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Teaching Self-Advocacy Skills to Kids
教孩子主动要求的技巧
By Kathryn Rateliff Barr, eHow Contributor 翻译：小林
家长们都知道一般情况下，如果孩子自己不说，就得不到想要的东西。假设孩子有残疾，或需要一定的帮助来完成任务，或者只是需要更多的信息来作决定，适时地主动要求可以帮助孩子实现愿望。家长和老师教孩子掌握主动要求的技巧，将会使他们终身受益。
Parents know that students don't always get
what they need without asking for it. Whether your child has a disability or
needs special help to accomplish a task or just needs more information to make
a decision, self-advocating can help her get what she needs at the right time.
Parents and teachers who instruct kids to self-advocate teach a skill that will
benefit them for life.
Know Yourself
- Teach a child to discover his strengths by pointing out things
he does well or finds easy to learn and execute. Help him identify
weaknesses and disabilities that you may discover through physical or
developmental testing. Encourage him to ask for help if he can’t see the
chalkboard, for example. Brainstorm ideas he can use to function better in
the classroom such as asking to move toward the front of the room, using
special tools to see or receiving hard copies of materials he can't see.
Remind the child that others cannot see out of his eyes and won’t know
that the pupil can’t see the material. Suggest scheduling a private
conference with the teacher to discuss any problems.
了解自己
教会孩子发现自己的长处，例如指出他哪些事情做得好，或者他心灵手巧的地方。帮助孩子找出自身的弱点或缺陷，可以通过一些体能测试来发现。鼓励孩子寻求帮助，比方说，看不清黑板上的字。在课堂上利用头脑风暴的点子，更好地完成任务，比如让孩子蒙上眼睛，穿过整个教室，途中可以利用特殊的工具，探查并感知周围的物体。同时提醒孩子，他看不见其他人，而别人也不知道他看不见东西。建议与老师私下约谈以解决任何可能存在的问题。
Determine Needs
- Coach the child to stop and assess her needs before asking for
help. Brainstorm possible ways to meet the need with the child and propose
the options she could suggest to the teacher. For example, if the child is
too short to reach necessary supplies, she might ask if she can keep some
frequently used supplies at her desk. She could also suggest moving the
item where she can reach it, and perhaps the move will assist another
student who can’t reach it. As a third option, she can ask if she can use
a grabber tool, step stool or get assistance from someone to reach the
required item.
确定需求
训练孩子在提要求之前，先想一下，评估自己的需求。集思广益，提供多个可满足孩子需要的方法，让孩子选择后向老师提出建议。例如，当孩子因个子矮小而够不到物品时，他可以要求能否在自己的座位上使用其他物品。孩子还可以建议挪动物品的位置，以便自己和其他同学取用。第三种做法是，孩子可以请求使用抓取工具或梯凳，或者向他人求助，获取用品。
Clear Communication
- Model clear communication and have your child practice it in
role-play to make it less threatening. For example, give her a box with
all of the resources needed to complete an assignment except for one item.
Have her inventory the box contents and discover what she lacks, then approach
you and ask for the missing item. Give her the missing item and
congratulate her for clearly communicating her need. Explain that this
skill works in all kinds of arenas and will help her succeed in life.
清晰的沟通
模仿内容清晰的沟通，让孩子通过角色扮演，练习避免不友善，加强亲和力。例如，给孩子一个任务盒，里面有各种相关信息，唯独缺少某一项内容。让孩子罗列盒子里的信息，找出并询问缺少的内容。告诉他答案，并祝贺他清楚地传达了自己的要求。跟孩子解释，这个技巧将帮助他在来的竞争中获得成功。
Understanding Rights
- Educate your child to know his rights. He should know that each
student has the right to receive special support if he has a disability or
cannot accomplish a task through normal means. Explain that people may not
discriminate against him because of a disability and that the law may
require the school to provide an aid, special classes or other help to
achieve educational success. Encourage him to push for assistance when it
is needed and insist that others respect his rights.
了解自己的权利
教育孩子知道自己有哪些权利。孩子要知道，每个学生都有权接受专门辅导，假如残疾，或通过无法通过常规途径完成任务。向孩子解释，人们不得歧视残疾人，法律要求学校提供支持、特殊教育及其他帮助，以实现教育目的。鼓励孩子有需要时争取援助，要求别人尊重自己的权利。
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