （将助动词have/has提前，句末加问号） 肯定回答：Yes , 主语＋ have/has. 否定回答：No , 主语＋ haven’t/hasn’t. －Has he gone to Beijing? 他去过北京了吗？ －Yes, he has ./ No, he hasn’t. 4.特殊疑问句形式。（疑问词+一般疑问句） 疑问词+ have/has+主语＋过去分词＋…？ e.g.
Where has he gone? 他去了哪里？ 三、现在完成时的主要用法 1.表示过去发生或已完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常和副词already,never,ever,just,yet,before等连用。 eg:He has just turned off the light.(他刚把灯关了。) 相当于：He turned off the light just
now. The light isn’t on
now. 即关灯这一动作对现在造成的结果或影响：现在灯不亮了。 I have already finished my homework. (我已经完成了家庭作业。) 2.表示从过去某一时刻开始并一直延续到现在的动作或状态,但动作或状态可能仍在继续。 eg:She
has lived here since
she was born. 自从她出生时就一直住在这儿。 I have
learnt English for more than ten years.我已经学了10多年的英语。 3.表示人曾有过或到目前为止从未有过的经历. eg:Have
you ever been to the I have
never had a car.
(我从未有过汽车。) 四、现在完成时的时间状语 ◆常与不确定的时间状语连用，如:already, never, ever, just,
yet, before, so far, in the past few years等,表示“到目前为止” 所发生的动作. ◆还可以和表示一段时间的状语连用， since, for a long time等. already(已经) 用于肯定句，用在疑问句时表示强调或加强语气 yet 用于否定句和疑问句，在否定句末意思是“还（没）”，在疑问句末意思是“已经” never(从来没有) ever（曾经） just(刚刚) 这几个副词常放在助动词have,has和动词过去分词之间。 例如： He has already left here.他已经离开这里了。 Has he
already left here?他(真的)已经离开这里了吗 (表示加强语气) My
teachers havn’t had breakfast yet.我的老师还没吃早餐呢。 Have
you written to your parents yet你已经给你父母写信了吗？ We
have never been to the Great Wall.我们从来没去过长城。 Have
you ever been to Ha has
just come back.他刚刚回来。 ★ 一个时间点 1.since（自……以来） 一段时间＋ago 从句 Mr.
Smith has worked here since 1984.(时间点) （1984年以来，史密斯先生一直在这工作。） I have
known Daniel since
7 years ago. 自从7年前我就认识丹尼尔。 He’s learned about 500 words since he went to college.（从句） （他上大学以来大约学了五千个英语单词） ★2、for（长达）＋一段时间（two weeks/six months/five days），for短语表示动作延续多长时间 。 He has
taught in this school for four years. （他在这个学校教书四年了。） I
haven’t seen her for
a long time.（我好久没有见到她了。） 注意：1）since也可单独使用，表示”自那时起”;另外since前也可加上ever,以加强语气。 Eg:I
have been here( ever )since I graduated in 2000.自2000年我毕业以来我曾来过这里。 2）对for或since引导的时间状语提问必须用how long,决不能用when. Eg:I have
lived here for ten years. →How long have you lived here? She
has stood here since
2 hours ago. →How long has he stood here? ★3、just,already, ever，
recently，before, never是完成时态的时间状语，而just now /a moment ago 是一般过去时的时间状语。 The
train has just arrived. （火车刚到。） Did
you see Joan just now?（你刚才看到琼了吗？） Have
you heard from your family recently?（你最近收到家人的来信了吗？） 五、短暂性动词与时间段的关系 ●短暂性动词（这些动词是：become,begin, buy, borrow,
arrive, come/go, die, fall, finish, get to know, join, leave, marry 等） 在肯定句、疑问句中不能与时间段连用 ●为了表述这种意思，我们常用相应的“延续性动词”来代替短暂性动词.（如下表） 短暂性动词 → 延续性动词 borrow
→ keep buy → have, arrive
→
be in/at die → be dead, stop → be over begin/start→ be on leave → be away (from…) come
/go → be in /at get
married → be married join→ be in /a member of close→
be closed reach →
be in( at) open →
be open return
→
be back finish→
be over become
→
be ●也可以仍用原短暂性动词，用句型“It is … since从句 （从句中用一般过去时）” 或用“一般过去时+ …ago”这 一结构来表述延续性的动作或状态。 例如：电影开始五分钟了。 The
film has been on for five minutes.（此处不能用短暂性动词start表示 (五分钟是一段时间) “开始”，而用be on表示） It is five minutes since the film began The
film began five
minutes ago. 他入党五年了。 He has been in the Party for five years. (此处“加入”不能用join表示，而 (五年是一段时间) 用be in表示) It is five years since he joined the Party. （since后接时间点，可用短暂性动词join,所以改成it
ts…since句型后可用join.） He joined the Party five years ago .(现在是2013年，五年前就是 （五年前） 2008年，2008年是个时间点，是那年入党的) ●但在否定句中，短暂性动词可以与时间段连用。 如：I haven’t bought the bike for a year. 我买这辆自行车还不到一年。 She hasn’t come here for an hour. 她来这儿还没有一个小时。 翻 译 练 习： 1.我买了这块手表五年了。 I have bought this watch for five years.（错） I have had this watch for five years/since
5 years ago.（对） 2.这位老人已经死了十年了。 The
old man has
died for ten
years. （错） The
old man has
been dead for
ten years/since 10 years ago.(对) 3.他已经回来三天了。 He has come back for 3 days. （错） He has been back for 3 days/since 3 days ago.（对） 4.我离开家乡已十年了。 I have left hometown for 10 years. （错） I have been away from hometown for 10 years.（对）（请参考上面所列的短暂性动词与延续性动词的转换） 六、have been 与have gone 的用法比较 have
been to … 意思是“到过，去过”， 表示曾经到过某处，但现在人不在那儿。 have gone to… 意思是“去了”，表示已经去了某地，现在人可能在去的途中或已在那儿了。 eg:Has
she ever been to You
have never been there, have you? 你以前从未去过那儿，是吗？ --Where is she? --She has gone to 七、与一般过去时的用法比较 1.一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作发 生在过去，和现在没有关系，而现在完成时是表过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，强调的是现在的情况。 2.一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用， 现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用， 或无时间状语。 1）.一般过去时的时间状语有: yesterday ,last week…,一段时间＋ago, in 1980（过去时间）, in October ,just now, a moment ago. eg:
The plane took off ten minutes ago. We
finished our task last week . 2）.现在完成时的时间状语： for, since, ever,just,yet,already等不确定的时间状语。 eg:
They have lived here for ten years. eg:
She has been in the Reading Club for many years . eg: I
have known Daniel since ten years ago. eg：He has bought an English-Chinese
dictionary. 他已经买了一本英汉字典。 He
bought an English-Chinese dictionary. 他曾买过一本英汉字典。 第一句用现在完成时时态，意为：“He bought an English-Chinese
dictionary. And he still has it” “过去他买了一本英汉字典，现在他还有这本字典” 。 第二句用过去时只叙述过去他买过一本英汉字典这一事实，至于现在他是否有这本字典并未强调说明。 现在完成时练习 一、动词填空： 1._____
you already________ (clean) the room? Yes,
we __________(do) that already. When
_______ you ______(do) it? We
_______(do) it an hour ago. 2_____
he ______(see) this film yet? Yes. When
_____ he _____(see) it? He ______ it last week. 3.
_____you ever ______(be) there many times? 4. I
__________ (read) the novel twice. It’s interesting. 5. She
_________(go) to Pairs, hasn’t
she? Yes. 6. －How ______ she _____(go) there yesterday? －She _____(go) there by air. 答案：1.Have clean;
have done; did
do; do 2.Has
seen; did see; saw
3.Have been 4.have read 5.has
gone 6.did go; went 二、选用 for和 since填空: 1.We
haven’t seen each other ______ a long time. since 2.His
father has been in the Party ______ 10 years ago. 3.The
film has been on ______ 20 minutes. 4.Mr
Green has worked here ______ he came to 5.His
grandparents have been dead ______ several years. 6.
It’s five years _______ we met last time. × 改为been over 2. I
have borrowed
this book for
two weeks. kept 3.
Kitty has bought a book since last week. had × 改为had 4. Our
manager isn’t in today. He has been to |
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