27 | Why is the BEPS Project only considering the “arm’s length principle” for dealing with transfer pricing issues? Aren’t other approaches like “formulary apportionment” more appropriate? In most cases, particularly in contexts where two countries with broadly similar tax systems are involved, the arm’s length principle effectively and efficiently allocates the income of multinationals among taxing jurisdictions. Problems start arising, however, when third countries, with no or very low tax rates, are interposed, particularly in cases involving transfers of intangibles, allocations of risks, and capital, and other high-risk transactions. In completing the transfer pricing work required by the end of 2015, consideration will be given to both the application of the arm’s length principle and special measures in order to identify effective responses to the concerns raised in the BEPS Action Plan. Work on those special transfer pricing measures is ongoing and will be co-ordinated with other BEPS work on the deductibility of interest, the permanent establishment definition, CFC rules, digital economy issues, and work on dispute resolution. Conversely, the adoption of alternative transfer pricing methods like formulary apportionment would require development of an international consensus on a number of key issues (which countries do not believe to be attainable in the short or medium term) and could also raise systemic problems which could result in even more damaging problems for countries’ revenues. Accordingly, it is believed that it will be most productive to focus on directly addressing the specific issues arising under the current arm’s length system. | 为什么BEPS项目在处理转让定价问题时仅考虑独立交易原则？公式分配法等其他方法是否更合适？ 在多数情况下，特别是当两个国家税制大体相似时，运用独立交易原则能够有效地将跨国企业的收入在不同税收管辖权间进行划分。但当存在零税率或者低税率的第三国，特别是涉及无形资产、风险和资本以及其他高风险交易时，独立交易原则就难以解决这些问题。为在2015年底前完成转让定价相关工作，OECD正在考虑采用独立交易原则和其他特别措施，对BEPS行动计划中的上述问题作出有效回应。其他特别措施的研究正在进行，并将与诸如利息扣除、常设机构定义、受控外国公司规则、数字经济以及争端解决等其他BEPS工作协调推进。 如果采用公式分配法等替代转让定价方法，则需要在许多关键问题上形成国际共识（中短期内，这种共识难以达成），并可能产生对国家税收收入造成更多不利影响的系统性问题。因此，在独立交易原则的基础上，重点解决转让定价中出现的具体问题将更为有效。 |
28 | What issues does the work on Action 8 cover and what is the expected impact? The work on the transfer pricing aspects of intangibles has resulted in revisions to the Transfer Pricing Guidelines. These revisions clarify among other things the definition of intangibles, provide guidance on identifying transactions involving intangibles, and provide supplemental guidance for determining arm’s length conditions for transactions involving intangibles. The guidance, in conjunction with further work to be completed in 2015, will ensure that profits associated with the transfer and use of intangibles are allocated in accordance with value creation, and will hinder BEPS structures based on the nominal allocation of intangibles to a low tax environment. | 《无形资产转让定价指引》涵盖哪些问题？这些问题有何影响？ 根据《无形资产转让定价指引》的成果，OECD将会修订《转让定价指南》，包括无形资产的定义、如何识别涉及无形资产的交易，以及无形资产的交易条件是否符合独立交易原则等。这些成果，连同拟于2015年底前完成的其他行动计划成果，将会确保无形资产交易和使用所产生的利润与价值创造相匹配，并防止通过在避税地配置无形资产造成税基侵蚀和利润转移。 |
29 | Does the new guidance address the issues related to corporate synergies and location savings? Yes, it does. The guidance ascertains that the benefits from corporate synergies are allocated to the group members that have contributed to these synergetic benefits and makes sure that these benefits cannot be isolated and allocated to an entity in a low tax environment. The guidance on locational advantages secures that it is clearly ascertained whether such benefits exist and if so, leads to an allocation of these advantages in a way that reflects the market circumstances that exist in the specific situation. | 新指引是否能解决公司协同效应和地域特殊优势问题？ 是的。新指引要求将公司协同效应产生的利益分配给集团中为此作出贡献的成员，并确保这些利益不会被分配给位于避税地的实体。同时，指引强调：要明确是否存在地域特殊优势，如果存在，利益分配方法应当反映地域特殊优势。 |
30 | Why are certain sections bracketed? Guidance has also been developed in relation to the ownership of intangibles, intangibles whose valuation is uncertain at the time of the transaction, and the application of profit splits and other methods. However, a decision has been made not to finalise the work on this draft guidance due to the strong interactions with the work to be finalised by 2015, in particular in relation to the transfer pricing aspects of risk allocation and of re-characterisation of transactions. These issues, which constitute the core of BEPS concerns in the area of transfer pricing will, therefore, be addressed in an integrated manner to provide effective, coherent and consistent solutions. This will involve considering both the application of the arm’s length principle and of special measures in order to identify effective responses to the BEPS concerns. For further information, please read the Guidance on Transfer Pricing Aspects of Intangibles. | 为何该报告部分章节有括号标注？ 目前，关于无形资产的所有权、交易时价值无法确定的无形资产以及利润分割和其他方法的指引已经形成。但由于这些指引与2015年完成的其他工作，特别是转让定价风险分配和交易重新定性等内容有很强的关联性，因此我们对该指引暂以草案形式发布。这些问题是BEPS转让定价的核心，需要加以整合，得出有效、协调和统一的解决方法。该指引还需考虑应用独立交易原则和其他特别措施，以确保有效应对税基侵蚀和利润转移现象。 如需获得更多信息，请阅读《无形资产转让定价指引》，网址为： www.oecd.org/tax/beps-2014-deliverables.htm. |
