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药物和五谷豆类对于身体菌群和免疫系统的影响 我们都知道身体菌群直接影响身体免疫力。肠道菌群失调，这是其中自身免疫性疾病的来源，身体的错误组织和身体的细胞作为外来入侵者并开始攻击自身。这些自身免疫性疾病，像罕见阿狄森氏，自身免疫性疾病是那些像I型糖尿病，高血压，帕金森氏症，骨质疏松症，阿尔茨海默氏症，腹腔的，肠易激综合征，胃炎，关节炎，类风湿关节炎，克罗恩病，慢性疲劳综合征，牛皮癣，甲状腺炎，威尔逊病症（也就是肝硬化，肾功能损坏，精神异常），干燥性（干燥性角、结膜炎.口腔干燥），韦格纳（*河蟹*肿）。一旦你在你的身体有这些炎性细胞因子（谷物豆类蛋白） ，你的肠道菌群变得一团糟。这显然会影响到上述所有的东西，如五羟色胺（因此你的心情受到影响） ，胆固醇（以及所有重要的荷尔蒙） ，和新陈代谢，还有睡眠。更糟糕的是，这些炎性细胞因子会导致大脑和肠道之间的恶性循环。细胞因子将其一路血液到大脑。它会导致迷走神经 ，它作用于脑的活性下降，这实际上与肠道相通。这导致了恶性循环，因为迷走神经的活性降低将导致肠道菌群的活性降低。这种恶性循环已经被命名为“脑肠轴” 。的脑肠轴问题，有些症状可能是疲劳/脑雾，慢性消化问题，认知/记忆体问题，焦虑，抑郁，多动症，以及四肢发冷，睡眠问题。但是，仅仅因为你没有表现出任何这些症状，并不意味着你没有患上脑 - 肠轴的问题。 肠道失调的原因 ——药物 而大量的药品如类固醇药物、止痛药和避孕药与肠道失调或肠漏,大多数的抗生素和非甾体抗炎药的研究已经确认。 抗生素 口服抗生素(尤其是广谱的)破坏微生物的社区,和一些肠道内肠病原体得到成长的机会(4)。一些研究表明,肠道微生物群可能永远无法恢复后使用口服抗生素(5)。 “潜在的抗菌剂来影响肠道微生物区系的频谱活动相关,药物动力学,剂量, 非甾体类抗炎药的 非甾体抗炎药增加肠道通透性,长期使用也与肠道疾病有关。 ——饮食 饮食有巨大影响肠道微生物群和肠道组织的紧密连接的渗透性。下列因素尤为重要对于肠道失调和肠漏: 可发酵的底物,如水果和蔬菜中发现的多糖是由肠道细菌消化。作为回报,这些细菌产生短链脂肪酸,作为燃料供给结肠上的细胞。所以蔬菜水果能滋养你的肠道菌群。 喂养给结肠细菌的膳食纤维和抗性淀粉与结肠的健康息息相关。吃可发酵基质似乎也尤其重要用来维持适当的肠道pH值。 谷物和豆类 尽管谷物，豆类是可溶性纤维和抗性淀粉的来源,但是它们还含有大量的有毒或antinutritional植酸等物质,蛋白酶抑制剂,淀粉酶抑制剂、凝集素、单宁,皂甙,goitrogens(15、16)。 尽管所有的植物性食物有化学防御策略。谷物似乎是特别有问题的食物 ,因为他们含有很多潜在的有毒化合物。这些antinutrients的会形成毒性剂量依赖。 研究表明,凝集素和麸质可能尤其成问题。麦芽凝集素,一种凝集素,被证明能增加肠道渗透性和损害肠道粘膜(16)。麸质谷物中含有的一种蛋白质,常导致患者肠道通透性增加,肠胃问题。 糖、精制面粉和精加工的食物 虽然大多数的细菌在人体内被发现在大肠,小肠还怀有复杂的微生物群落,受到我们所吃的饮食的影响。很有可能含有面粉西化食品消费的增加,糖和精制脂肪产生炎症上gastrointesinal束的微生物群。面粉和糖产品相反,“祖先食品”等整个水果,块茎蔬菜和低碳水化合物的密度 高脂肪摄入 多项研究表明,高脂饮食（植物油）与肠道通透性增加和低级的慢性炎症有关。脂肪似乎增加了系统性吸收的脂多糖,促炎细菌毒素发现outer-wall的革兰氏阴性细菌在肠道。然而,尽管食用精制脂肪本身消极地影响肠道健康,高脂肪饮食的问题往往缺乏可发酵底物,而不是脂肪本身。 。 过度饮酒 酒精滥用与肠道革兰氏阴性细菌的增长和增加细菌毒素的易位(19、20、21)。 ——其他因素 “细菌”的过度卫生和恐惧 即使洗手液、肥皂、食品巴氏灭菌和其他措施消除细菌减少暴露于罕见病原体,但事实是,人类已经进化了数百万年数万亿微生物的共生关系。这种接触有益和有害的细菌是重要的发展的一个多样的微生物,免疫系统主管。狩猎经常接触细菌从泥土、水、食物和其他人类和动物,这是可能的一个原因这些社会保持免费non-communiccable慢性疾病。虽然看来生命早期暴露于微生物尤为重要(22),成年人也将受益于减少使用肥皂和抗菌凝胶和得到一些更多的灰尘进入他们的饮食。 不正常的肠道菌群传递给孩子 微生物在怀孕期间从母亲传给孩子,出生,和母乳喂养,和刚出生的孩子也拿起细菌通过接吻,从家里的其他人pre-chewed食品等。看来,肠道菌群是世袭的,孩子收到家人的细菌。 奶瓶喂养 母乳不仅是一种丰富的营养物质,但它也含有益生菌和益生元,帮助填充肠道的新生儿健康的肠道菌群。”类型的喂养在生命的最初几个月是最重要的一个决定因素的儿童和成人幸福感,及其防护行动似乎主要依靠调节肠道微生物区系成分的能力在生命的早期阶段”(28)。 剖腹产 某些类型的细菌是自然正常分娩期间从母亲传给婴儿,,看来剖腹产的影响到早期生物多样性肠道细菌给婴儿(12)。所以剖腹产的婴儿抵抗力比较弱。 部分原文 Dysfunctional gut flora is often used interchangeable with gut dysbiosis. The gut bacterial community is made up of hundreds of species of microorganisms, and these germs have different functions in the body (3). Especially in regards to digestion it’s clear that a diverse gut microbiome means better breakdown of complex polysaccharides and other fermentable substrates. A dysfunctional gut flora indicates a loss of diversity. Causes of leaky gut and gut dysbiosis Since there is still so much we don’t know about gut dysbisois and leaky gut, this is not a complete list of factors that have been linked to these disorders. However, it should give an overview of the most important ones. - Drugs While plenty of pharmaceuticals such as steroid drugs, analgesics and contraceptives have been linked to gut dysbiosis and/or leaky gut, most of the research has been done on antibiotics and NSAID’s. Antibiotics Oral antibiotics (especially broad spectrum ones) disrupt the community of microbes, and several enteric pathogens get the opportunity to grow in the gut (4). Some studies indicate that the gut microbiota might never be able to recover after use of oral antibiotics (5). “The potential for an antimicrobial agent to influence gut microflora is related to its spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, dosage, and length of administration” (6) NSAID’s Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase intestinal permeability, and long-term use has also been linked to bowel disease (7,8,9). - Diet Diet has a huge impact on both the gut microbiota and the permeability of the tight junctions of the intestinal lining. The following factors are especially important in regards to gut dysbiosis and leaky gut: Limited intake of fermentable substrates Fermentable substrates such as polysaccharides found in fruits and vegetables are digested by gut bacteria. In return, these bacteria produce short-chain fatty acids that fuel the cells lining the colon. While it seems that some traditional societies maintain good health even with no fermentable substrates in their diets, feeding bacteria in the colon with dietary fiber and resistant starch has been linked to better colonic health. Consumption of fermentable substrates also seems to be especially important for maintaining proper bowel pH (10,11,12). Sugar, refined flours, and highly processed food While most of the bacteria in the human body are found in the large intestine, the small intestine also harbor complex microbial communities that are affected by the diet we eat. It’s likely that the increased consumption of westernized foods containing flours, sugar and refined fats produces an inflammatory microbiota in the upper gastrointesinal tract. Contrary to flour- and sugar-containing products, “ancestral foods” such as whole fruits, tubers and vegetables have lower carbohydrate densities (13). High fat intake? Multiple studies show that a high-fat diet is associated with increased intestinal permeability and low-level chronic inflammation. Fat seems to increase the systemic absorption of lipopolysaccharides, a pro-inflammatory bacterial toxin found in the outer-wall of gram-negative bacteria in the gut. However, while consumption of refined fats in itself negatively affects gut health, the problem with high-fat diets is often the lack of fermentable substrates, and not the fat itself (13,14). The fact that some hunter-gatherer societies are virtually free from chronic disease despite the fact that they eat high-fat diets with limited consumption of fermentable substrates could indicate that other factors are involved. Grains and legumes? Even though whole-grains are a source of soluble fiber and resistant starch, they also contain a significant amounts of toxic or antinutritional substances such as phytic acid, protease inhibitors, amylase inhibitors, lectins, tannins, saponins, and goitrogens (15,16). Although all plant foods have a chemical defense strategy, grains seem to be especially problematic since they contain so many potentially toxic compounds. The toxicity of these antinutrients seems to be dose dependent. Studies indicate that lectins and gluten might be especially problematic. Wheat germ agglutinin, a type of lectin, has been shown to increase intestinal permeability and damage the gut lining (16). Gluten is a protein found in grains that often causes increased intestinal permeability and gastrointestinal problems even in patients without celiac disease (17,18). More data is needed before we can make any substantial claims regarding the possible adverse effects of most of the antinutrients found in grains and legumes. Traditional food processing techniques such as soaking, sprouting and fermentation increase the bioavailability of many nutrients and reduce or eliminate many toxins and antinutrients. The fact that some healthy traditional societies relied on grains as staple foods could indicate that these preparation methods are important, but it also seems that changes in the human microbiome partially explains the rapid rise in gluten- and grain related disorders. Excessive alcohol consumption Alcohol abuse has been linked to growth of gram negative bacteria in the intestine and increased translocation of bacterial toxins (19,20,21). - Other factors Excessive hygiene and fear of “germs” Even though hand sanitizers, soaps, food pasteurization and other measures of removing bacteria decrease exposure to rare pathogens, the fact is that humans have evolved for millions of years in a symbiotic relationship with trillions of microorganisms. This contact with both beneficial and potentially harmful germs is important in the development of a diverse microbiome and competent immune system. Hunter-gatherers routinely come in contact with bacteria from dirt, water, food and other humans and animals, and this is likely one of the reasons why these societies remain free of non-communiccable chronic disease. While it seems that early life exposure to microorganisms is especially important (22), adults will also benefit from reducing the use of soap and antibacterial gels and getting some more dirt into their diet. Stress Psychological and physical stress have been found to contribute to gut dysbiosis (23,24). Infections and disease Gut dysbiosis and leaky gut are considered disorders that contribute to the development of disease, but it’s often hard to determine cause and effect since disease in itself can alter the bacterial community in the gut and/or increase intestinal permeability. Infectious diseases such as cholera and salmonella change the gut microbiota (25,26). Parasitic infections such as Helmith infection can also shift the composition of intestinal bacteria (27). Dysfunctional gut flora passed on to the child Microorganisms are passed on from mother to child during pregnancy, birth, and breastfeeding, and the newborn child also picks up germs from the rest of the family through kissing, pre-chewed food etc. It seems that gut flora is hereditary in the sense that children receive bacteria from their family. Bottle-feeding Breast milk is not only a rich source of nutrients, but it also contains probiotics and prebiotics that help populate the gut of the newborn child with healthy gut flora. “Type of feeding in the first months of life appears as one of the most important determinants of the child and adult well-being, and its protective action seems to rely mainly on its ability to modulate intestinal microflora composition at early stages of life” (28). Caesarean section Some types of bacteria are naturally passed from mother to child during normal delivery, and it seems that Caesarean delivery affects the early biodeveristy of intestinal bacteria (12). |
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