句型 1.定语从句中缺主语,修饰人时用who /that,修饰物时用which /that引导。如: 2.从句中缺宾语,修饰人时用 who /whom /that或省略引导词;修饰物时用which /that或省略引导词 3.从句中缺时间状语,用when或介词+which引导 4.从句中缺地点状语,用where或介词+which引导 5.从句中缺原因状语或先行词是 reason时,引导词用why /for which / that 6.从句中缺定语,人和物都用 whose引导 7.当先行词是way时,其定语从句的引导词用in which /that。 引导词as可引导限制性定语从句,也可引导非限制性定语从句。 1.当先行词是整个主句时,可用 as /which引导非限制性定语从句。引导词as和which的区别在于 ①as引导的非限制性定语从句可放于主句前、主句中、主句后,而which引导的非限制性定语从句一般放于主句后或句中。 ②as常与从句中的know,see, hear,expect等动词连用,也常用于as often happens,as is often the case(常有的事)等句子中;而which一般不用于以上情况。 ③as有“正如”的含义,which没有此含义 先行词是物时,其引导词可用 which也可用that,通常情况下二者可互换,但在有些情况下不能。 1.用which不用that引导定语从句的三种情况: ①在引导非限定性定语从句时,和在介词后不能用that,应用which ②先行词为that时,为了避免重复,定语从句用which不用that引导 ③介词后用which不用that引导 2.用that不用which的七种情况: ①先行词前有形容词最高级或序数词修饰时,用 that不用which引导 ②先行词为little,much,all,none,few,(the)one, something,everything,nothing,anything等不定代词时,用that引导 ③先行词既有指人的名词又有指物的名词时,用 that引导 ④先行词前有any,all,no,few,every,some,little, much,(the)very,(the)only,(the)last等词修饰时,用 that引导 ⑤先行词为which时,为了避免重复,用that引导 ⑥先行词在从句中作表语时,常用that引导 ⑦当主句是There be...句型时,用that引导。 在“one of+复数名词+定语从句”结构中,从句的谓语动词应与复数名词保持一致;当one前有the only修饰时,从句的谓语动词应与the only one保持一致 引导词前有介词或短语介词时,修饰人只能用 whom,修饰物只能用which引导 1. 常用that 不用which的情况: 1)先行词为不定代词all,little,few,much, anything, everything, nothing, something等时 2)先行词被序数词、形容词最高级或the only, the very等所修饰或其本身就是序数词﹑形容词最高级时 3)先行词既有人,又有物时 4)当主句是以who 或which开头的疑问句时, 定语从句用that 引导, 以避免重复。 介词可提前于引导词之前,此时的引导词只能用whom 或which. 当先行词为way 其后的定语从句用in which或 that引导,也可不用引导词。 关系代词that 的用法 1)不用that的情况 a) 在引导非限定性定语从句时 (错) The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. b)介词后不能用 We depend on the land from which we get our food. 2) 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况 a) 在there be 句型中,只用that,不用which。 b) 在不定代词,如:anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时,只用that,不用which。 c) 先行词有the only, the very.(恰恰,正好).any. few. little. no. all 修饰时,只用that。 d) 先行词由序数词、数词、形容词最高级修饰时,只用that。 e) 先行词既有人,又有物时。 不能用关系代词Which的几种情况 1.当先行词为all, little, much, few, everything, none 等不定代词时关系代词用that而不用which. 2.当先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词用that, 不用which. 3.当先行词有形容词最高级修饰时,关系代词用that, 而不用which. 4.当先行词有序数词修饰时,关系代词用that, 不用which. 5.当先行词被the only, the very, the same, the right等修饰时,关系代词用that,不用which. 6.当先行词被all, every, any, much, little, few, no等修饰时,关系代词用that,不用which. 7.当主句是以which开头的特殊问句时,定语从句关系代词一般用that而不用which. 8.在强调句型" It is ... that ..." 中,只用that,不用which. 9.在" such (the same) ... as ..." 句型中,关系代词要用as, 而不用which. 10.表示" 正如... 那样 "," 正象..." 之意时, 用as, 不用which. 11:As 引导的定语从句可以放在主句前面, 也可以放在主句后面或主句中间,而由 which引导的定语从句只能放在主句后面。 used to/be used to的分别 used to + do:"过去常常"表示过去习惯性的动作或状态,但如今已不存在。 be used to + doing: 对……已感到习惯,或"习惯于",to是介词,后需加名词或动名词。 Scarf is used to taking a walk.(现在习惯于散步) used to 的用法 (否定式简写为usedn't) 过去经常,以前常常 This used to be a shabby house. (此房年久失修) used to,would这两个词语都可以表示过去常做某事,有时可以换用。 used to do 强调过去习惯性的行为或状态,但是现在没有这种行为或状态了。因此,这个短语的内涵是今昔对比。 关系代词的不可省略和可以省略 1.关系代词which,whom,who,that在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略。 Here is the man (who/that/whom)you're been looking for. 以下情况不能省略: (1)在介词+whom与介词+which中,whom,which不能省略。 The elephant is like a spear,as anybody can see. (3)在the same ...as,such...as,as...as,the same...that中,as,that即使作宾语,也不能省略I have bought the same bicycle as you have (bought). (指同类用as) This is the same book that I read the day before yesterday. (that指同一个) (4)当由and,but,or等连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰一个先行词时,第一个关系代词可省,但第二,第三个不可省略。 This is the book (which) I read yesterday and which I find very interesting. She is all (that) a teacher should be. 3.在there be 结构中出现定语从句,或在定语从句中出现there be 时,用作主语的关系代词也可省略。 This is the best dictionary (that) there is in the library. (1)当先行词是reason,而且定语从句中作原因状语时,关系代词可用why,that,也可以省略。 That is the reason (why) I did it. (2)当先行词是way,且在定语从句中作方式状语时,关系代词可用in which,that,也可以省略。 I don't know the way that/ which leads to the top of the mountains. (3)当先行词是time时,关系代词可用when,that 或省略。 I don't know the exact time (when/that) the sports meet will take place. 注意:关系代词作宾语有时也不能省略。 定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。 1 、关系代词引导的定语从句 1) who, whom, that 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,在从句中所起作用如下: 关系代词that和which 都可以指物,that 和Who 都可以指人,其用法区别: 不用that的情况: He is not the man that he used to be. 2 、关系副词引导的定语从句 3、名词/数词/代词 /形容词最高级 + 介词 + 关系代词引导定语从句 4、as可引导非限制性从句,常带有“正如”的意思。 一 全部倒装 二 部分倒装 3. 表示“也”、“也不” 的so, neither, nor放在句首时,句子作部分倒装。例如: 时间状语从句 主要引导词:when, whenever, before, after, until, while, since, once, so long as, as soon as, the moment, every time, as, next time 常用引导词:when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until 特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,the instant, immediately , directly, no sooner … than, hardly …when, scarcely … when 常用引导词:where 特殊引导词:wherever, anywhere, everywhere 地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,例如: 句型1:Where+地点从句,(there)+主句。 【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there。例如: You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。 句型2:anywhere/wherever+地点从句/主句。 【注意】anywhere本身是个副词,可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”。例如: Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员。 主要引导词:because, as, since, considering that, now that, not that, seeing that 常用引导词:because, since, as, for 特殊引导词:seeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that. 主要引导词:so that, in order that, for fear that, in case, lest 常用引导词:so that, in order that 特殊引导词:lest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that, to the end that 主要引导词:so…that, so that, such…that 常用引导词:so … that, such … that, 特殊引导词:such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that, 主要引导词:if, unless, in case, so long as, on condition (that), provided (that) 常用引导词:if, unless,whether(whether...or not) 特殊引导词:as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that, in case that, on condition that 主要引导词:though, although, no matter, even if, even though, however, whatever 常用引导词:though, although, even if, even though 特殊引导词: as(用在让步状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter …, in spite of the fact that, whatever, whoever, wherever, whenever, however, whichever 常用引导词:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较) 特殊引导词:the more … the more … ; just as …, so…; A to B is what/as X is to Y; no … more than; not so much A as B 常用引导词:as, as if, how 特殊引导词:the way
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