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朴门设计——核心伦理 简介 Introduction to Permaculture
Permaculture is a design system for creating sustainable human environments. The word itself is a contraction not only of permanent agriculture but also of permanentculture, as cultures cannot survive for long without a sustainable agricultural base and landuse ethic. On one level, permaculture deals with plants, animals,buildings, and infrastructures (water, energy, communications). However,permaculture is not about these elements themselves, but rather about therelationships we can create between them by the way we place them in the landscape. 朴门是一个设计系统，用于建立可持续的人类环境。这个词本身是一个英文复合缩写词，不仅是指永久的农业也是永久的文化。如果文化不能长期承传，也将不会有可持续发展的农业基础和土地利用之道。在同一个水平上，朴门永续涉及植物、动物、建筑物和基础设施（水，能源，通讯）。然而，朴门却并不是这些元素本身，而是有关于我们与之创建的各种联系，以及如何将其运用在景观、生活等方面。
The aim is tocreate systems that are ecologically-sound and economically viable, which provide for their own needs, do not exploit or pollute, and are therefore sustainable in the long term. Permaculture uses the inherent qualities of plants and animals combined with the natural characteristics of landscapes and structures to produce a life-supporting system for city and country, using the smallest practical area. 其目的是建立各种系统，可以自行提供所需，是生态无害，经济上可行的，并不滥用或污染环境，因此是可持续的长远发展。朴门永续利用植物和动物结合景观和结构，以产生一个生命支持系统，在城市和国家中，人类规划性的使用最小的实际面积，但却在提升自身品质与维持自然和谐统一之间，取得最好的平衡点。
Permaculture is bases on the observation of natural systems, the wisdom contained intraditional farming systems, and modern scientific and technological knowledge.Although based on good ecological models, permaculture creates a cultivated ecology, which is designed to produce more human and animal food than is generally found in nature. 朴门永续是在观察自然系统，又涵盖了传统的农耕智慧和现代科技知识。虽然基于良好的生态模型，朴门永续设计也创建新的生态种植系统，其目的是产生供应更多人类和动物所需的食物，这将多于原初的自然界所能供应的。
Fukuoka, in his book The One Straw Revolution, has perhaps best stated the basic philosophyof permaculture. In brief, it is a philosophy of working with, rather than against nature; of protracted and thoughtful observation rather than protractedand thoughtless labour; and of looking at plants and animals in all theirfunctions, rather than treating elements as a single-product system. I have spoken, on a more mundane level, of using aikido on the landscape, of rolling with the blows turning adversity into strength, and using everything positively. The other approach is to karate the landscape, to try to make it yield by using our strength, and striking many hard blows. But if we attack nature we attack (and ultimately destroy) ourselves. 福冈正信先生所著的《一个稻草的革命》一书，也许已是最好能说明永续农业的基本理念。简而言之，指导工作的态度，是建立在与自然和谐统一的哲学思想基础下，而不是单一对抗性、竞争性的工作方式；也不是长期轻率而缺乏思考的劳动力付出，而是通过周到和持久的观察，更关注所有植物和动物之间共同运作的功能系统，而不是将他们视为一个个单一的元素，作为一个个独立的产品体系。我已经说过，在一个更现实的水平，如合气道般的整体观，将迎面而来的威胁转换为力量，从积极和正面的方向化解冲突。另一种方法如空手道般，要尽量迎难而上，发挥自身实力，甚至在许多惊人的硬打击面前，修炼抗击打的能力。但是如果我们去攻击自然，我们也将反攻到（并最终毁灭）自己。
I think harmony with nature is possible only if we abandon the idea of superiority over the natural world. Levi Strauss said that our profound error is that we have always looked upon ourselves as “masters of creation”, in the sense of being above it. We are not superior to other life-forms; all living things are an expression of Life. If we could see that truth, we would see that everything we do to other life- forms we also do to ourselves. A culture which understands this does not, without absolute necessity, destroy any living thing. 我觉得可能只有当我们放弃了优越于自然世界的想法时，才能与自然和谐相处。利维斯特劳斯说，我们深刻的错误是我们一直高估自己作为“创作大师”，并沉浸于居高临下的感觉。其实我们并不优于其他生命形式，所有生物都是生命的一种表达。如果我们能看到真相，我们会看到我们如何对待其他生命，我们也会如何对待我们自己。而即便不理解这样的内涵，也是绝无必要去摧毁任何有生命的东西。
Permacultureis a system by which we can exist on the earth by using energy that is naturally in flux and relatively harmless, and by using food and natural resources that are abundant in such a way that we don’t continually destroy life on earth. Every technique for conserving and restoring the earth is already known; what is not evident is that any nation or large group of people is prepared to make the change. However, millions of ordinary people are starting to do it themselves without help from political authorities. 朴门永续设计是使我们能够存在在地球上使用着自然中不断变化和相对无害的能量，并通过朴门（保护生态系统的方式）去使用食物和利用丰富的自然资源，而不会继续破坏地球上的生命系统。如今为了保护和恢复地球的每一种技术都是已知的，但仍不可见：是否有国家或社群愿意做出改变。然而，数以百万计的普通人们，即便没有政治支援，也已经开始自己做了。
Wherever we live, we should start to do something. We can start first by decreasing ourenergy consumption—you can actually live on 40% of the energy you are now using without sacrificing anything of value. We can re-fit our houses for energy efficiency. We can cut our vehicle use by using public transportation and sharing with friends. We can save water off our roofs into tanks, or recycle greywater to the toilet system or garden. We can also begin to take some partin food production. This doesn’t mean that we all need to grow our ownpotatoes, but it may mean that we will buy them directly from a person who isalready growing potatoes responsibly. In fact, one would probably do better toorganise a farmer-purchasing group in the neighbourhood than to grow potatoes. 无论我们生活在哪里，我们应该开始做一些事情。我们可以通过降低能源消耗，实际上你可以住在现在使用的能源的40%，但无需牺牲任何有价值的东西。我们可以重新适应我们的房子的能源效率。我们可以通过使用公共交通，并与朋友分享，削减我们的车辆使用。我们可以节约用水，在屋顶做雨水收集，或将中水回收利用在厕所的冲水系统里或是花园里。我们也可以开始参与一些粮食的生产。这并不意味着我们都需要种植自己的土豆，但它可能意味着我们可以直接从一个已经负责种植马铃薯的人那里购买。事实上，人们可能会做的更好，以组织附近的农民、采购团，而不仅仅只是种植土豆。
In all permanent agricultures, or in sustainable human culture generally, the energy needs of the system are provided by that system. Modern crop agriculture is totally dependent on external energies. The shift from productive permanent systems (where the land is held in common), to annual, commercial agricultures where land is regarded as a commodity involves a shift from a low to ahigh-energy society, the use of land in an exploitative and destructive way,and a demand for external energy sources, mainly provided by the third world as fuels, fertilisers, protein, labour, and skills. 总体而言，在所有的永续农业，或是可持续的人类文明中，能源的需求是由该系统自己提供的。而现代化生产的农业作物，却完全依赖于外部能源。从生产力的永久系统中（如土地共同持有），每年，在商业农业里的土地，被视为商品，在社会发展中，将低能耗型生产转向为高能耗型，以剥削性和破坏性使用土地的方式，不断利用和消耗外部资源。主要用作燃料，肥料，蛋白质，劳动力和技能的资源需要，都是由第三世界提供的。
Conventional farming does not recognise and pay its true costs: the land is mined of its fertility to produce annual grain and vegetable crops; non-renewable resources are used to support yields; the land is eroded through over- stocking of animals and extensive ploughing; land and water are polluted with chemicals. 传统农业并未意识到，它们正支付着真实的成本：土地被过度开发其培育能力，产生出全年粮食和蔬菜作物，使用着不可再生的资源去支持产量；土地被过度放养动物和大量翻土耕种；土地和水也被施加的化学农剂污染。
When the needs of a system are not met from within the system, we pay the price in energy consumption and pollution. We can no longer afford the true cost of our agriculture. It is killing our world, and it will kill us. 如果不从系统中满足系统的需求，我们付出的能源消耗和环境污染的代价，我们将再也承担不起我们农业的真正成本。它杀害着我们的世界，也会杀了我们。
Sitting at our back doorsteps, all we need to live a good life lies about us. Sun, wind,people, buildings, stones, sea, birds and plants surround us. Cooperation with all these things brings harmony, opposition to them brings disaster and chaos. 坐在我们自家后门口，所有我们需要的好生活，都是有赖于我们自己的。太阳，风，人物，建筑物，石头，海，鸟类和植物包围我们。所有这些事物间的合作将带来和谐共生，而反对他们则会带来灾难和混乱。
ELEMENTS OFA TOTAL PERMACULTURE DESIGN 朴门永续设计的总要素（见图解）
SITECOMPONENTS 在地因素 Water 水 Earth 土 Landscape 地理 Climate 气候 Plants 植物
SOCIALCOMPONENTS 社会组成因素 Legal Aids法律援助 People 人 Culture 文化 Trade and Finance 贸易和金融
THE DESIGN 朴门设计 “A beneficialassembly of components in their proper relationships” 因地制宜 ENERGY COMPONENTS 能源成分 Technologies 技术 Structures 结构 Sources 资源 Connections 联系
ABSTRACTCOMPONENTS 抽象因素 Timing 时序 Data 数据 Ethics 伦理
PERMACULTURE ETHICS 朴门的伦理
Ethics are moral beliefs and actions in relation to survivalon our planet. In permaculture, we embrace a threefold ethic: care of the earth, care of people, and dispersal of surplus time, money, and materials towards these ends. 伦理往往是相对于生存在这个星球上的人类的道德信念和行动而言的。在朴门永续设计中，我们拥抱了三重的伦理原则：照顾地球，照顾人民，分享剩余（运用日常剩余的时间、金钱和物资来达成上述两项目的）。
Care of the earth means care of all living and nonliving things: soils,species and their varieties, atmosphere, forests, micro-habitats, animals, andwaters. It implies harmless and rehabilitative activities, active conservation,ethical and frugal use of resources, and “right livelihood” (working for useful and beneficial systems). 照顾地球——是指照顾所有生物和非生物，如：土壤，物种和它们的品种，大气，森林，微生物栖息地，动物和水。这意味着无害和恢复生态的活动，积极保护，有道德的和节约意识的利用资源，并“正确的生活”（做对系统有用和有益的工作）。
Care of the earth also implies care of people so that our basic needs for food, shelter,education, satisfying employment, and convivial human contact are taken care of. Care of people is important, for even though people make up a small part ofthe total living systems of the world, we make a decisive impact on it. If we can provide for our basic needs, we need not indulge in broadscale destructive practices against the earth. 照顾人民——照顾地球也意味着照顾人民，使我们的食品，住房，教育，就业，都能得到满足，并使人们欢乐和谐的相处，基本需求得到照顾。照顾人民的是很重要的，尽管人们只是作为世界总生命系统的一小部分，但我们作出了决定性的影响。如果我们能够提供自己的基本需求，我们不必沉迷于对地球占领和破坏性做法中。
The third component of the basic “care of the earth” ethicis the contribution of surplus time,money, and energy to achieve the aims of earth and people care. This means that after we have taken care of our basic needs and designed our systems to the best of our ability, we can extend our influence and energies to helping others achieve that aim. 分享剩余——基于照顾地球的原则，第三个组成部分是分享剩余的时间，金钱和精力来实现照顾地球和照顾人民的目标。这意味着，当我们已经照顾好自身的基本需要，并尽我们自己所能，设计好我们的系统之后，我们可以进一步的扩大影响和投入精力去帮助他人实现这一目标。
The permaculture system also has a basic life ethic, which recognises the intrinsic worth of every living thing. A tree is something of value in itself, even if it has no commercial value for us. That it is alive and functioning is what is important. It is doing its part in nature: recycling biomass, providing oxygen and carbon dioxide for the region, sheltering small animals. building soils, and so on. 在朴门永续设计中，还具有基本的生命伦理，承认每一个生命的内在价值。树本是具备其自身价值的，即使它并没有有我们所认为的商业价值。它是活的，它自身的运作也是尤为重要的。它正在尽自己所能：回收生物质能，为区域提供氧气和二氧化碳，掩护小动物，建设土壤等等。
So we see that the permaculture ethic pervades all aspectsof environmental, community, and economic systems. Cooperation, notcompetition, is the key. 所以我们可以看到，朴门永续的伦理原则，渗透于环境、社区和经济系统的各个方面。合作，而不是竞争，是关键。
Ways we can implement the earthcare ethics in our own lives are as follows: 以下有一些我们可以在自己的生活中实现“照顾地球”的指导原则和方法：
Think about the long-term consequences of your actions. Planfor sustainability. 思考你行为的长期结果，制定可持续的计划。
Where possible use species native to the area, or those naturalised species known to be beneficial. The thoughtless introduction of potentially-invasive species may upset natural balances in your home area. 如果可能的话，请利用原产于该地区的物种，或称为是有益的那些自然品种。若轻率地引入潜在入侵物种，可能会破坏你所居住地区的自然平衡。
Cultivate the smallest possible land area. Plan forsmall-scale, energy-efficient intensive systems rather than large-scale,energy-consuming extensive systems. 培育尽可能小的土地面积。规划规模小，高效节能密集型的系统，而不是大规模的，耗能广泛的系统。
Be diverse, polycultural (as opposed to monocultural). This provides stability and helps us to be ready for change, whether environmental or social. 多样化和混合式培养（相对于单一培育）。这样提供了系统的稳定性，并帮助我们准备和随时应变，无论是环境或是社会方面的改变。
Increase the sum of yields: look at the total yield of the system provided by annuals, perennials, crops, trees, and animals. Also regard energy saved as a yield. 增加总产量：查看由一年生植物、多年生植物、农作物、树木和动物提供给系统的总收率。并能将产能资源保存在系统中。 Use low-energy environmental (solar, wind, and water) andbiological (plant and animal) systems to conserve and generate energy. 使用低能耗的环境资源（如太阳能，风能和水）和生物（植物和动物）系统，以节约和产生能量。
Bring food-growing back into the cities and towns, where it has always traditionally been in sustainable societies. 把食物种回到城镇，在那里一直是传统意义上可持续发展的社会。
Assist people to become self-reliant, and promote communityresponsibility. 帮助人们自力更生，促进社群责任化。
Reafforest the earth and restore fertility to the soil. 恢复地球的森林系统，土地恢复再生和肥沃的孕育能力。
Use everything at its optimum level and recycle all wastes. 物尽其用，并回收所有废物。
See solutions, not problems. 看解决方案，而不是问题。
Work where it counts (plant a tree where it will survive;assist people who want to learn). 工作在刀刃上（种下的树就让它能在那里生存下来;帮助想要学习的人）。
摘自《Introduction to Permaculture》的总序
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