定语从句总复习

定语从句总复习

这一学期我们已经学完了定语从句，在英语各类从句中，定语从句是较难掌握的一种，要多练习，达到熟练掌握。

由于关系代词和关系副词在一定的情况下可以互换，变化较大，所以定语从句的难点在于掌握引导词的用法。只要掌握了关系代词和关系副词在句中充当的角色和表示的意义，定语从句的用法也就迎刃而解了。请看下面句子引导词的变化情况：

1. 关系代词之间互换：

The window (which/ that/ 省略) the boy broke was mended.

那个男孩打破的窗子修好了。

The boy (who/ that) broke the window is a student of Class Two.

打破窗子的那个男孩是2班的学生。

The boy (whom/ who/ that/ 省略) the teacher punished had broken the window.

老师处分的那个男孩打破了窗子。

The boy (whose temper/ the temper of whom) was bad didn’t admit that he had broken the window.

那个脾气很坏的男孩不承认打破了窗子。

We found out the only window that (不用which) was broken by the boy

我们查到了仅有的一扇被那男孩打破的玻璃。

2. 关系副词之间互换：

They still remembered the day when Dr. Bethune arrived in Yan’an.

They still remembered the day (which/ that/ 省略 ) Dr. Bethune arrived in Yan’an on.

They still remembered the day on which Dr. Bethune arrived in Yan’an.

他们仍然记着白求恩医生到达延安的那天。

They visited the house where Dr. Bethune lived in Yan’an.

They visited the house (which/ that/ 省略) Dr. Bethune lived in in Yan’an.

They visited the house in which Dr. Bethune lived in Yan’an.

他们参观了白求恩医生在延安住过的房子。

We all know the reason why Dr. Bethune came to Yan’an.

We all know the reason (which/ that) Dr. Bethune came to Yan’an for.

We all know the reason for which Dr. Bethune came to Yan’an.

我们大家都知道为什么白求恩医生到延安来。

We’ll never forget the days (which/ that)（不用when）we spent together with Dr. Bethune in Yan’an.

我们永远忘不了和白求恩医生在一起度过的日子。

要注意，虽然当定语从句要修饰的先行词的意思是时间、地点或原因时，引导词一般用关系副词，但当引导词在从句中不是充当状语而是主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。如：

This is a famous place which/ that makes a lasting impression in history. （引导词在定语从句中作主语不用where）

This is the house (that/which) we visited last year （引导词在定语从句中作宾语不用where）

This is the reason (that/ which) he gave me.  (引导词在定语从句中作宾语不用why)。

下面复习定语从句的一些特殊情况。

一、非限制性定语从句不能由 that 引导

      1. I like the book, which was bought yesterday.

我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。（句中的 which 引导非限制性定语从句）

      2. I like the book which/that was bought yesterday.

我喜欢昨天买的那本书。（句中的 which/that 引导限制性定语从句）

      二、非限制性定语从句不能用why要用 for which 引导

      1. I told them the reason, for which I didn't attend the meeting.

我把理由告诉了他们，就是因为这个理由我才没有去开会。（ for which 引导非限制性定语从句）

      2. I told them the reason why/for which I didn't attend the meeting.

我把我不去开会的理由告诉了他们。（句中的 why/for which 引导限制性定语从句）

      三、非限制性定语从句位于主句前面时要用 as 不能用 which 引导

      1. As I expected, he didn't believe me.

正如我所预料的，他不相信我。（句首的 As 引导非限制性定语从句）

      2. She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.

她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都提到噪子眼了。（句中的 which 引导非限制性定语从句，且置于句末。）

      四、在非限制性定语从句中，指人的关系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格 whom ，且不能省略；指物的关系代词作宾语时，也不能省略

      1. Do you know Tom, whom we talked about? 你认识汤姆吗？我们谈到过他。

      2. This book, which you cannot get at all the bookshops, will give you all the information you need.

该书会提供你需要的信息，这样的书并不是在所有书店里都能买得到的。

五、代词作先行词时如何用关系代词

定语从句的先行词一般是名词，除此，还可以是人称代词，指示代词，疑问代词和不定代词。

1. 用作先行词的人称代词，其关系代词既可用who，也可用that，定语从句的谓语在人称和数

  方面与先行词一致。如：

I , who am your friend, will try my best to help you ．

   我是你的朋友，我会尽量帮助你。

They who live longest will see most．

   寿命最长，见识最广。

2. 用作先行词的指示代词，常见的有whose, that, same, such, those等，既可指人，也可指物，指

  人时关系代词常用who，指物时常用which；same和such，其关系代词常用as．如：

   He admires those who succeed．

他羡慕那些获得成功的人。

 The paintings of yours are more beautiful than those which you painted ago．

    你现在画比以前画的画更美。

This question is different from that which we faced ten years ago．

    这个问题与10年前我们面临的问题不同。

The weight of an object in space is not the same as its weight on the earth．

   一个物体在太空中的重量与在地球上的不同。

This book is such as is loved by children．

   这本书是孩子们喜欢的那种。

3. 用作先行词的疑问代词，一般是who和what，其关系代词常用that．如：

   who that met premier Zhou was not deeply moved by his words?

见过周总理的人谁不为他的话所感动？

What that you said made him angry?

    你所说的什么让他生气了？

4. 用作先行词的不定代词，常有all、both、much、little以及由some、any、every、no所构成的复合词。表示人的不定代词及其关系代词既可以用that，又可用who；表示事物的不定代词及其关系代词一般用that．如：

   I need someone who/that can do the work quickly．

我需要个办事利索的人。

From practice we can learn much that can’t be learnt from books．

   从实践中可以学到书本中学不到的东西。

但在现代英语里，代表物的不定代词作先行词（尤其是something），其关系代词亦可用which，这种情况在我们的中学课本中常常见到。如：

I have found something which might improve your working condition．

    我找到了一种也许会改善你工作条件的办法。

This is all which Mr. Black could offer．

    这就是布莱克先生所能提供的。

六、先行词和定语从句分隔的几种成分

一般地说，定语从句总是紧跟着它所修饰的先行词。但有时定语从句与先行词之间会插进一些成分，使之相互分隔开来。如果注意不到这种情况，常常在理解上造成障碍。下几种分隔情况。

1. 被另一个定语分隔。一个中心词带多个定语时，一般地说，结构较短，与中心词关系密切的在前，反之，靠后。如：

They set up a state of their own, where they could be free to keep Negroes as slaves．

他们建起自己的国家，在那儿他们可以随心所欲地继续把黑人当作奴隶。

Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago, when I came to your house and borrowed a necklace of yours?

你还记得十年前的一天下午，我到你家借了一条项链吗？

2. 被状语分隔。在定语从句较长的情况下，为了保持句子平衡，常把作状语的单词、短语或从句插到定语从句和先行词之间，使定语从句先行词分离。如：

In 1898, they believed that something in nature which gave out radioactivity．

1898年，他们相信自然界中存在着具有放射性的某种东西。

There are many people on the platform who are waiting for the train．

站台上有许多人在等火车。

3. 被谓语部分分隔。这种情况，先行词多是主句主语，所带的定语从句较长，而句子的谓语部分又恰恰较短，为了使句子结构紧凑，常把定语从句放在谓语后面。如：

The days are gone when we suffered so much．

以前那种受苦的日子过去了。

A new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach you German．

教你们德语的老师明天就到。

4. 被宾语补足语分隔。句子的宾语带定语从句时，往往由于宾补较短，而定语从句较长，这时先行词和定语从句就会被宾补所分隔。如：

He made the child laugh who had cried just a moment ago．

他使那个刚才还哭的孩子笑了。

At all times you may find things happening which are hard to explain．

随时你都会发现难以解释的事情在发生。

七、定语从句容易犯的几种错误

由于定语从句的结构和用法比较复杂，在使用时往往容易犯一些错误，常见的有如下七种：
　　1）在定语从句中加了多余的定语
　　误：Some of the boys I invited them didn’t come．
　　正：Some of the boys I invited didn’t come．
　　译：我邀请的男孩中有几个没有来。
　　析：应删去them，因为从句的宾语是省略了的whom, who或that.
　误：The book that you need it is in the library．
　　正：The book that you need is in the library．
　　译：你需要的书在图书馆里。
　　析：应删去it，因为从句的宾语是关系代词that。
　2）把定语从句谓语动词的单、复数弄错
　误：Anyone who break the law will be punished．
　　正：Anyone who breaks the law will be punished．
　　译：任何违犯法律的人将被处罚。
　　析：应改break为breaks，因为who指anyone，是单数。
　误：Those who has finished may go home．
　　正：Those who have finished may go home．
　　译：做完了的人现在可以回家。
　　析：应改has为have，因为who指those，是复数。
　误：He is the only one of the teachers who know French in our school．
　　正：He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school．
　　译：他是我们学校中唯一懂法语的人。
　　析：应改know为knows，因为one前有the only之类限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是the only one，是单数，而不是复数名词the teachers。
    误：This is one of the rooms that is free now．
　　正：This is one of the rooms that are free now．
　　译：这是目前空着的房间之一。
　　析：应改is为are，因为one前没有the only之类的限定词，定语从句在意义上修饰的是名词复数the rooms，而不是单数one。
　3）误省略了定语从句中作主语的关系代词
　　误：Children eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．
　　正：Children who／that eat a lot of sugar often have bad teeth．
　　译：吃糖多的孩子往往牙齿不好。
　　析：应加上关系代词who或that，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。
　误：The key opens the bike is missing．
　　正：The key that／which opens the bike is missing．
　　译：开这辆自行车的钥匙不见了。
　　析：应加上关系代词that或which，因为从句少主语，且主语不能省略。
　4）定语从句中加了多余的关系副词或介词
　　误：The house where he lives in needs repairing．
　　正：The house where he lives needs repairing．
　　或：The house he lives in needs repairing．
　　译：他住的房子需要修理。
　　析：应保留where，删去从句中的in，因为关系副词where在从句中作地点状语，in属多余。或删去关系副词where，因为where在这里的意思是in which，否则介词in就重复了。
　误：I still remember the day on when I first came to Beijing．
　　正：I still remember the day when I first came to Beijing．
　　或：I still remember the day on which I first came to Beijing．
　　译：我仍记得我第一次来到北京那天的情景。
　　析：应删去on，因为when在这里的意思是on which，否则介词on就重复了，或把when改为which。
　5）在作先行词的时间名词或地点名词后错用了关系代词或关系副词
　　误：I still remember the day when we spent together．
　　正：I still remember the day that／which we spent together．
　　译：我仍记得我们在一起度过的日子。
　　析：应改when为that或which，因为从句中谓语动词spent是及物动词，其后应跟宾语而不是时间状语。
　误：This is the house where we lived in last year．
　　正：This is the house which／that we lived in last year．
　　译：这是我们去年住过的那个房子。
　　析：应改where为which或that，因为从句谓语动词lived后有介词in，其后少介词宾语，而不是地点状语。
　6）在先行词reason后错用关系副词why
　　误：Have you asked her for the reason why may explain her absence？
　　正：Have you asked her for the reason that／which may explain her absence？
　　译：你是否向他问过可以解释他缺席的原因？
　　析：应改why为that或which，因为定语从句缺少主语，而不是少原因状语。
　误：I don’t believe the reason why he has given for his being late．
　　正：I don’t believe the reason that／which he has given for his being late．
　　译：我不相信他所提供的他迟到的原因。
　　析：应改why为that或which，因为从句谓语动词has given后缺少宾语，而不是少原因状语 。
　7）误将强调句型当定语从句
        误：It was in the kitchen where the fire broke out．
　　正：It was in the kitchen that the fire broke out．
　　译：大火发生在厨房。
　　析：应将where改that，因为原句还原为The fire broke out in the kitchen后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型，而非定语从句。
　误：Was it because it snowed last night when you didn’t come？
　　正：Was it because it snowed last night that you didn’t come？
　　译：你是否因昨晚下雪而没有来？
　　析：应将when改为that，因为，原句还原为Because it snowed last night， you didn’t come后，在语法和句意上均成立，故此题是强调句型而非定语从句。