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有效识别高考英语阅读理解干扰项的“七大原则” 1．包含项原则 在答案选项分析中，假如对A)选项的理解概括了对其它三项 (或其中某一项)的理、解，那么我们就说选项A) 与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A)往往就是正确答案。如在“花”与“玫瑰”两选项中，正确答案肯定是“花”，花包含了玫瑰, 因为玫瑰肯定是花，但花并不一定是玫瑰。 Living
in a residence hall （学生宿舍）carries certain obligation.（义务） You
have to be considerate of others,especially during study hours. Telephone calls
and visits by friends should beshort. You have to cooperate in keeping the room
as sanitary（卫生） as possible. It is sometimes
hard to be tolerant（容忍的） of another person’s habits that may differ from your own. 24.What
must you learn to be tolerant of if you live in a dormitory? A)
Your roommate’s telephone calls B)
Habits that may differ from your own C)
Visits by your roommate's friends D)
Roommates who are unsanitary 【原文题意】:住学生宿舍要受一些约束。你必须要考虑他人习惯，特别是在学习的时间。打电话及接待朋友来访的时间尽量要短。你还得齐心协力与室友尽可能保持好寝室卫生。有时候你是很难容忍别人不同的生活习惯。） 『个案解析』：从四个选项分析中我们可以看出，选项B)“与你不同的生活习惯”其实就包含并概括了其他三选项，即A)室友的电话、C)室友的朋友来访、D)室友不爱卫生，这些都是你不能接受的生活习惯。如果我们可以选A)、C)、D)任一选项，那么B)也可以选，但正确答案只有一个，所以我们只能选B)。 再如: Q: The three examples are cited
to show that______. A. Quit
smoking is necessary B. Healthy
habitsbenefit our health C. Fruits
and vegetables are better than milk D. We
should drink more water everyday. 『个案解析』： 答案为B。 显而易见，B为包含项，概括了A、C、D三项，即 “quit
smoking, have more fruits and vegetables anddrink more water”都是“Healthy habits”。 Q:In the
building of the rail lines, ______. A.
more equipment made in B.
more imported equipment should be used C.
more exported equipment should be used D.
more equipment used in infrastructure（基础） projects
should be used 『个案解析』： 正确答案为A。选项A命题（应该使用更多的国产设备）包含了选项C命题（应该使用更多的出口设备），因为出口设备本身就意味着它是国产设备。 包含项原则预示：选项中内容全面、概况性强的，往往是正确答案。 2．正反项原则 所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。根据形式逻辑排中律知识：两个相互矛盾的判断不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以在阅读理解中，假如四选项中A)、B)互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C)、D)项，正确答案一般在A)、B)项当中取其一。 They
feel they are poor listeners when they think about something else while the
other is talking or when they are tired, or not interested in what she orhe is
talking about. Most people listen only with their ears. According
to the passage, listening only with ears may happen to us when____ A) we
are emotionally tired B) we
are physically disabled C) we
are so interested in the topic D) we
are asked many questions 【原文意】:当他们心不在焉, 感到厌倦, 或对他/她谈论的话题不感兴趣的时候，他们就会觉得自己不是一个好的听众了。他们大多数人仅仅是用耳朵而非用心去听。 『个案解析』：四个选项中，A）与C）陈述互相矛盾, 互为正反项。我们什么时候不会用心去听? A）我们情绪厌倦的时候，C）我们对话题很感兴趣的时候。显然这两个选项是矛盾正反判断，只有一个而且必有一个是真，所以我们可以先排除B）、D）选项，然后再结合我们下文将要提及的常识项原则，可以把答案确定为A）。 再看一例： The
main problem is that our neighbor worlds appear to be unsuitable for advanced
life forms. The moon may be the case first, it has hardly any atmosphere. Venus
is little better, but the surface's temperature is veryhigh. Mars with
thin atmosphere and little water cannot support the living necessity of the
animals. Q:There
is unlikely any life on Venus because______. A．it has very thin atmosphere B．the surface temperature is too hot C．the weather is too cold D．it is extremely short of water 『个案解析』：B项（表面温度太热）与C项（气候太寒冷）语义相反互为正反项。根据正反项原则，可以排除A、D项，然后在B、C项中选其一，这样，考生至少可以在不看原文的前提下把答案的命中率从25%提高到50％。其实，此题为细节题，根据原文第三句，我们可以把答案确定为B。 正反项原则预示: 陈述内容或基调完全相反的两选项往往有一个是正确答案。 3．委婉项原则 所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may,
usually,might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not
necessary,although, yet, in addition，tend
to，be liable to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, the most,all,
every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly，already等等。 Q:
According to the first two paragraphs, ____. A).the
use of water is a completely new concept B)
the sea has already long been used as a way of power C)
water is a source of energy far more economical than any other energies D)
water, if properly handled, may present a promising solution to energycrisis. 『个案解析』：很明显，根据委婉原则，正确答案应该为D, 其他三项都含有过于肯定语气的词，如：completely, has already, far
morethan any other。而选项D比较委婉，if分词短语使说话留有余地，情态动词may使语气相对平缓. 再如： 56.The
opinion of the writer is that____. A. there may
be other intelligent beings in the universe B. there
are other intelligent beings in the universe C. people
living on the earth are almost certainly the only intelligent beings
in the universe D. people
living on the earth are definitely the only intelligent beings in the
universe 『个案解析』： 答案为A。根据委婉项原则，我们先可以把含有绝对语气词almost，certainly， definitely，the only的C、D项先排除，对比A、B项，我们会发现A项与B项所表达意思相近，但A项含有推测情态词may，使得它所表述的语气比B项更委婉，所以答案应该为A项。 24.Which
of the following is true according to the passage? A.
Working hard is a basic requirement of all employees. B.
Good writing skills alone help you succeed in any field C.
The only qualification for getting hired by a company is good
communicationskills D.
While the importance of one’s
ability to communicate increases, hisprofessional background may become
increasingly less important. 『个案解析』： 答案：D。选项A（工作努力是对所有员工最起码的要求）；选项B（单凭好的写作技能可使你在任何领域取得成功）、C（被聘任上的唯一条件就是要有良好的表达技能）都过于绝对化；选项D（当交流表达能力重要性上升时，专业技术背景的重要性就可能会相应降低）中“may”表推测的情态动词使语气较为平缓，所以有可能是正确答案。 4．同形项原则 几个选项如存在形式与结构上的相似，那它们就互为同形项。同形项组可喻为高尔夫球场上的“果岭”，而正确答案就是果岭上的“球洞”。命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考察考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项一般存在有正确答案。 The
development of rapid transit rail lines in cities should parallellocal
economic development and blind construction of such lines should beavoided…It stressed that the amount of domestically
made equipment used in such infrastructure projects needs to be increased. 16.The
rapid-transit rail lines should ______. A.
develop as quickly as possible B.
develop with local economic development C.
develop after local economic development D.
develop with the construction industry 『个案解析』：答案为B。经语言形式与结构分析，我们不难发现B、C选项形式与结构相似（仅with与after一词之差）为同形项，所以可先试着排除A、D。再结合常识（常识项原则/下文）：高速路轨的建设应该与地方经济互相促进、同步发展，可最终确定答案为B。 检验：根据原文中的“parallel”（与…平行）可以确定上述分析结果正确。 5．常识项原则 在议论文当中，那些符合一般常识，意义深刻富有哲理，符合一般规律，属于普遍现象的选项往往是正确答案。 Trees
are useful to man in three import ways: they provide him with wood andother
products; they give him shade; and they help to prevent droughts andfloods.
Unfortunately, in many parts of the world, man has not realized thatthe third
of these services is the most important. Q:What is
the most important service of trees to man according to the passage? A. They
help him make money B. They
give him wood and other products C. They
help him prevent droughts and floods D. They
give him shade 『个案解析』：答案为C，这是常识项。植树造林是我国的一大国策，目的在于防止洪涝、风沙、旱灾，这是我国公民的普遍常识，所以C为正确答案：树木可以帮助人类阻挡洪涝与旱灾。相对于其它三项，C项意义更加深远。 其实，根据“Unfortunately(语义转折标志)，in
many parts of the world, manhas not realized that the third of these services
is the most important，”我们也可以得出C项为正确答案。 再如： If
Mrs. Abby dies after he has paid premiums for one or two years only,
theinsurance company will lose heavily. But if she lives to the age of
seventyor beyond, the insurance company will make a profit. Q:According
to the passage, the insurance company will make great profits. A. If
the premium（保险费）is increased so the company can
earn moremoney each year. B. If
nobody above seventy buys insurance against death. C. If
most insurancebuyers live longer than the average length of life. D. If
most insurance buyers live shorter than theaverage length of life. 『个案解析』：答案为C，这也是常识项。众所周知，保险公司之所以能盈利，那是因为被保险的对象平安无事，所以，人活得越长，他交的保险额就越多，保险公司利润就越高，所以C为正确答案：如果投保人比普通人活得更长。 注意：人的平均年龄往往是保险公司设置保率的基准。另外，此题根据“But （语义转折标志）if she lives to the age ofseventy or beyond,
the insurance company will make a profit.”也可以推断出答案为C。 6．集合项原则 四个选项中，如果有一项是其它两项或三项的集合，那么此集合项往往就是正确答案。 其表现形式为：A and B; A, B and C; Both A and B;
all of the aboveitems。 The
Antarctic is a continent almost as large as Europe and Q:Antarctic
is bordered (与…接壤) by the ____. A
) C)
Indian Ocean. D) All of theabove 『个案解析』：D项为集合项，覆盖了A/B/C三项内容，是正确答案。根据最后一句“南极被大西洋、太平洋和印度洋活水域所环绕，”答案就应该是D项。再如： In
his eagerness to make money from trees, he has cut them down in
largenumbers, only to find that without them he has lost the best friends he
had.And besides, he is usually toocareless to plant and look after new
trees. So the forests slowly disappear. 47.Why do
forests in many parts of the world slowly disappear? A.
New trees are not looked after properly . B.
Many trees have been cut down by man C.
Man has not paid enough attentionto planting trees . D. All
of the above 『个案解析』：答案为D，因为它是集合项，它集合了A、B、C三选项内容。此题属细节事实题型，根据题干与选项的关键词我们可以直接在原文中定位到正确答案就是D。 7．因果项原则 阅读理解逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题型的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位（止于前因），或者推理过头（止于后果），这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则规定：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是这两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可以产生几个结果，那么答案就是因项；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果项。 No
one should be forced to wear a uniform. Uniforms are totally unnecessary ina
democratic society. Uniform tell the world that the person who wears one has no
value as an individual, that is, the individual in a uniform loses self-worth.
There are those who say that wearing a uniform gives a sense of identification
with a more important concept. But in fact, the individual himself is the most
important, if an organization is so weak that it must relyon the uniform to
inspire it members, that organization has not right to continue its existence.
On the other hand, uniforms also hurt the economy. Q:The
author’s main purpose in writing this
paragraph is to______. A.
show that uniform are possible in a democraticsociety B.
advocate stronger governmental controls on the wearing of uniforms C.
convince the reader that uniforms have more disadvantages than advantages D.
advocate doing away with uniforms 『个案解析』：答案为C，综合分析四个选项，我们会发现C与B、D项互为因果项，也就是说，因为C：制服的弊大于利，所以B：呼吁政府采取措施控制穿制服，或D呼吁废除制服。根据因果项原则，一个原因对应了两个结果，答案应该选原因项C。本题是主旨题，根据原文，本段主要是列出制服的弊端，说明制服弊大于利。B、D项为干扰项，属于推理过头。 |
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