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法律合同英文词汇

 时代的思想者 2015-01-12
法律合同

英文词汇
法律合同词汇参考(部分) 
仲裁协议  arbitration agreement
仲裁委员会  arbitration commission
提前到期 acceleration of maturity
接受投标  accept a bid
承兑汇票  accept bills of exchange
承诺 acceptance
不可抗力 Act of God
预付 advance payment
宣誓供述书 affidavit
分支机构 affiliate
委托代理人 agent ad litem
友好协商 amicable consultation
行政诉讼 an administrative siut
任何违约及过失 any breach or default of the provisions hereof
工程的任何部分  any part of the works
由此产生的专利 any patent arising therefrom
工程的任何区段 any section of the works
适用  apply in/to
批准 approval
仲裁员 arbitrator
合营公司章程 articals of associations
股份有限公司  a company limited by shares
外商投资股份有限公司 a company limited by shares with foreign investment
赠与合同 a donation contract
判处罚金 a fine imposed on
有限责任公司 a limited liability company
定期贷款  a term loan
从头开始,自始 ab initio
本法所称 as mentioned in this law
关于 as regards
依照合同相关规定 as provided herein
装配  assembly
末 at the close of
借款人证明书  a certificate of the borrower
承担民事赔偿责任 a civil compensation assumed by
查核账目  audit the accounts
裁定 award
授予合同  award of contract
背弃 back out of
视为 be deemed
承担法律责任 bear the legal liability and responsibility
标书  bid
蓝本 blueprint
违约 breach of contract
营业机构 business establishment 
营业执照 business license
经营者  businiess operator 
买受人 buyer
因为 by virtue of
召开(会议) call
资本利润 capital ganin
承运人 carrier
重合同,守信用 carry out the terms of the contract to the letter and stand by what we say.
因果关系 causality
停止做 cease to do
证明 certify
失效 cesase to be effective
税收的停征 cesssation of tax
成本加运费(指定目的港) CFR=cost and freight
中外合作经营企业  Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures
民事行为 civil act/disposition
民法典 Civil Code
要求赔偿 claims compensation
税收的开征  collection of tax
托收指示(金融) collection order
生效 come into effect
生效 come into force
开始 commencement
商业发票 commercial invoice
对外经济贸易委员会  Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations
承诺费  commitment fee
共同错误  common mistake 
法人印章 common seal
已登记成立的公司 companies registered
补偿性赔偿 compensatury damage
工程的完工 completion of the works
竣工 completion of the Works
部件  components
和解(当事人在破产中的) composition
关于 concerning
让步 concession
没收 confiscated
相抵触 conflict
同意 consent
与本协议不相矛盾 consistent with this agreement
条件的解释 construction of the conditions
解释 construe
咨询公司 consultant companies 
标的 contract object
合同总价  contract price
承包人 contractor
违反本法规定 contravene the provisions hereof
纠纷  controversy
召开(会议) conven
立约  convenant
不动产转让 conveyance
公司公章 corporate seal
立约 covenants
信用卡;信用证  credit
贷记入所收资金 credit the funds received
债权人 creditor
累加的 cumulative
损毁 damage
项目内容  data content thereof
水文地质资料  data on hydrological and sub-surface conditions
债务人 debtor
决定或裁决 decision and award
认为 deem
违约 default
瑕疵 defect
交货 delivery
滞期 demurrage
设计图表 design sheets
设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料 designs,techniques,workmanship, formulas,skills and other data
实施细则 detailed rules
歧义  difference
决定 direction
贷款发放日 disbursement date
开发 discover, make or develop 
争议  dispute
扰乱 disturb
扰乱社会经济秩序 disturbing the socio-economic order
跟单信用证 documentary letters of credit 
证明文件 documentary proof
住址 domicile
受赠人 donee
草拟 draw up
出单人  drawer
本协议各方 either party hereto
业主  employer 
附上 enclose
订合同 enter into
外商投资企业 enterprises with foreign investment
平等互利 equality and mutual benefit
估算 estimate
意思表示禁反语 estoppel by rerseentation
违约事件 events of default
签署票据 execute and deliever the note
工程的竣工 execution of the works
惩罚性赔偿 exemplary damage
免征税款  exemption
免税  exemption of tax
到期 expire
期满 expire
外部因素 exterior factors
财务公司  finance company
用于工程中的 for incorporation therein
不可抗力 force majuere
上述声明  foregoing statement
外国企业 foreign enterprise
对外贸易经营者 foreign trade dealers
制定 formulate and prepare
随时 from time to time
更新发明或设计 further invention or design
一般资料 general data
通常的和当地的习惯 general or local custom
一般条款 general provisions
反悔 go back on one's word
宽限期 grace
重大过失 gross negligence
标题 headings
暂定协议书 heads of agreement
特此 hereby
召开 (会议) hold
违法所得 illegal gains
合同的默示条款 implied contract provisions
改进 improvement
如果 in case that
吻合 in conformity with
一致 in conformity with
以双方相互承诺为对价  in consideration of the mutual promises
一式两份 in duplicate
事实上 in effect
以良好诚信的态度  in good faith
上述 in question
由国务院另行规定 in separate regulations issued by the State Council
如果 in the event that
特立此证 in witness whereof
赔偿 indemnities
检验 inspection
检验条款 inspection clause
保险单据 insurrance document
最终性条款 integration
意愿 intention
内部因素 interior factors
《国际贸易术语解释通则》 International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms
理解 interpretation
投资公司 investment companies
以实物出资 investment in kind
不可撤销信用证 irrevocable credit
签发;开具;发出  issue
开证行 issuing bank
会签 jointly sign 
会签 jointly sign 
司法判决 judgment
管辖 jurisdiction
列明(在合同中) lay down
承租人 leasee
租赁公司 leasing companies
法人  legal entity
合法性 legality
暂定协议书 letter of intent
专利证,专利 letters patent
许可证产品 licensed products
被许可人 licensee
许可人 licensor
外商投资的有限责任公司 limited liability company with foreign ivestment
灭失 loss
损失与损坏 loss and damage
向承包人提供 made available to the contractor
赡养费  maitenance
订明规格 make the specification
订立(协议) make, sign, conclude ,enter into
管理经验 managerial expertise
载货单 manifest
生产或操作资料  manufacturing and engineering information
旁注 marginal notes
材料规格 material specifications
可能有权控制的 may have the right to control
意思表示一致 meeting of minds
符合本法条件 meets the requirements and provisions hereof
暂定协议书 memorandum of agreement
公司基本章程 memorandum of association
合并条款 merger clauses
履约方式 method of performance
其他事项 miscellaneous
误解  misconception
被陈述人 misrepresentee
不实陈述 misrepresentee
修正 modificatin
多媒体作品  multimedia
议付该汇票  negotiate such bills of exchange
净资产 net assets
拒绝承兑(金融) non-acceptance
不履行合同 non-execution
第三方,非合同方  nonparty
拒绝付款 nonpayment
拒不付款 non-payment
公证人制度 notary pubilc
本票 note
尽管本合同有其它规定  notwithstanding any other provision of the contract 
据此 now therefore
标的物  object
要约 offer
要约人,报价人 offeror
受要约人 offferee
经常利润 ordinary gain
正本 oringinal
另行商定 otherwise agreed
未了债务 outstanding claims and liabilities 
平等地位  pari declicto
口头证据法则 parol evidence rule
专利技术  patented technology
支付款证书 payment certificate
理想市场  perfect market
永久工程 permanent works
影印资料  photostasts
政府分支机构 political subdivisions
权限 power
先例 precedent
前合同义务 precontractual
意思表示 Presentation
主持 preside by
上述事项;前文所述事项 primises
在……之前 prior to
本法施行前 prior to the effective date of this law
从事慈善性服务的律师 pro bono lawyer
税率 pro rate tax rate
没收财产 property forfeited
专有技术信息  proprietary technical information
拒绝证书(金融) protest
但是 provided that
本法规定 provisions hereof
依照合同相关规定 pursuant to provisions contained herein
行情,报价 quotation
理性人  reasonable man
说明条款 recitals
复议 reconsideration
弥补;纠正  rectify
减税 reduction of tax
退税  refund of tax
偿付  reimbursement 
拒绝投标 reject a bid
拒绝投标 reject a bid
关于 relating to
救济 remedy
报酬 remuneration
陈述;说明  representations 
陈述者 representor 
合意的要求 reqirement of assent
请求 request
要求 require
明确性的要求  requirement of definiteness
自由裁量权 right of discretion
权益 rights and interests
特许权使用费 royalities
版税 royalties
买卖合同 sales contract
售货单  sales note 
批准,认可  sanction
选定或指定 selected or appointed
出卖人 seller
分别但不连带地  severally but not jointly
应具有约束力 shall be binding
有权申诉 shall have the right to lodge a complaint
并不排除 shall not exclusive of 
应给予赔偿 shall pay compensation
装运 shipping
货运代理商 shipping agents
货运单据 shipping document 
舱位 shipping space
即期付款 sight payment
中外合作经营企业 Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprise
中外合资经营企业 Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprise
社会经济 socio-economic
特定机器设备 specialized machinery and equipment
规格 specifications
股份有限公司规范意见 standard Opionion on Companies Limited by Shares
有限责任公司规范意见 Standard Opionion on Limited Liability Companyies
备用信用证 standby letters of credit
规定 state
防止欺诈法  statute of frauds
规定 stipulate
转包商 subcontractor
附属机构;附属公司 subsidiary
供货商 supplier
提取货物 take delivery
技术服务协议  technical assistance agreement
技术资料  technical documents 
技术诀窍 technical know-how
临时工程 Temporary Works
房屋出租 tenancy
承租人 tenant
期限;概念 term
终止条款 termination clasuse
(贷款)终止日 termination day
解除合同 termination of agreement
条件  terms and conditions
竣工检验 test on completion
仲裁委员会 the arbitration commission
收益方  the beneciary
中国国际经济贸易委员会(北京) the China International Economic anf Trade Arbitration Commission,Beijing
赔偿请求人 the claimant for compensation
该通知  the communication
中华人民共和国公司法  the Company Law of the People's Repubilc of China
资料 the data and the information
缺陷责任证书 the defects liability certificate
在付款日 the disbursement
英国上诉法院 The English Court of Appeal
开证行 the issuing bank
兹制定本法  the law is hereby formulated and prepared
合法权益 the lawful rights and interests
计划单列市  the municipalities specifically listed in the State Economic Plan
赔偿义务机关 the organization with compensatory obligations
货方 the owner of the goods
当事人协议如下  the parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows
补税  the payment of tax unpaid
履约保证 the performance security
委托人 the pricipal
本金 the principal amount
以本法为准  the provisions hereof shall prevail
履行审批职责的有关主管部门 the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals 
国务院有关主管部门 the relevant responsible department of the State Council
双方受权代表 the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract
常驻代表机构  the resident representative offices 
上述许可证产品 the said licensed product
本合同期满 the termination of this contract
中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京) the Chinese International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing
合同中或合同名下的 therein or thereunder
竣工时间 time for completion
引进外资 to absorb foreign investment
据我们所知 to the best of our konwledge 
图片 transparency
运输单据 transport document
合同的典型条款 typical contract provisions
权能外法理 ultra vires
就以下条款  under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows
不正当竞争 unfair competation
等价有偿 valuable considerations
计量 weight determination
不论如何命名或描述  whatever named or described
外资企业 wholly foreign-owned enterprise
外商独资企业 wholly foreign-owned enterprises
停业 wind up a business
回避 withdrawal 
不间断地  without interruption
措辞 wording
工艺 workmanship
合作开发合同 cooperative development contract
停滞 standstill
延误 delay
失败 failure
停工 work stoppages
窝工 slow work of the labour
顺延 prolong
原材料 raw materials
设备 equipment
场地 site
资金 funds
技术资料  technical data 
施工人 constractor
符合 confirm
建设质量 construction quality
无偿 free of charge
修理 repair
返工 reconstruct
改建 reconstruct
发包人 contract letting party
逾期 overdue
交付 delivery
承担责任 be liable for
要求 require
验收 inspection and acceptance
建设工程 construction works
合格 qualified
支付价款 make payments of remuneration
接收(建设工程) accept
报酬,价款 remumeration
图纸 drawing
施工图纸 construction drawings
说明书 specifications 
施工验收规范 construction inspection rules
质量检验标准 quality standard
标书  tender
招标 invitation of tender
投标 submission of tender
公开 open
公平 equal
公正 fair
定作人 the ordering party 
支付报酬 pay remureation
相应支付 corresponding payment
当事人另有约定的除外 unless otherwise agreed upon by the parties
技术 technology
承揽人 contractor
承揽的工作 contracted works
解除合同 rescind the contrsact
解除 recind
承租人 lessee
租金 rent
催告 urge
出租人 lessor
收回 take back
利息 interest
自然人 natural persons
借款合同 loan contract
不支付 fail to pay
利率 interest rate
违反 violate
买受人 buyer
约定 agree
借款期限 loan term
合理期限 reasonable time limit
包装方式 package manner
通用方式 general manner
和解 conciliation
调解 mediation
仲裁机构 arbittation institute
仲裁委员会 arbiration commission
仲裁协议  arbitration agreement
起诉 bring an lawsuit
仲裁裁决 arbitration award
调解书 mediation document
要约邀请 invitation for offer
向自己发出要约 make offers to the principal
价目表 price form
拍卖公告 public notice of auction
招标公告 public notice of tender
公告 public notice
招股说明书 prospectus
商业广告 commercial advertisement
处理 penalize
营运资金 working capital
实收资本 paid-up capital
筹集(资金) raise
工商行政管理机关 the industry and commerce administration authorities
调入资金 transferred capital
注册会计师 cetified public accountant
业务活动 business activity
自行终止 self-termination
中国人民银行 People's Bank of China
A Resolution for Voluntary 自动清盘决议
Abatement 减免或减轻
abduction 拐带
abortion 堕胎
absconding 弃保潜逃
Absolute assignment 绝对转让
absolute discharge 无条件释放
absolute liability 绝对法律责任
acquit [v.] 无罪释放
Act of God 天灾、神力行为
Act 作为
Action 诉讼
adjourn 休庭、延期聆讯
Adult 成人、成年人
Affidavit 誓章
age of consent 同意年龄
Agent 代理人
aiding & abetting 教唆、煽动犯罪
Arbitration 仲裁
arrest 拘捕、逮捕
Arrestable Offence 可逮捕的罪行
arrestable offence 可逮捕罪行
arson 纵火
Articles of Association 公司章程
assault 殴打
Assignment 转让契据
asymmetric cryptosystem 非对称密码系统
Auditor 核数师
Authorized share capital 法定股本
Authorized signature 经授权之签名
Available act of Bankruptcy 可用的破产作为
Bailiff 执达主任
bankruptcy debt 破产债项
Bearer 持票人
beneficiary 受益人
Bilingual Laws Advisory Committee 双语法例谘询委员会
Board of directors 董事会
British Dependent Territories citizen 英国属土公民
British Overseas citizen 英国海外公民
Building Authority 建筑事务监督
Business Registration 商业登记
Buyer 买方
Certificate of Origin 产地来源证
certificate 证书
certification practice statement 核证作业准则
Chairman of the board of directors 董事会主席
Charge 扺押
Charge 抵押
Chattel 货物或实产
Chief Justice 首席大法官
Co-owners 联名业主
commissioner 监誓员
Committed For Trial 交付审判
Common Law 普通法
Company directors 公司董事
Company Secretary 公司秘书
Company 公司
Condition precedent 先决条件
Conditions of Exchange 换地条款
Conditions of Grant 批地条款
Conditions of Sale 卖地条款
Conditions 批地条款
Consideration 代价
Consul 领事
Consular Officer 领事馆官员
Contract for service 服务合约
Contract of Sale 售卖合约
Conversion 侵占
copyright notice 版权通知
Cost, insurance, freight CIF
Counter-offer 反要约
Court of Final Appeal 终审法院
Creditor 债权人
Creditor's Ordinary Resolution 债权人普通决议
Creditor's Special Resolution 债权人会议特别决议
creditors' committee 债权人委员会
creditors' meeting 债权人的会议
Creditors' Voluntary Winding 债权人自动清盘
damage 损害
damages 损害赔偿
Debenture 债权证
debt provable in bankruptcy or provable debt 可证债权或可证债项
Debt Provable in Bankruptcy 可证债项
debtor 债务人
Deed of Mutual Covenant 大厦公契
deed 契据
digital signature 数码签署
discharge 解除
dispute resolution 和调解纠纷
dividend 股息
Document of Title to Goods 货品的所有权文件
dormant 匿名或不活动
drawee 受票人
drawer 发票人
Easement 地役权
economic rights 经济权
electronic record 电子纪录
electronic signature 电子签署
Equal Opportunity Commission 平等机会委员会
Equitable Charge 公义式扺押
Equitable Mortgage 公义式按揭
Export 输出、出口
Fault 错失
Forfeiture 没收租权
Freehold 永久业权
Future goods 期货
Gazette 宪报
Government Chemist 政府化验师
Government Land Resumption Ordinance 收回官地条例
Government Lease 官地租契
Group of Companies 公司集团
hash function 杂凑函数
Import 输入、进口
Incumbrance 负累权益
information system 资讯系统
intellectual property rights 知识产权
interim order 临时命令
Intermeddling 干预死者的遗产
International court of justice 国际法院
Joint Tenants 共有权益
Judge of the Court of Final Appeal 终审法院大法官
Judge 大法官
Judgment Creditor 判定债权人
Judgment Debtor 判定债务人
Judgment 判决
Justice, Justice of the peace 太平绅士
key pair 配对密码匙
land 土地
Lands Tribunal 土地审裁处
Law Reform Commission 法律改革委员会
Law 法律、法例、法
Leasehold 租用业权
Legal Charge 法定式扺押
Legal Mortgage 法定式按揭
licensing agreement 许可合同
Listed Company 上市公司
Medical Practitioner 医生
Members' Voluntary Winding Up 成员自动清盘
moral rights 精神权利
Mortgage 按揭
New Territories 新界
nominee 代名人
Nominee's Report 代名人报告
notary 公证人
Oath 誓言
Offence 罪、罪行、罪项、犯法行为
Official Receiver 破产管理署署长
Order in Council 枢密院颁令
ordinary resolution 普通决议
Original court 原讼法院
parallel import 平行进口
patent 专利
Payable at sight 见票即付
Payee 受款人
Personal Representative 遗产代理人
Plaintiff 原告人
Police officer 警务人员
Power 权、权力
Prevailing Market Rent 市值租金
Principal Tenant 主租客
Prison 狱、监狱
Private Company 私人公司
private key 私人密码匙
Privy Council 枢密院
Profit A Prendre 取利权
property 财产
Property 产权
proposal 建议
Prospectus 招股章程
public key 公开密码匙
Quality of Goods 货、货品
Regulations 规例
Repeal 废除
Restrictive Covenant 限制性的约言
Reversionary Title 归属主权
Right Of Way 过路权或取道权
Sale 售卖
etary for Justice 律政司司长
secured creditor 有抵押债权人
Sell 卖、售卖、出售
Seller 卖方
Share 股﹑股份
short term patent 短期专利
Sign 签名、签署
special resolution 特别决议
Specific Goods 特定货品
Statutory Declaration 法定声明
Subsidiary Legislation 附属法例
Summary conviction 简易程序定罪
Tenants-in-common 共享权益
Tenement 物业单位
Term 土地租期
Territorial Waters 领海
The Office of the Commissioner of Insurance 保险业监理处
Title 业权
Town Planning Board 城市规划委员会
Trade Mark Ordinance 商标条例
Trade Mark Registry 商标注册处
trade mark relating to goods 货品商标
trade mark relating to services 服务商标
Trade mark 商标
Triable Summarily 可循简易程序审讯
Trustee of Bankruptcy 破产受托人
trustee 受托人
trustworthy system 稳当系统
United Kingdom 联合王国
Unlisted Company 非上市公司
verify a digital signature 核实数码签署
voluntary arrangement 个人自愿安排
Warranty 保证条款
Will 遗嘱
years of age 岁、年岁
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第一章 英文合同与合同概述
首部:non-operative part
正文:operative part
尾部:recital
证明部分:attestation
签字:signature
附件:appendix
 
第一节  合同概念及成立要件
必备条款:essential clauses/provisions 或 general provisions
contract 和 agreement的区别:
合同属于协议的一种,协议的范围比合同大,规定不如合同具体、规范。实际使用当中,协议可不受必备条款限制,而成为合同的文本,必备条款则必不可少。可以说,称作合同的,肯定也可称作协议,称作协议的,不见得符合合同的要求。
contract 和 covenant的区别:
covenant 主要是不动产转让或与不动产相关的证明文件。
contract 和 indenture的区别:
indenture 针对的也是不动产转让,但历史上为证明其真实性,契约被人一撕为二,留下折痕或波浪状撕痕,以供未来核对。
contract 和 deed的区别:
deed 针对的还是不动产的转让,指经签字和转移的一方向另一方出让土地、租房或留遗产的书面协议,历史上的房契即“deed”。
contract 和 compact的区别:
compact 指自然人、国家、州之间订立的协议、协定、或合同,主要指国家间就共同关心的问题达成的协议,也指当事人之间独立而特别设定的、能够并可以强制实施权利和义务的合同,还指当事人就准备执行的或已经执行的财产和权利达成的契约。compact 一词并不主要针对不动产,而指国家间的协定,这就意味着compact一词不大会出现在民事、商事合同中。
 
合同成立的要件:
1.当事人的名称、姓名和住所:name and domicile of the parties
2.标的:contract object
3.数量:quantity
4.质量:quality
5.价款或报酬:price and remuneration
6.履行时效、地点和方式:time limit, place and method of performance
7.违约责任:liability for breach of contract
8.解决争议的方法:methods to settle disputes
1.要约和绝对接受:offer and absolute and unqualified acceptance
2.意思表示“一致”:consensus and idem/meeting of minds
3.简历合同关系的意愿:intention to create legal relations
4.同意的真实性:genuineness of consent
5.合同当事人的缔约能力:contractual capacity of the parties
6.标的物的合法性:legality of object
7.履行的可能性:possibility of performance
8.条款的确定性:certainty of terms
9.等价有偿:valuable consideration
 
变更:modification
合同主体的变更或合同权利义务的整体转让:novation
合同的终止:termination
通知:notice
违约责任:default/breach of contract与救济:remedies
责任的免除:exceptions或不可抗力:majuere
争议的解决:settlement of disputes
合同的生效:effectiveness
合同份数:counterpart 及效力
合同的整体性:entirety及可分割性:severability
文字效力:language
法律适用:applicable law/governing law
 
第二节  英文合同的分类
谅解备忘录或合作备忘录:memorandum of understanding,简称MOU,或memorandum
框架性协议/意向性协议/合作意向书:heads of agreement,简称HOA或memorandum of agreement,简称MOA
意向书:letter of intent,简称LOI
初步协议:preliminary agreement
君子协议:gentlemen's agreement
订单:order
章程:articles of association (中国常用表述法)或 articles of incorporation
合同初稿:draft contract
正式合同:contract
合同修改稿:amended contract, amendment to contract
口头合同:oral/parole contract
书面合同:written contract
诺成合同:consensual contract
实践合同:real contract
要式合同:formal contract
不要式合同:informal contract
单务合同:unilateral contract
双务合同:bilateral contract
主合同:principal contract
从合同:accessory contract
要因合同:causative contract
不要因合同:non-causative contract
可替换合同:commutative contract
独立合同:independent contract
明示合同:express contract
隐含合同:implied contract
可分合同:divisible contract/severable contract
不可分合同:indivisible contract/entire contract
已履行合同:executed contract
待履行合同:executory contract
无偿合同:gratuitous contract
有偿合同:onerous contract
确定合同:certain contract
射幸合同:hazardous contract
非盖印合同:simple contract
盖印合同:contract under seal
连带合同:joint and several contract
附条件合同:conditional contract
推定合同:constructive contract
投资合同:investment contract
无限制合同:open end contract
准合同:quasi contract
利他合同:altruistic contract
用于政府采购的照本加成合同:cost-plus contract
买卖合同:sales contract
电、水、气、热力供应合同:contract for supply of power, water, gas or heat
赠与合同:gift contract
借款合同:contract for loan of money
租赁合同:leasing contracts
融资租赁合同:financial leasing contracts
承揽合同:work-for-hire contracts
建设工程合同:contracts for construction projects
运输合同:carriage contract
技术合同:technology contract
保管合同:safe-keeping contract
仓储合同:warehousing contract
委托代理合同:agency appointment contract
委托合同:trade trust contract
行纪合同/居间合同:brokerage contract
劳动合同:labor contract
保密协议:confidentiality agreement
竞业禁止协议:non-compete agreement
人事代理协议:human agency agreement
遗赠抚养协议:legacy-support agreement
离婚协议:divorce agreement
收养协议:adoption agreement
商品房买卖合同:contract of sale for commodity houses
租赁协议:tenancy agreement
土地使用权出让、出租、转让合同:contract for assignment, lease and transfer of the right to the use of land
抵押合同:mortgage contract
贷款合同:loan contract
物业管理合同:property management contract
建筑工程建设安装承包合同:construction engineering and installation contract
买卖合同:sales contract
采购合同:purchase contract
运输合同:carriage/transportation/forwarding contract
进出口合同:import and export contract
仓储保管合同:warehousing contract
补偿贸易合同:contract for compensation trade
供应合同:supply agreement
技术服务协议:technical service agreement
技术咨询协议:technical consulting agreement
技术开发协议:technical development agreement
技术转让协议:technical service agreement
许可协议:licensing agreement
代理协议:agency agreement
保险合同:insurance contract
融资协议:financing agreement
保理合同:factoring contract
外包合同:outsourcing agreement
提存协议:escrow/deposit agreement
服务合同:service agreement
风险投资管理协议:venture capital management agreement
合伙协议:partnership agreement
股权转让协议:share transfer agreement
和解协议:composition agreement
法律顾问协议:employment contract for legal consultant
合资企业合同:joint venture contract
公司设立备忘录:memorandum of incorporations
备忘录或合作备忘录:memorandum
公司设立协议:articles of incorporation
章程:articles of association
意向书:letter of intent
意向性协议/框架性协议:heads of agreement
初步协议:preliminary agreement
提存协议:escrow agreement
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“因为”的短语多用“by virtue of ",远远多于“due to”一般不用“because of ”; 
“财务年度末”一般用“at the close of the fiscal year”,而不用“in the end of the fiscal year”; 
“在……之前”一般用“prior to”,而不用“before”;

“关于”常用“as regards”, “concerning”或“relating to”,而不会用“about”;

“事实上”用“in effect”,而不用“in fact”;

“开始”用“commencement”,而不用“start”或“begin”;

“停止做”用“cease to do”,而不用“stop to do”;

“何时开会并由某某主持”的表述为:The meeting shall be convened and presided by sb.

其中“召开”不用“hold 或call”,而用“convene”; “主持”不用“chair”或“be in charge of ”,而用“preside”;

“其他事项”用“miscellaneous”, 而不用“other matters/events”;

“理解合同”用“construe a contract” 或“comprehend a contract”,而不用“understand a contract”;

“认为”用“deem”,用“consider”少,不用“think”或“believe”;

“愿意做”用“intend to do”或“desire to do”,而不用“want to do”, “wish to do”。
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1. Hereby: by means of; by reason of this 之意,即特此,因此,兹等意。常用于法律文件、合同协议的正式文件的开头语,在条款中需要强调时也可用。
 举原文说明,如: The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract. 文中: ★hereby 意为 by reason of this,特此的意思。 ★Covenants 是动词,意为make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同。 ★ completion of the Works 是工程的竣工,Works与Work 在工程承包合同文件中常指工程而不是工作之意。 ★ therein意为in the Works在本工程中。 ★the Contract Price指合同总价,指工程的总造价。 ★ such…as是关系代词,相当于that, which,把要限定的词置于such 与as之间使要限定的名词十分明确,避免合同双方在理解上发生争议。 ★ under 意为in accordance with 根据,按照之意,决不能译成“在…….之下”。 ★ the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the contract 合同条件、条款之意。 在对文中专业性词汇作了解释之后,就不难理解这一段的含义了,也就是读懂了。于是可以把原文译为: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同总价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。 

2.Heret to this,上文已提及的,比如表示“本合同双方”可以说“the Parties hereto”,这里的hereto表示“to this Contract” “本协议附件4”可以译为“Appendix 4 hereto”,这里的hereto表示“to this Agreement”。 读下面的原文,可以进一步理解hereto 在文中的作用。 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiation, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this commission shall be applied. The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission. 文中: ★ 两次出现的hereto, 都是限定Parties, 表示the Parties to this Contract 本合同的双方。 ★ “the performance of this Contract”履行本合同。 ★“through amicable negotiations” 通过友好协商。 ★should 表示如果发生什么情况,代替省掉的if。 ★“shall then be submitted for arbitration”应提交进行仲裁。 ★ “the Chinese International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing” 中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京)。 ★ “the arbitration rules of this Commission” 仲裁规则。 ★“the award of the arbitration: 仲裁裁决。 ★ “unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission”仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。 这样,扫除了上述专业词汇的障碍,可把原文译为: 对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议,本合同双方应友好协商解决,如协商无法解决争议,则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京),依据仲裁规则仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的,对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担,但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。 

3.Herein: in this 此中,于此。表示上文已提及的….,如遇到“本合同(中)的….”,“本法(中)的……”等行文时,用该词。比如,“本法(中)所称的不正当竞争,….”可以译为“unfair competition mentioned herein….此中的herein 意为“in this law” 又如“本协议(中)的内容”,可译为“the contents herein”,此中的herein 意为“ in this Agreement”. 看下面两段文字,可以加深领会herein及其它几个专门用语。 Unfair competition mentioned in this law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order. Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services (hereinafter called Goods including services). 注:上文中出现了3个法律文件中的专门用语:hereof: of this 关于此点。在本文件中之意,表示在上文已提及的。出现本合同的…..,“本文件的……”时,使用该词。如“本合同条件,条款……”可译为 “the terms, conditions and provisions hereof…..”此中的hereof表示“of this Contract”;又如“本工程的任何部分”可译为“any parts hereof”, 此中的hereof 意为“of this Works”. 文中: ★ “hereof 意为the provisions of this law。 ★ herein, 在文中的意思是(Business operators mentioned)in this law。 ★ hereinafter:later in the same Contract,以下;在下文,一般与to be referred to as; referred to as; called 等词或词组连用,以避免重复。 ★ unfair competition 不正当竞争。 ★ mentioned in this law: 本法所称。 ★ contravene the provisions hereof: 违反本法规定。 ★ damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators: 损害其他经营者的合法权益。 ★ disturb the socio-economic order:拢乱社会经济秩序。 原文可译为: 本法所称的不正当竞争,是指经营者违反本法规定,损害其他经营者的合法权益,扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。 本法所称的经营者,是指从事商品经营或营利性服务(以下所称商品包括服务)的法人、其他经济组织和个人。

 4.Therein: in that; in that particular context; in that respect. 在那里;在那点上,在那方面等之意,表示上文已提及的,“合同中的……..”“工程中的…….”等可用此词。如“修补工程中的缺陷”,可以译为“the remedying of any defects therein”, 此中的therein 表示“ in the Works”; 又如“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”可译为“materials or plant for incorporation therein”, 此中的therein 也表示“ in the Works”。 现用一小段原文来加强therein这个字的印象: “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind (other than the Contractor’s Equipment) required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein. 文中: ★therein是指in the Works 工程中的。 ★ Temporary Works: 临时性工程,是指为永久性工程服务的工程,永久性工程建成后应予以拆除。建造临时工程的费用,按国际FIDIC 合同条件规定,应由承包人负责。 ★ Defects:缺陷,指工程施工出现的问题,即工程本身存在的问题,而不是因业主使用不当造成的。 ★ The execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein: 工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷。请注意原文中的两个and的译法。一般一项工程分为两个阶段:第一阶段包括工程设计、施工、竣工;第二阶段是修补工程缺陷。由此可见,第一个and是指第一阶段的两个工程程序,第二and是为了区分工程的两个阶段,用词、结构无误,表达意思明确。 这段原文可译为: 临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与有关的所有各种临时工程,(但承包人的设备除外)。

 5.Whereas: considering that, 鉴于,就……而论(法律用语)。此词常用于合同,协议书的开头段落,引出合同双方要订立合同的理由或依据。 请看下面的三小段: Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the right to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology; Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products; The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 文中: ★两个whereas都作“鉴于”解。 ★ to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of patented Technology: 将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方。 ★ The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract: 双方授权代表 ★ Under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 就以下条款。 消除了这些专门词汇的拦路虎之后,原文即可译成: 鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方; 鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同的产品; 双方授权代表经友好协商,同意就以下条款签订本合同: 为了维护法律的权威性,在拟订合同法时常常使用这些平时罕见的、法律文件中专用的正式词汇,因此在阅读或翻译或拟订合同时,必须学会运用、处理这些词汇。 

二)合同中常用的专门用词及词组 
1.关于shall与should shall在合同文件中是使用频率最高的词,在合同文件中shall表示强制性承担法律或合同所规定的义务,在表达“应该”或“必须”做某事时,应用“shall”而不能用“ must”或“should”,但有时可用“will”,力度比shall弱。 Should在法律文件中往往作“if”解,只表示“如果”之意。 如: The board meeting shall be called and presided over by the Chairman. Should the chairman be absent, the vice-Chairman shall, in principle, call and preside over the board meeting. 文中: ★ 两个shall,都表示有责任做,应该做之意。 ★ Should: If 表示如果。 ★ board meeting:董事会会议。 ★ preside over:主持。 原文可译为: 董事会会议应由董事长召集、主持;如董事长缺席,原则上应由副董事长召集、主持。 

2. Unless otherwise Unless otherwise: 除外。比 “if not”和 “otherwise”表达正式。 该词由两个同义词“ unless” 和“otherwise”组成,otherwise有代词作用,后面一般跟动词的过去分词限定,意为:除非另…….:如“除非合同另有规定”可译为“unless otherwise specified in the Contract”, 又如“除非信用证另有规定”可译为“ unless otherwise specified in the Letter of Credit.” 如: These articles shall apply to documentary credits, including stand by letters of credit, to the extent to which the credits in question shall be applicable, and shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract, unless otherwise expressly agreed by the Parties thereto. 文中: ★ unless otherwise,表示除非合同双方另有约定。 ★ these articles 指本条文 ★ apply to 适用,适用于, ★ in question: under consideration; being discussed about 即“在考虑中的或议论中的”某事、某问题,可译成“这”或“该”, 比如“该事项”, 可译为“the matter in question”,这是合同中长用的专业词组。 比如: Party A agrees to acquire from Party B and Party B agrees to transfer to Party A the Patented Technology for contract Products. The Patented Technology in question shall be the same technology as the technology of Party B’s latest products. 文中的the Patented Technology in question 是指前句中的the Patented Technology, 用了in question 就可以省略“在前句中的……”这样一句话,十分简捷鲜明。 例句可译为:甲方同意从乙方获得乙方同意向甲方转让的合同产品的专利技术。这种技术应与乙方最新产品的技术完全一致。 ★ Shall be binding on the Parties to the Contract: 对合同各有关方面均具有约束力。 原文可译为: 本条文适用于一切跟单信用证,并包括在其适用范围内的备用信用证,对合同各有关方面均具有约束力,除非另有约定。 


3. In accordance with: under; pursuant to 这三个词组都作“根据”,“按照”解,是法律文件中常用的词组,比according to 正式。试看例文: 例1: On the FOB basis, the Buyer shall book shipping space in accordance with the date of shipment specified in the contract. 文中: ★ in accordance with the date of shipment:根据装运日期 ★ FOB= Free on board: 船上交货。按照1999年9月国际商会公布的《2000年国际贸易术语解释通则》的规定,采用此术语,卖方将货物在合同指定的装运港装到买方的船上,即完成交货。卖方承担货物越过船舷以前的风险和费用;买方承担其后的风险和费用。采用此术语时,在FOB 后面常要注明装运港名称,如FOB Shanghai. ★ book shipping space: 洽定舱位。 原文可译为: 按照FOB条件,由买方负责根据合同规定的装运日期洽定舱位。 注意:文中的买方或卖方,为合同的专门词汇,都要大写。中译英时需注意这一点。 例2: When, under the laws and approval from the relevant authorities, a limited liability company is converted into a company limited by shares, the total amount which shares are converted into shall be equivalent to the amount of the company’s net assets. 文中: ★under the laws:依法,按照法律 ★a limited liability company:有限责任公司 ★a company limited by shares: 股份有限公司 ★be equivalent to : 相等,相当于 ★the amount of the company’s net assets: 公司净资产额 原文则可译为: 有限责任公司依法经批准变更为股份有限公司时,折合的股份总额应当相等于公司净资产额。 

4. Provided that Provided that: 但规定,规定;但是,等意。对合同的某一条款需要作进一步规定时或在作规定时语气转折时常用此词组。在中译英时,要学会使用此词组,有时中文字面上并未见“但规定”,或“进一步规定”的字辞,但内含此义,可先将中文作“语内译”,若含有上述两义,应运用“provided that” 词组。例: An irrevocable credit shall be deemed to constitute a definite under taking of the issuing bank. Provided that if the stipulated documents are presented and are complied with the terms, conditions and provisions of the credit, and if the credit provides for sight payment, the payment shall be made or shall be guaranteed to be made. 文中: ★provided that对信用证的承诺性作了进一步规定。 ★be deemed 被认为,被称为,视为等,是法律文件中的正式用语,比“ be believed; be considered”正式。 如: In the absence of such indication, the credit shall be deemed to be revocable.可译为:如无该项表示,信用证应视作是可撤销的。 ★shall be deemed to constitute a definite undertaking of the issuing bank: 应被子认为构成开证行的确定承诺。 ★Irrevocable 是revocable 加否定前缀构成,不可撤销之意。 ★The credit provides for sight payment:即期付款信用证。 原文可译为: 不可撤销信用证,应被认为构成开证行的规定承诺。(但规定)如提交了规定的单据并符合信用证条款,并系即期付款信用证时,则进行付款或保证该款的照付。 除上述法律文件中常用词组外,还有若干,如in respect of; in respect thereof (关于关于上文已提及的事项);in the event of , in the event that ( 如果;如果……..发生,比when正式);in case, the (the ) case of (如果;万一,一旦,);be liable for; be liable to ( 应付有责任);in Testimony whereof: in Witness whereof (以此为证,特立此证); know all Men by these presents (根据本文件;特此宣布);undersigned: (法律文件末尾的签名者,若前有定冠词the,是指文件签署者的自称;now therefore, (特此;因此,一般与whereas 连用,其后边常跟hereby. 译成“兹”,“特此”)。由于篇幅之限,就不一一细述了。 

三) 读懂合同的法律文件的句子结构 合同文件及其他法律文件中的英文句子具有结构严谨、句式较长的特点,这是为了使表达的内容准确、严密、清楚、易解(无歧意)而特别设定的句式。其中主要是状语的定位问题,主句的状语和从句的状语都各居各位,也是为了不与定语相混淆。认真研究句构,掌握其中的规律,无论是中译英,还是英译中,或是拟草条款,都能得心应手。
 1. 主句中的状语位置 
由于法律的语言特点,法律文件中的英语句子的状语有其自己的规则,其位置与基础英语中的频度副词(如often, sometime, never等)的位置相同,一般放在助动词之后,行为动词之前。 比如复合句,主句的状语位置应放在shall之后,动词之前,如:在讲解hereto这个问题时举的例句中,就有through amicable negotiations这个状语短语插入到shall 与be settled之间,修饰be settled。 又如: The securities regulatory authorities under the State Council shall, in accordance with law, implement centralized and unified regulation and supervision of the securities market nationwide. The securities regulatory authorities under the State Council may, where necessary, establish agencies that shall perform the regulatory functions as authorized. (国务院证券监督管理机构依法对全国证券市场实行集中统一监督管理。国务院证券监督管理机构根据需要可以设立派出机构,按照授权履行监督管理职责。) 如果把第一句中的插入状语移动到句末,即nationwide之后就有可能把其误解成market nationwide的定语或是状语,但修饰动词implement的势力很弱,可用一个很简单的例子来说明这一点,如: I fed the white dog there. There 放在句末就有可能产生两种句意: 其一:I fed the white dog which was there. 其二:In that place I fed the white dog. 因此为了避免发生这样的歧义,使表达的意思准确,主句的状语便紧紧地设定在shall之后,行为动词之前,以最捷径的办法限定动词,避免误解。第二句中的where necessary, 以同样的道理,设定在may 与establish之间。

 2.状语在从句中的位置 
法律文件,合同文件中常常用复合句,从句中的状语与主句中的状语应各有其位,不能互相混淆,分辨不清、产生歧义,造成合同双方争议,因此从句中的状语通常都锁定在从句之内,状语一般开门见山,放在从句连接词(when, if 等)之后,从句主体句之前,常用逗号分隔,以示其是插入的状语。如: Where, through securities trading at a stock exchange, an investor comes to hold 5 percent of shares issued by a listed company, the investor shall, within three days from the date on which such share holding becomes a fact, submit a written report to the Securities Regulatory Authorities under the State Council and the Stock Exchange, notify the listed company and make the fact known to the public. 这个句子较长,主要是由于插入的状语、定语及状语从句造成的,where引导的状语从句中又插入了一个状语短语,其位置就在连接词where之后,从句主体句之前,即an investor 之前:这个词组是修饰investor comes to hold 的方式状语,若把这个词组放到从句之后,或主句之后都是产生歧义误解的因素。 此句的主句中在shall之后也插入一个状语短语within three days from the date, 后又接一个定语从句修饰date 直到a fact, submit是主句谓语动词与shall 相配,另外还有两个与之并列的两个谓语动词及其宾语。 如此解读后,句中的状语短语及状语从句都一目了然,句中各部分关系清晰明了。可译成如下中文: 通过证券交易所的证券交易,投资者持有一个上市公司已发行的股份的百分之五时,应当在该事实发生之日起三日内向国务院证券监督管理机构、证券交易所作出书面报告,通知该上市公司,并予以公告。
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