英文合同的通用条款

英文合同的通用条款（定义与解释条款Definition and Interpretation）

 

1.       Definition. In this Agreement, the following terms shall have the following meaning unless the context clearly requires otherwise:

 

“TERM 1”   means …

            refers to …

            shall have the (same) meaning defined in …

            shall be construed as …

            includes…

 

In relation to                        means …

For the purpose of     “TERM 2”      refers to …

In connection with                    shall have the (same) meaning defined in …

In respect of                         shall be construed as …

 

“TERM 3”   means …

            + *** which,

            refers to

1)       ………………………………………………………………;

2)       ………………………………………………………………;

…

 

2.       Interpretation. Unless the context otherwise requires:

a.       words singular and plural in number shall be deemed to include the other;

b.       all references to       include a reference to any measures amending, supplementing or repealing any relevant from time to time;

c.       the terms “XYZ” shall be being at all times construed as        unless the content specially indicates otherwise, whether or not the words “XYZ” are expressly stated in any particular instance in this Agreement;

….

3. XXX Meaning. Words not otherwise defined herein that have well known and generally accepted adj. meanings are used herein in accordance with such recognized meanings. Unless otherwise agreed to by the Parties, all units of measurement shall be stated in the        system.

4. Headings; Sections References. Section headings are for convenience of reference only, do not form part of this Agreement, and shall not be deemed to limit or otherwise affect any of the provisions hereof.

5. Precedence. In case of express conflict between provisions of the         of this Agreement, the order of precedence in construction and interpretation of such provisions shall be as follows:

a.                 ; and

b.                  .

Subject to the foregoing, if any requirements specified in any      1     conflict with those of any other    2    , or if any requirement specified in any     1    conflict with any other requirements in such    2   , the        requirements shall prevail. Notwithstanding the above, the provisions of this Agreement, including all Schedules, shall be wherever possible construed as complementary rather than conflicting.

 

 

例：

1. Definition. In this Agreement the following terms shall have the following meaning unless the context clearly requires otherwise:

1. 定义。本协议中，除依上下文明显另有所指外，下列各术语的含义为：

“Accounts Bank” shall have the meaning defined in the Accounts Agreement.

“开户行”与账户协议中所界定的意义相同。

“Accounts Agreement” means the Accounts Agreement to be entered into among ABC INC., the Concessionaire and the Accounts Bank on or before the Commencement Date, as amended from time to time.

“账户协议”指即将由ABC有限公司，特许经营公司及“开户行”于生效日或之前签署的“账户协议”及随时可能对其原文所做的修订。

In relation to the parties hereto, “Adverse Claim” shall have the meaning defined in Section 5.07 (Adverse Claims).

“不得主张”，就本协议签约方而言，与本协议第5.07条中所界定的（不利主张）意义相同。

For the purpose of this Agreement, “Affiliate” means any Person which, directly or indirectly, is in control of, is controlled by, or is under common control with, another Person. For the purposes of this definition, “control” of a Person means the power, directly or indirectly, either to (i) vote ten percent (10%) or more of the shares having ordinary voting power for the election of directions of such Person, or (ii) direct or cause the direction of the management and policies of such Person, whether by contract or otherwise.

“关联公司”在本协议中是指被另一家公司直接或间接地，单独或与他人共同控制的公司；在定义中，对于一家公司的“控制”是指有权直接或间接地（i）以10%或以上的普通表决权股投票选举此种公司董事，或者（ii）通过合同方式还是通过其他方式，指导此种公司的经营管理及其政策。

“Agreement” shall have the meaning defined in the preamble.

“协议”，其含义与序文中所作界定相同。

…

2. Interpretation. Unless the context otherwise requires:

解释。除依上下文可另作其他理解之外，

a. words singular and plural in number shall be deemed to include the other;

a. 单数及复数的单词应被视为彼此互相包含；

b. all references to Applicable Law or to a particular Applicable Law includes a reference to any measures amending, supplementing or repealing any relevant Applicable Law from time to time;

所有对于适用法律或某部适用法律之引用应包括对任何相关适用法律时行修订，补充或废止的所有措施之引用；

c. all references to any contract or agreement means such contract or agreement and all schedules, appendices, exhibits and attachments thereto as amended, supplemented or otherwise modified and in effect from time to time, and shall include a reference to any document which amends, supplements or replaces it, or is entered into, made or given pursuant to or in accordance with its terms；

所有对于任何合同或协议之引用都指涉该合同或协议及其所有表格，附录，证明及附件之本身及所有有效的修订，补充，或以其他方式进行的修改，并应包括任何对于该合同或协议进行修订，补充或替代的文件，或者根据该合同或协议条款之规定而订立，制作或提供的任何文件之引用；

d. the terms “include” and “including” shall be construed as being at all times followed by the words “without limitation” unless the context specifically indicates otherwise, whether or not the words “without limitation” are expressly stated in any particular instance in this Agreement;

无论本协议所列之任何特殊情形下是否有明确的“不限于”字样，本协议中“包括”及“包含”二词在任何时候均应被解释为同时带有“不限于”之含义，上下文中明确表示另有其他含义的除外；

e. in respect of the performance of the obligation under this Agreement, references to the “Concessionaire” shall be deemed to include the Concessionaire and all of its subcontractors; and

就本协议项下义务之履行而言，对“特许经营公司”的引用应被视为包括了特许经营公司本身及其所有分包商；且

f. whenever a Person is required to form an opinion, make a determination or designation, give a notice of approval or consent, incur costs or expenses, request any item or action, exercise a discretion or perform an act under this Agreement, it must be done reasonably under the circumstances in accordance with the terms of this Agreement or their reasonably inferred context and based upon reasonable grounds, and must not be done or refused capriciously or arbitrarily or unduly delayed.

任何时候，当某“人”被要求出具一项意见，做出一项决定或指定，发出一份批准或同意通知，承担成本或费用，请求某项物品或行为，执行某项裁决或履行本协议项下的某项义务时，该行为必须根据实际情形或者合理推定的情形按本协议条款之规定合理地作出，而不得武断地、不适当地任意妄为或者拒绝作为。

3. Technical Meanings. Words not otherwise defined herein that have well known and generally accepted technical or trade meanings are used herein in accordance with such recognized meanings. Unless otherwise agreed to by the Parties, all units of measurement shall be stated in the metric unit (SI) system.

技术含义。本协议中具有科技或贸易含义的词句，若非另行界定其含义，均按其为大众所认可的通常意义使用。除各方另行协议同意之外，本协议中所有度量单位均使用公制度量单位体系。

4. Headings; Section References. Section headings are for convenience of reference only, do not form part of this Agreement, and shall not be deemed to limit or otherwise affect any of the provisions hereof. References to Articles, Sections, Subsections, Paragraphs, the preamble, the Recitals, Schedules, Exhibits and Appendices, unless otherwise indicated, are references to Articles, Sections, Subsections, Paragraphs, the preamble, the Recitals, the Schedules, the Exhibits and Appendices of this Agreement.

标题；章节引用。本协议中的章节标题仅为引用之便而设，并不构成本协议之一部分，也不应被视为限制或者以其他方式对本协议之规定发生任何影响。除非明确表示另有所指，本协议中在使用条、节、小节、款、序文、陈述、附表、证明及附件时，所指涉的均系本协议之条、节、小节、款、序文、陈述、表、证明及附件。

5. Precedence. In case of express conflict between provisions of the Sections or the Schedules of this Agreement, the order of precedence in construction and interpretation of such provisions shall be as follows:

优先顺序。若本协议各条与各表之规定发生冲突，则解释或阐释本合同之此类规定的优先顺序如下：

a. Sections; and

各条；及

b. Schedules.

各附件。

Subject to the foregoing, if any requirements specified in any Section conflict with those of any other Section, or if any requirements specified in any Schedule conflict with any other requirements in such Schedule or in any other exhibit, the more detailed requirements shall prevail. Notwithstanding the above, the provisions of this Agreement, including all Schedules, shall be wherever possible construed as complementary rather than conflicting. All Appendices to Schedules are provided for purposes of clarifying and supplementing the Schedules, and shall not be construed as limiting any of the Concessionaire’s obligations under this Agreement.

在遵循上述优先顺序的前提下，若出现某条的要求与某附件的要求相冲突的现象，或者某附件的要求与该附件或某证明中的其他要求相左，应优先适用表述较为详细的要求。但是，应尽量本着相互补充的原则而非相互矛盾的原则来解释本协议之规定及其所有附件。各附件的全部附录均系为澄清或补充说明各该附件之目的，而不得被解释为限制了特许经营公司于本协议项下承担的义务。

 

 

例：

“Person” means

(i) a natural person and any corporation or other entity which is given, or is recognized as having, legal personality by the law of any country or territory; or

(ii) any unincorporated association or unincorporated body of persons, whether formed in the United Kingdom or elsewhere, including a partnership, joint venture or consortium.

本合同所称“人”包括：

（i）自然人、法人、或依照任何法律或领域之法律，享有法人资格之主体。

（ii）在英国或其他地域所组成之非法人组织，例如合伙组织、合资组织、财团组织等等。

 

 

例：

“Stock Certificate” includes “stock certificate” and “stock certificates”

“He” includes “he” and “she”;

“His” includes “his” and “her”;

“Him” includes “him” and “her”.

本合同所称“股票”，包括单数与复数。

本合同所称“他”，包括“他”与“她”。

本合同所称“他的”，包括“他的”与“她的”。

本合同所称“他（宾馆）”，包括“他（宾格）”与“她（宾格）”。

 

For the purpose of this Agreement, each of the following terms shall have the following meaning respectively:

就本合同的目的而言，下列各用语，分别具有下述意义：

 

In this Agreement, the following words or expressions shall have the meanings given to them respectively below:

本协议内所用词句的意义，明确阐述如下：

 

The following are the definitions of various terms used in this Agreement:

本“协议”使用之术语定义如下：

 

“Written”, in relation to a notice under this Agreement, includes those sent by telex or fax.

本合同之“书面”通知，包括以电报或传真所为之通知。

 

“Business Day” means a day on which banks and foreign exchange markets are open for business in the People’s Republic of China and New York.

“营业日”指在中华人民共和国与纽约银行与外汇市场营业之日。

 

“Property” means property, assets, interests and rights of every description, wherever situated.

“财产”包括财产、资产、利益、权利等，财产之所在地在所不问。

 

“Expenses” include costs, charges and expenses of every description.

“费用”包括各种形式的金钱支出。

 

“Proceedings” means any proceedings before a court or tribunal (including an arbitration), whether in the Republic of China or elsewhere.

“程序”指在中华人民共和国或其他国家法院所进行的任何程序，包括仲裁在内。

 

“Address” means –

(a) in relation to an individual, his usual residential or business address; and

(b) in relation to a corporation, its registered or principal office in the Republic of China.

“地址”一词---

（a）就自然人而言，指通常之居所或工作场所；

（b）就公司而言，指位于中华人民共和国之注册所在地或主营业地。

不放弃权利(Waiver/Reservation of Rights)

在合同履行过程中，可能出现一方当事人违反合同某一条款而另一方当事人未能及时主张合同权利或要求对方履行该合同条款义务的情况。这时，该当事人即使一时没有行使其权利，要求违约方履行合同该条款义务，但是也并不意味着该当事人因此而放弃了以后要求违约方履行合同该条款及其他条款的权利。有关此内容，在英美法系国家，如果不在合同中明示，当事人应注意有根据“禁止反言原则”(Estoppel)解释为放弃权利的风险。因此，合同中有关不放弃权利条款的内容格式可以参照以下例文：

All waivers hereunder shall be in writing, and the failure of any party at any time to require the other party’s performance of any obligations under this Agreement shall not affect the right subsequently to require performance of the obligation.

Any waiver of any breach of any provision hereof will not be considered as a waiver of any continuing or succeeding breach of such provision or a waiver of modification of the provision.

hereof

英文释义: of this
中文译词:关于此点；在本文件中
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时，可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Contract”；又如表示本工程的任何部分，可用“any parts hereof”，这里hereof表示“of this Works”。
语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereof和thereof的区别：hereof强调“of this”。例如，上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract；“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。

例1
Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays (if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods. Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.
注释：
（1）Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not：不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，whether… or not：不论……是否
（2）the owner of the goods：货方
（3）without interruption：无间断地
（4）carrier：承运人
（5）in default on the provisions hereof：违反本款规定 hereof：of this Clause
参考译文：
不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反，货方都应昼夜地，包括星期日和假日（如承运人需要），无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏，包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。
例2
Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.
注释：
（1）foreign trade dealers：对外贸易经营者
（2）as mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定
（4）legal entity：法人
（5）be engaged in foreign trade dealings：从事对外贸易经营活动
参考译文：
本法所称对外贸易经营者，是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。
例3
The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law. A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares. Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.
注释：
（1）a limited liability company：有限责任公司
（2）a company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（3）provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof: of this Law
（4）may be registered as：登记为
参考译文：
设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司，必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的，登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司；不符合本法规定的条件的，不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。
例4
If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.
注释：
（1）as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons：回避或者其它原因
（2）arbitrator：仲裁员
（3）the provisions hereof：the provisions of this Law 本法规定
（4）be selected or appointed：选定或指定
参考译文：
仲裁员因回避或者其它原因不能履行职责的，应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。
例5
In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.
注释：
（1）conflict：相抵触
（2）prior to the effective date of this Law：本法施行前
（3）the provisions hereof shall prevail：以本法为准 hereof：of this Law
参考译文：
本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的，以本法为准。
例6
Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s) specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.
Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint. Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.
The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.
注释：
（1）the organization with compensatory obligations：赔偿义务机关
（2）shall pay compensation：应当给予赔偿
（3）the claimant for compensation：赔偿请求人
（4）Article 15 and Article 16 hereof：本法第十五条、第十六条 hereof：of this Law
（5）shall have the right to lodge a complaint：有权申诉
（6）claims compensation：要求赔偿
（7）apply to/ in：适用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here. /That argument does not apply in this case. /That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about. /These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom. /The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.
参考译文：
赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之一的，应当给予赔偿。
赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的，被要求的机关不予确认的，赔偿请求人有权申诉。赔偿请求人要求赔偿，应当先向赔偿义务机关提出。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。
例7
If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility. The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.
注释：
（1）arbitrator：仲裁员
（2）Article 58 hereof：本法第五十八条 hereof：of this Law
（3）bear the legal liability and responsibility：承担法律责任
（4）the arbitration commission：仲裁委员会
（5）remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators：将其除名
参考译文：
仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形，情节严重的，或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的，应当依法承担法律责任，仲裁委员会应当将其除名。
例8
If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.
注释：
（1）the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals：履行审批职责的有关主管部门
（2）meets the requirements and provisions hereof：符合本法条件
（3）the company registration authorities：负责公司登记的主管部门
（4）the requirements hereof：本法条件 hereof: of this Law
（5）apply for reconsideration：申请复议
（6）bring an administrative suit：提起行政诉讼
参考译文：
依照本法，履行审批职责的有关主管部门，对符合本法条件的申请不予批准，或负责公司登记的主管部门不予登记，当事人可以依法申请复议或者提起行政诉讼。
例9
This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.
注释：
（1）the crimes committed：犯罪行为
（2）against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof：犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定hereof: of this Decision
参考译文：
有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的，适用本决定。
例10
Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.
Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof. Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.
注释：
（1）companies registered：已登记成立的公司
（2）the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”：《有限责任公司规范意见》
（3）the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”：《股份有限公司规范意见》
（4）the relevant responsible department of the State Council国务院有关主管部门
（5）in separate regulations issued by the State Council：由国务院另行规定
参考译文：
本法施行前已登记成立的公司，应依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规和国务院有关主管部门制定的《有限责任公司规范意见》，和《股份有限公司规范意见》，继续保留。其中不完全具备本法规定的条件的，应当在规定的期限内达到本法规定的条件。具体实施办法，由国务院另行规定。
例11
Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.
注释：
（1）unfair competition：不正当竞争
（2）business operators：经营者
（3）contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定 the provisions hereof：本法规定 hereof：of this Law
（4）the lawful rights and interests：合法权益
（5）disturbing the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序
参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。

英文释义: to this
中文译词:至此，在此上。
用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”时，使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”，可以说“the Parties hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Contract”；表示“本协议附件4”，可用“Appendix 4 hereto”，这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。
语法：一般置于要修饰的名词的后面，与之紧邻。
hereto和thereto的区别：同前面所言hereof和thereof的区别类似，hereto强调的是“to this”。

例1
All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto. Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied. The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto. The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.
注释：
（1） the performance of this Contract：履行本合同
（2） through amicable negotiations：友好协商
（3） the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Contract本合同双方
（4） shall then be submitted for arbitration：提交进行仲裁
（5） the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing：中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京）
（6） the arbitration rules of this Commission：其仲裁规则
（7） the award of the arbitration：仲裁裁决
（8） unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission：仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外
参考译文：
对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议，本合同双方应友好协商解决，如协商无法解决争议，则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会（北京），依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的，对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担，但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。

例2
“Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.
注释：
（1） patented technology：专利技术
（2） patent：专利
（3） application for the patent：专利申请
（4） may have the right to control：可能有权控制的
（5） permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world：在世界任何国家许可转让
（6） Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto：本合同双方规定的本合同产品 hereto: to this Contract
参考译文：
“专利技术”，系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的，或乙方有权或可能有权控制的，或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的，适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。

例3
“Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities. Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.
注释：
（1） technical documents：技术资料
（2） the data and the information：资料
（3） engineering：工程
（4） manufacturing：制造
（5） original information：原始资料
（6） blueprint：蓝本
（7） design sheets：设计图表
（8） material specifications：材料规格
（9） photostats：影印资料
（10） general data：一般资料
（11） design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities：与制造设备、工具和装置有关的设计及其说明书
参考译文：
“技术资料”系指列于附件1与制造和维修合同产品有关的工程、制造及原始资料，包括与制造设备、工具和装置有关的图纸、蓝本、设计图表、材料规格、照片、影印资料和一般资料、设计及其说明书等，但上述资料仅限于乙方拥有的资料和甲方用于本合同业务活动的资料。

例4
If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question. The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.
注释：
（1） audit the accounts of Party A：查核甲方的帐目
（2） Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract：本合同第3.4款
（3） the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts：其具体的查帐内容和程序
（4） Appendix 4 hereto：本合同附件4 hereto：to this Contract
参考译文：
乙方如需查核甲方的帐目时，应在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款规定开出的书面通知后10天之内通知甲方，其具体的查帐内容和程序详见本合同附件4。

例5
The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.
The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question. The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design (whether patented or un-patented) without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.
注释：
（1） either Party hereto：本协议各方 （不译成“one Party hereto）。
（2） improvement, modification, further invention or design：改进、修正、更新本发明或设计
（3） discover, make or develop：开发
（4） manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof：生产及装配许可证产品或部件
（5） file application for Letter Patent：申请专利
（6） take other necessary legal steps to protect the same：其它必要的法律保护程序 the same: Letter Patent
（7） any patent arising therefrom：由此产生的专利
（8） consistent with this agreement：与本协议不相矛盾
参考译文：
本协议各方同意，一方对于有关生产及装配许可证产品或部件所做的改进、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部通知另一方。开发改进的一方可以自负费用并以自身名义申请专利或采取其它必要的法律保护程序，由此产生的专利将属于该方所有。在本协议的有效期内，另一方可以与本协议不相矛盾的方式无偿使用和销售利用改进、修正、更新本发明或设计（无论其是否取得专利权）生产的产品。

例6
The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products. The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto (hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).
注释：
（1） certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products：有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务
（2） the technical assistance agreement：技术服务协议
（3） Appendix 2 hereto：本协议附件2 hereto：to this Agreement
参考译文：
本协议双方同意Y将向FCAM提供有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务，FCAM和Y将订立技术服务协议并作为本协议附件2（以下称作“技术服务协议”）。

例7
The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.
注释：
（1） to the maximum extent practicably possible：尽实际可能最大限度地
（2） data on management and financial information：管理和财务信息材料
（3） prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books：建好会计和财务帐目
（4） available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto：以备本协议各方的检查或审计 either Party hereto：either Party to this Agreement本协议双方 inspection：检查 audit：审计
参考译文：
本协议双方同意保证FCAM将尽实际可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式样，用于FCAM向协议各方提供管理和财务信息材料；并且FCAM应建好会计和财务帐目以备协议双方的检查或审计。

例8
The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question. Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.
注释：
（1） Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto：本协议双方授权的董事会 hereto：to this Agreement
（2） to administrate or manage FCAM：管理FCAM administrate：行政管理 manage：业务管理
（3） the overall business management plan of the company：公司整体经营计划
（4） monitor the execution of the plan in question：监督该计划的执行
（5） review and approval：审阅和批准
参考译文：
本协议双方同意授权管理FCAM的董事会对公司整体经营计划的报批和监督执行负责。该经营计划需要提交协议双方审阅和批准。

例9
The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.
注释：
（1） specialized machinery and equipment：特定机器设备 equipment：（单数形式）设备
（2） determined through mutual consultation：协商决定
（3） the effective utilization of the technical know-how：有效使用技术诀窍
（4） terms and conditions：条件
（5） (such…) as：作关系代词，意为which, that
参考译文：
本协议双方同意并将使FCAM同意Y将向FCAM出售，FCAM从Y购买经过Y和FCAM协商决定的特定机器设备，以保证根据技术服务协议由Y向FCAM提供的技术诀窍得到有效使用，并以协议双方同意的价格和条件成交。

例10
The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.
注释：
（1） the termination of this Contract：本合同期满
（2） outstanding claims and liabilities：未了债务
（3） debtor：债务人
（4） creditor：债权人
参考译文：
本合同期满时，双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响，债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务

herein :in this  

英文释义:in this

中文译词:此中，于此
用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同（中）的……，本法（中）的……”等时，使用该词。如表示“本法（中）所称的不正当竞争”，可译为“unfair competition mentioned herein”，此处herein表示“in this Law”；表示“本协议（中）内容”，译为“the Contents herein”，此处herein表示“in this Agreement”。
语法：置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词.

例1
Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.
Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services (hereafter called Goods including services).
注释：
（1） unfair competition：不正当竞争
（2） mentioned in this Law：本法所称
（3） refer to：是指
（4） contravene the provisions hereof：违反本法规定
（5） damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators：损害其他经营者的合法权益
（6） disturb the socio-economic order：扰乱社会经济秩序
（7） business operators mentioned herein：本法所称的经营者 herein：in this Law
（8） engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services：从事商品经营或营利性服务engage in：从事，be engaged in：忙于
参考译文：
本法所称的不正当竞争，是指经营者违反本法规定，损害其他经营者的合法权益，扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。
本法所称的经营者，是指从事商品经营或营利性服务（以下所称商品包括服务）的法人、其他经济组织和个人。

例2
This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.
Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.
注释：
（1） this Law is hereby formulated and prepared：兹制定本法
（2） maintain the foreign trade order：维护对外贸易秩序
（3） promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy：促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展
（4） foreign trade mentioned herein：本法所称对外贸易 herein：in this Law
（5） the international trade in services：国际服务贸易
参考译文：
为了发展对外贸易，维护对外贸易秩序，促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展，兹制定本法。本法所称对外贸易，是指货物进出口、技术进出口和国际服务贸易。

例3
The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.
注释：
（1） mentioned herein：mentioned in this Law 本法所称
（2） limited liability company：有限责任公司
（3） company limited by shares：股份有限公司
（4） within the territory of China：在中国境内
参考译文：
本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公司。

例4
Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated. Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.
注释：
（1） illegal gains：违法所得
（2） shall be confiscated：应当予以没收
（3） the provisions herein：the provisions in this Decision 本决定规定
（4） illegal gains to be confiscated：被没收违法所得
（5） a fine imposed on：判处罚金
（6） property forfeited：没收财产
（7） a civil compensation assumed by：承担民事赔偿责任
参考译文：
犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的，应当予以没收。
犯本决定规定之罪，被没收违法所得、判处罚金、没收财产、承担民事责任的，其财产不足以支付时，先承担民事赔偿责任。

例5
The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000) provided by International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) unless otherwise specified herein (in this Contract).
注释：
（1） （1）“FOB”（free on board）(…Named port of shipment)：船上交货（…<指定装运港>）
（2） （2）“CFR”（Cost and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本加运费（…<指定目的港>）
（3） （3）“CIF”（Cost, Insurance and Freight）(…Named port of destination)：成本、保险费加运费（……<指定目的港>）
（4） （4）the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms” (INCOTERMS, 2000)：《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》
参考译文：
除非本合同另有规定，“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则（INCOTERMS）2000》办理。

例6
Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof (including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause) fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.
注释：
（1） unless otherwise expressly provided for herein：除非另有明确表示 herein：in this Agreement
（2） dispute：争议
（3） controversy：纠纷
（4） difference：歧意
（5） the Parties hereto：the Parties to this Agreement本协议双方
（6） any breach or default of the provisions hereof：任何违约及过失
（7） including but not limited to：包括，但不限于
（8） the validity of the Arbitration Clause：仲裁条款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁条款
参考译文：
除非另有明确表示，则由于执行本协议所引发或与本协议有关的协议双方的所有争议、纠纷或歧意，以及任何违约及过失（包括，但不限于有关本协议存续的争议，仲裁条款有效性的争议），如不能以友好协商的方式解决，则提交仲裁。

例7
The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.
注释：
（1） the Agent：correspondent bank 代理行
（2） pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein：按照本合同规定的条件herein：in this Contract
（3） on the Disbursement Date：在付款日
（4） credit the funds received：贷记入所收资金
（5） the Borrower：借款人
参考译文：
代理行应按照本合同规定的条件，在付款日将所收资金贷记入借款人根据2.2款指定的帐户。

例8
All the rights provided for herein (in this Contract) shall be cumulative and shall not be exclusive of any other rights, powers, privileges or remedies provided for by laws.
注释：
（1） cumulative：累加的
（2） shall not be exclusive of：并不排除
（3） privilege：特权
（4） remedy：补救方法
（5） provided for by laws：法律规定的
参考译文：
本合同规定的各项权利是累加的，并不排除法律规定的其它权利、权力、特权或补救方法。

例9
Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made by the Parties to this Agreement, the Parties hereto agree the contents herein as follows:
注释：
（1） Now Therefore：据此
（2） the consideration：对价。对价是对一项允诺（promise）的回报。例如，甲方允诺向乙方提供若干数量的货物，乙方同意付给甲方一定数目的货款，该货款便构成甲方允诺的对价。在经过要约（offer）与承诺（acceptance）的基础上，只有那些拥有对价的允诺才被认作合同，得到法律的保护和执行。
（3） the contents herein：本协议内容 herein：in this Agreement
参考译文：
据此，以本协议双方相互承诺为对价，就下述内容达成一致：

例10
The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the obligations of making all payments. All the reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and exempt from all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes. The Borrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxes as provided for herein.
注释：
（1） the obligations of making all payments：支付义务
（2） reimbursement：偿付
（3） be free and clear of any other charges：不附带其它费用
（4） exempt from all taxes：是免税的
（5） pay all taxes as provided for herein：承担全部本协议规定的税务 herein：in this Agreement
参考译文：
借款人应按照本协议和票据完成所有支付义务。向银行的偿付应是不附带其它费用并且是免税的，而且银行所收到的偿付款项不含任何税务。借款人应按本协议承担全部本协议规定的税务。