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close nose hose suppose pause those whose (se) 16) [ ] think thank three thirty tooth mouth 17) [ ] that this those these though 18) [ ] sheep shoulder ship shoe [s] [ ] sink think mass math miss myth sort sought [z] [ ] close cloth breeze breathe she brush wash (sh) nation attention station social special sure 19) [ ] pleasure 20) [h] hot hop home house horse how who 21) [w] when what where window wind wood 22) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow 23) lunch ouch teach ([ ] child chicken 字母组合china chchair ） catch tch) watch match （字母组合 24) vegetable stage bridge [ ] age language cabbage joy enjoy join July June junk 25) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk 26) drink [dr] dry dream drop drive 27) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts 28) hoods [dz] goods woods moods 4 容易混淆的辅音 [v] [w] vest well west vet wet vine wine very [n] [ ] thin bang win wing thing sin sing ran rang ban 5 字母，组合音节发音规律 1 ）a [ei] [?] [ ] [a:] [ ] late nation station page private grade bake grape active hand bank fan parent family glad flag accept machine cinema about above formative fast last glass class past father wash what watch want 2 ）e [i:] [e] [i] [ ] 不发音 appreciate extremely secret she me he letter left message generate pebble decide restore pretty previous result problem confident prosperous student active table late wife store lecture 3 ）i [ai] [i] high size line price library ice cream wife fist pick chicken piano fiancéunit city 4 ）o [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] lode host cold note okay old home lose do who whose prove love some other mother honey company today tomorrow together control 11）y [j] [i] [ai] yellow year yell young yolk university country pretty happy dyke dying fly buy by my collect lost hot mock office soft honest 5 ）u [ju] [u] [ ] [ ] university huge refuse unique universe put push pull full bull but brush bucket duck bubble support suggest 6 ）c [k] [s] country cable camp camera courage city ceiling celebrate cell cease 7 ）g [g] [ ] [ ] girl grade glass glade bag flag village vegetable bridge gentleman gym long song sing morning evening 8) l [l] 读音不同 listen English gorilla learn language collect world animal cold soil tall sell cool 9) n [n] [ ] moon night noodle number uncle hungry angry young 10) r [r] [ ]( 美语发音) right read write grade progress card board door floor form north 12 ）ar [a:] [ ] [ ] farm card garden mark dollar warm quarrel quarter 13) ea [i:] [e] [ei] [ ] cease please season breathe feature meat bread weather breast breath meadow great break idea realize 14) ear [ ] [ ] learn earth earn heard hear near clear ear fear 15) er [ ] [ ] [ ] deserve serve her person teacher driver anger singer serious fierce experience mysterious 16 ） ere [ ] [ ] here mere fere sere there 17) ir [ ] [ai] shirt girl skirt admire desire 18) oo [u:] [u] [ ] [ ] room tool cool moon noon goof food good foot stood wood wool cook propulsion tension progression passion wood book blood flood door floor 19) or [ ] [ ] [ ] short form corn born for work world worm word worst tractor senator doctor actor sector senior 20) oor [ ] [ ] door floor moor poor boor 21) our [ ] [ ] hour tour flour bourn lour pour court four mourn 22) ou [au] [ ] [ ] house mouth mouse sound found enough trouble touch delicious gracious prosperous 23) ow [ ] [au] window meadow know show low now town how down cow 24) se [z] [s] nose suppose gose lose pose rose mouse house 25) th [W] [T] thank think thought cloth clothes that this then than 26) sion [ ] [ ] protrusion television provision conclusion 27) tion [ ] [ ]( 不常见) station nation translation attention question 6 关于语音的几个概念: 音素48 个音素: 音的最小单位. ,英语中有音节单位: 由元音和辅音构成的发音 . 元音气流不受阻碍: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中成部分音气流受到阻碍: 发音不响亮.英语中有,是音节的主要组,是噪音20个元音. 辅组成部分 ,英语中有,不是音节的重要,口腔中28个 辅音 . 开音节音: 1)take home plane shine e kite 辅音cake +元音name +辅音bike +make 不发 2)tree three hello 辅音+元音 he hi go no do be 闭音节bed bad bag hot hop let mad map : 1)辅音+元音+辅音 sit head 2)ant 元音+辅音 it is of in on up out clothes that this then than 26) sion [ ] [ ] propulsion passion tension progression protrusion television provision conclusion 27) tion [ ] [ ]( 不常见) station nation translation attention question 6 关于语音的几个概念: 音素48: 个音素音的最小单位. ,英语中有音节单位: 由元音和辅音构成的发音 . 元音气流不受阻碍: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中成部分音.英语中有,是音节的主要组20个元音. 辅气流受到阻碍: 发音不响亮,是噪音,组成部分 ,英语中有,不是音节的重要口腔中28个 辅音 . 开音节音: 1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发take home plane shine e kite cake name bike make 2)tree three hello 辅音+元音 he hi go no do be 闭音节bed bad bag hot hop let mad map : 1)辅音+元音+辅音 sit head 2)ant 元音+辅音 it is of in on up out 音标的发音规则 3 1 元音: 1) [i:] 字母组合:ee ea e ie three see seek(ee) tree green sheep meet beef eat team mean speak clean please(ea) tea meat leave lead teacher he she me(e) piece receive ceiling (ie,ei) 2) [i] 发音字母 i y e sit picture it is list six mix fix fit pig big build miss myth dictionary many twenty happy defect decide delicious 3) 发音字母 a bag mad bad black back glad flag shall hand and ant happy hat map man 4) [e] 字母组合 ea e a head bread pleasure elephant shell yes lesson electric better remember bed desk hotel sell many any 5) [ε:] 字母组合ir ur ear er or girl bird shirt skirt thirty thirteen third turn Thursday burger burn murder nurse turtle learn earn earth heard term her nerd serve work worm work world 6) [ε] u 字母组合 er or ou ar o a e teacher speaker farmer powder leader remember player doctor actor mayor author tractor delicious gracious pleasure familiar collar today control polite around account ago shallop dollar together lesson Washington tomorrow elephant Japan china men listen manta banana Canada famulus Saturday 7) [a:] 字母组合 ar a car farm card arm garden fast class last glass plant aunt calm 8) [ ] 发音字母 u o ou oo up supper lunch fun gun hunt cup bus come mother dose brother love woman wolf 13) [ei] 发音字母 a ay ea ai ey name cake late gate plane April play say may way great break rain paint plain above trouble rough flourish blood flood 9) [ ] 字母组合 al or au our ar aw small walk wall talk tall hall ball call short sport door floor store more lord horse for forty author caught autumn four mourn court bought warm quarrel quarter draw saw flaw 10) [ ] 发音字母 o a hot lost collar not lot fox box mop hop loss want wash 11) [u:] 字母组合 oo o u food doom goose tooth moon room gloom broom shoe do two true truth blue full 12) [u] 字母组合 oo ou u look good foot book should could put full bull pull push they grey 14) [ai] 发音字母 i y bike high fine find die nine light night my try fly eye 15) [au] 字母组合 ou ow house count sound loud around mouse out flour ground account flower down now cow how town 16) [εu] 发音字母 o ow oa home cold go no phone host ghost know low below grow blow show flow boat coat goal 17) [ ] 字母组合oy oi boy toy joy oil soil voice choice 18) [iε] 字母组合 eer beer deer ear idea near here fierce 19) [ ] 字母组合ear air pear where bear chair air fair care there 20) shower [uε] hour tour poor flower [ei] [UE] [ai] [aU] [EU] [Ri] [i[] [Z[] 2 容易混淆的元音 [ ] [e] bad bed hand head man men land lend pan pen sad said [i：] [ei] real rail greet great mean main 8) [n] pen ten nine fine night noon moon clean 9) [N] uncle bank English think thank junk sing king morning evening 10) [l] long land lend lord fly flag read raid [e] [ai] bet hide bite red write said side head [aU] [ ] house horse loud lord south sauce cloud clause now nor count corn [aU] [ ] found fond down done gown gone town ton 3 辅音 1) [p] pen pear play pig pour pull push 2) break [b] book big boot bike bread 3) [t] tree two ten ton town twenty city 4) [d] door dull desk dose do dog dictionary 5) book kitchen sky ([k] king kite key look 发音字母k) cook card cat cream correct climb come account accept ( 发音字母c) fox x) box oxygen x-ray (发音字母 school 合 ch) schedule schema (字母组6) long language [g] girl good goal goat grade 7) move come comb [m] man make moon morning black world cold could goal soul 11) write [r] read red right run room 12) roof knife life wife [f] five fly fine flag frog （字母f）fog cough laugh rough （字母gh） physic photo phone (ph) 13) voice vest( [v] very 字母evening v) even every of ( 字母f) 14) kiss miss case scarf ([s] six sit student 发音字母same seat s) license celebrate (city cease cedar ceiling 发音字母c) licence space ace (piece juice science lance 字母组合ce) 15) [z] zoo zebra zero zap (z) close those whose (se) nose hose suppose pause 16) tooth mouth [ ] think thank three thirty 17) [ ] that this those these though 18) she brush wash (sh) [ ] sheep shoulder ship shoe nation attention station social special sure 19) [ ] pleasure 20) [h] hot hop home house horse how who 21) [w] when what where window wind wood 22) [j] yes year yell you your yolk yellow 23) [ ] child chicken china chair late private grade bake grape nation station page active hand bank fan parent family glad flag accept about above formative machine cinema fast last glass class past father lunch ouch teach ( 字母组合ch） catch tch) watch match （字母组合 24) vegetable stage bridge [ ] age language cabbage joy enjoy join July June junk 25) [tr] tree country try treat track trunk 26) drink [dr] dry dream drop drive 27) [ts] students boots boats goats nuts 28) hoods [dz] goods woods moods 4 容易混淆的辅音 [v] [w] vest well west vet wet vine wine very [s] [ ] sink sort sought think mass math miss myth [z] [ ] close cloth breeze breathe [n] [ ] thin bang win wing thing sin sing ran rang ban 5 字母，组合音节发音规律 1 ）a [ei] [?] [ ] [a:] [ ] wash what watch want 2 ）e [i:] [e] [i] [ ] 不发音 appreciate extremely secret she me he letter left message generate pebble decide restore pretty previous result problem confident prosperous student active table late wife store lecture 3 ）i [ai] [i] high size line price library ice cream wife fist pick chicken piano fiancéunit city 4 ）o [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] lode host cold note okay old home lose do who whose prove love company some other mother honey today collect tomorrow together control lost hot mock office soft honest 5 ）u [ju] [u] [ ] [ ] university huge refuse unique universe put push pull full bull but brush bucket duck bubble support suggest 6）c [k] [s] country camp camera courage please bread breast breath meadow weather great break cable city ceiling celebrate cell cease 7 ）g [g] [ ] [ ] girl grade glass glade bag flag village vegetable bridge gentleman gym long song sing morning evening 8) l [l] 读音不同 listen English gorilla learn language collect world animal cold soil tall sell cool 9) n [n] [ ] moon night noodle number uncle hungry angry young 10) r [r] [ ]( 美语发音) right read write grade progress card board door floor form north 11 ）y [j] [i] [ai] yellow year yell young yolk university country pretty happy dyke dying fly buy by my 12 ）ar [a:] [ ] [ ] farm card garden mark dollar warm quarrel quarter 13) ea [i:] [e] [ei] [ ] cease season breathe feature meat idea realize 14) ear [ ] [ ] learn earth earn heard hear near clear ear fear 15) er [ ] [ ] [ ] deserve serve her person teacher driver anger singer serious fierce experience mysterious 16 ） ere [ ] [ ] here mere fere sere there 17) ir [ ] [ai] shirt girl skirt admire desire 18) oo [u:] [u] [ ] [ ] room food tool cool moon noon goof good wood book foot stood wood wool cook blood flood door floor 19) or [ ] [ ] [ ] short form corn born for work world worm word worst tractor senator doctor actor sector senior 20) oor [ ] [ ] door floor moor poor boor 21) our [ ] [ ] hour tour flour bourn lour pour court four mourn 22) ou [au] [ ] [ ] house mouth mouse sound found enough trouble touch delicious gracious prosperous 23) ow [ ] [au] window meadow know show low now town how down cow 24) se [z] [s] nose suppose gose lose pose rose mouse house 25) th [W] [T] thank think thought cloth clothes that this then than 26) sion [ ] [ ] propulsion tension progression passion protrusion provision conclusion television 27) tion [ ] [ ](不常见) station nation translation attention question 6关于语音的几个概念: 音素: 音的最小单位,英语中有48个音素. 音节: 由元音和辅音构成的发音单位. 元音: 发音响亮,是乐音,口腔中气流不受阻碍,是音节的主要组成部分.英语中有20个元音. 辅音: 发音不响亮,是噪音,口腔中气流受到阻碍,不是音节的重要组成部分,英语中有28个 辅音. 开音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音+不发音e kite cake name bike make take home plane shine 2)辅音+元音 he hi go no do be tree three hello 闭音节: 1)辅音+元音+辅音 sit bed bad bag hot hop let mad map head 2)元音+辅音 it is of in on up out ant 48个国际音标---20个元音音标；24个辅音音标 March 23rd, 2008 英语国际音标共48个，其中20个元音音标，24个辅音音标 1、元音音标分单元音和双元音： （1）单元音12个，分为长元音（5个）和短元音（7个） 长元音 [i:] [??] [??] [??] [??] 短元音 [? ] [? ] [? ] [? ] [?] [?] [?] （2）双元音8个 [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] [??] 2、辅音音标24个 （1）清浊成对的辅音8组，共16个（发声时喉咙声带振动为浊辅音，不振动为清辅音） 清辅音 [?] [?] [?] [? ] [?] [?] [?] [??] （[??] [??]） 浊辅音 [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [?] [??] （[??] [??]） （2）其他辅音音标 3个鼻音 [?] [?] [?] 3个似拼音 [?] [?] [?] 2个半元音 [?] [?] 小测验：写出5个元音字母及其音标： 小测验：请根据老师的读音写出26个字母的音标。 4个包含[??]： 9个包含[i:]： 7个包含[?]： 1个包含[??]： 单词重音的一般规律 “有轻有重”是英语单词的特点。英语的词重音如同汉语的四声，是单词不可分割的一部分，是学好语调的基础，而且一些词的重音还有区分词性、词义的作用。因此我们记单词时要记住其重音位置。 词的重音与次重音 首先看什么是音节？一个音节由一个元音音标和一个辅音音标组成，如：comedy是___个音节，music是___个音节；单独的一个元音音标也可以构成一个音节，如I, about //） 重音：单音节词单独读时都重读，而不必标注重音符号；两个或两个以上的音节才有重音。两个音节重音符号一般标注在第一个音节前。 次重音：在部分含有两个音节的单词和含有3个或3个以上音节的多音节单词中，有时除了有主重音还有次重音，次重音表示读该音节时要弱于重音节而强于其他音节，如：?Chi?nese, ?thir?teenth 英语单词重音没有一成不变的规则，我们这里总结的只是一般性规律，便于大家更快学习和掌握重音。 1、双音节词的重音多数在第一个音节上。如: ′birthday, ′someone, ′very 2、多音节词的重音多数在倒数第三个音节上。如：′interesting, ′February，docu′mentary，但也有例外，如：Sep′tember, suc′cessful 练一练：请把下列单词标注上正确的音标。 August movie favorite piano sing 2个包含[??]： 1个包含[??]： 3个包含[??]： January October twentieth second speak ________________________________________________________________________________________ 连续与爆破音 在英语的学习过程中，一定要注意英语发音的连读和爆破音现象，掌握了它了规律，对我们在发音和英语听力方面都会有很大的帮助。 那么，什么是连读呢？ 在连贯地说话或朗读时,在同一个意群(即短语或从句)中,如果相邻的两个词前者以辅音音素结尾,后者以元音音素开头,就要自然地将辅音和元音相拼,构成一个音节,这就是连读。连读时的音节一般不重读,只需顺其自然地一带而过,不可以加音,也不可以读得太重。如:not at all这个短语。连读时听起来就像是一个单词。注意:连读只发生在句子中的同一个意群中。在两个意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音和元音出现,也不可连读。如:Please take a look at it.这个句子中take a look at it是同一个意群,那么take与a可连读,look与at可连读,at与it可连读。在There is a book in it.一句中book与in往往不连读,因为book与in分别在两个不同的意群中。 连读中有一个是元音结尾与元音开头这属于加音节情况 如果你注意美国人说话，你会发现，要从你听到的一连串声音里面挑出某个词来近乎是不可能的。因为他们在说话的时候，词汇常常整个地连贯在一起。比如说，本来一个单词一个单词地拼读，我们发现词汇里面没有r的发音，或者没有某个音节的发音，但是在整个句子连贯说出来的时候，这样的现象就产生了，尤其是两个元音相邻的时候。除了r是最常用的连续音节以外，w和j常常用来接两个元音。 例如：area(r)of literature drama(r)and music the idea(r)of it law(r)and order 打不出音标的字体所以用（）代表所加的音节 连读的条件：相邻的两词在意义上必须密切相关，同属一个意群。连读所构成的音节一般都不重读，只需顺其自然地一带而过，不可读得太重，也不可音。(连读符号：~) (1)“辅音+元音”型连读 在同一个意群里，如果相邻两词中的前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这就要将辅音与元音拼起来连读。 I’m~an~English boy. It~is~an~old book. Let me have~a look~at~it. Ms Black worked in~an~office last~yesterday. I called~you half~an~hour~ago. Put~it~on, please. Not~at~all. Please pick~it~up. (2)“r/re+元音”型连读 如果前一个词是以-r或者-re结尾，后一个词是以元音开头，这时的r或re不但要发/r/，而且还要与后面的元音拼起来连读。 They’re my father~and mother. I looked for~it here~and there. There~is a football under~it. There~are some books on the desk. Here~is a letter for you. Here~are four~eggs. But where~is my cup? Where~are your brother~and sister? 但是，如果一个音节的前后都有字母r，即使后面的词以元音开头，也不能连读。 The black clouds are coming nearer and nearer.（nearer与and不可连读） (3)“辅音+半元音”型连读 英语语音中的 /j/和/w/是半元音，如果前一个词是以辅音结尾，后一个词是以半元音，特别是/j/开头，此时也要连读。 Thank~you. Nice to meet~you. Did~you get there late~again? Would~you like~a cup~of tea？ Could~you help me, please? “音的同化” —常把/d/+/j/读成/dV/，did you听上成了/dIdVu/，would you成了/wudVu/，could you成了/kudVu/。 (4)“元音+元音”型连读如果前一个词以元音结尾，后一个词以元音开头，这两个音往往也要自然而不间断地连读到一起。 I~am Chinese. He~is very friendly to me. She wants to study~English. How~and why did you come here? She can’t carry~it. It’ll take you three~hours to walk there. The question is too~easy for him to answer. (5)当短语或从句之间按意群进行停顿时，意群与意群之间即使有两个相邻的辅音与元音出现，也不可连读。 Is~it a~hat or a cat?（hat与or之间不可以连读） There~is~a good book in my desk. （book与in之间不可以连读） Can you speak~English or French? （English与or之间不可以连读） Shall we meet at~eight or ten tomorrow morning? （meet与 at，eight与or之间不可以连读） She opened the door and walked~in. （door与and之间不可以连读） 爆破音是指发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,然后气流冲破阻碍而发出的音。这些音有6个,即/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/和/g/。但在某些情况下,发爆破音时,气流不必冲破阻碍,而只是发音器官在口腔中形成阻碍,并稍做停顿,(也就是说,做好要发出这个爆破音的准备,但不要发出音来),这样的发音过程叫作"不完全爆破"。 6个爆破音有3对/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/ 失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况下，只须做出发音的准备，但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。 (1)“爆破音+爆破音” 型 6个爆破音【t、d、k、g、p、b】中的任意2个相临时，前一个爆破音会失去爆破，即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破音。 The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now. The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people. Wha(t) time does he get up every morning? This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car. The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too. We’re going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday. What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee? It’s a very col(d) day, but it’s a goo(d) day. You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden. I bought a chea(p) book, but it’s a goo(d) book. (2)“爆破音+摩擦音”型如果前面是爆破音，其后紧跟着某些摩擦音（如/f/，/s/，/W/，/T/等），那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破，而后面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。 6个爆破音有3对/p/，/b/，/t/，/d/，/k/，/g/失去爆破，又叫不完全爆破，就是在某些情况下，只须做出发音的准备，但并不发音，稍稍停顿后就发后面的音。 (1)“爆破音+爆破音”型6个爆破音中的任意2个相临时，前一个爆破音会失去爆破，即由相关的发音器官做好这个发音的姿势，稍做停顿后即发后面的爆破音。 The girl in the re(d) coat was on a bla(ck) bike jus(t) now. The bi(g) bus from the fa(c) tory is full of people. Wha(t) time does he get up every morning? This is an ol(d) pi(c)ture of a bi(g) car. The ol(d) do(c)tor has a ca(t), too. We’re going to work on a farm nex(t) Tuesday. What would you like, ho(t) tea or bla(ck) coffee? It’s a very col(d) day, but it’s a goo(d) day. You can put i(t) down in the bi(g) garden. I bought a chea(p) book, but it’s a goo(d) book. (2)“爆破音+摩擦音”型如果前面是爆破音，其后紧跟着某些摩擦音（如/f/，/s/，/W/，/T/等），那么前面那个爆破音仅有十分轻微的爆破，而后面那个摩擦音则要完全爆破。 Goo(d) morning, Mr. Bell. Goo(d) morning, dear. Uncle Li’s fa(c)tory is qui(te) near to the cinema. I wen(t) there alone a(t) nine las(t) night. -Do you know his bi(ke) number? -Sorry, I don’(t) know. The forty-firs(t) lesson is qui(te) difficult 爆破音+m/n，爆破音也会失爆！ /p/， /t/， /k/开头的音节发 /b/， /d/， /g/ 在背诵新东方80篇，总结出来的一点东西： 1. 音标中无重读音节的，要轻轻的读，不要读出有高低调的声音！不要老爱把音节读成渐高调，感觉有点歇斯底里，很难听的！ 2. 重音且长音要尽量拖长，发音要饱满，但是[i:]除外，这个音节只需轻轻带过！ ee、啊：、呃：读起来让人听着这个音节很明显。 3. 短音的i有时候不发音，只起到一个连接的作用； 英语音标发音规则 -清辅音的浊化 初步了解清辅音的浊化现象． 1、清辅音浊化只是一种发音现象，不是规则，地道英语教学者都反对专门制定一个规则来说明这个问题。 2、总的发音规则只有一条：按照字典里的注音读，要怎么变化就按地道英语的习惯。 3、s 后面的清辅音被浊化，只是清辅音浊化的一小部分，很多时候不用加 s 也可能被浊化。 如water, happy, meeting, walking等等，地道英语一般将这些单词中间那个清辅音发成对应的浊辅音了，才象英语。 4、S后面的清辅音浊化现象可以这样归纳：清辅音跟着一个元音，前面又有一个 s ，无论是在单词的最前面还是中间，只要是在重读音节或次重读音节里，一般都读成对应浊辅音，如stand, strike, speak, sky 等等，值得一提的是strike，要变成“dr”所发的那个音 (如dream中的“dr”所发的音)。 其实谁也没有规定要这样读，如果你拿着这个问题问老外，他们大多都答不出来，只是这些相关的单词中的清辅音读着读着自然就会变成浊辅音了。 这种组合如果后面没有元音，就不存在浊化的问题。如grasp，test，desk等，仍发清辅音。 也有例外的，不要说它不符合规则，因为本来就没有规则，硬要定规则的话就行不通。比如student，stupid，如果按那个所谓规则去读成 [sd…]，就不好听了，操地道英语的人就会知道问“你是从中国来的吧”。这里的字母“t”一般被习惯发成jeep中 “j”所发的那个音才地道。 英语中的连读，同化，失音，浊化，弱读现象 我们都有过这样沮丧的经验，很容易听懂中国人说的英语，但是同样的对话一到英美人的嘴里，便觉得很难跟上，有时甚至是不知所云。这主要是因为我们说的英语通常单词之间很清晰，词与词之间有明显的pause, 但是英美人的口语会有很多音变，这些音变使得我们很熟悉的单词的发音变得陌生，难懂，给我们的听力造成了很大的困难，因此了解并使用各音变规则会帮助我们提高听力，使我们的发音更加地道。 音变主要有 连读、失音、弱化、浊化、同化、重音、缩读等形式。这些形式的产生可以归结为一个原则，即 “Economy” —“经济”原则 或称为“省力”原则。“省力”这两个简单的字眼可以解释几乎所有的音变现象，人是很懒的,对于最经常的行为——说话，当然要想许多省事的法子，于是也就产生了多种为省力而衍变的音变现象。牢记省力原则，在我们读英语的时候，让自己的唇舌处于放松的状态，轻松的去读英语，我想发音的感觉一定会有所不同。 言归正题, 以下列出给听力造成很大障碍的五种音变现象及其读音规则，以及最后一项关于节奏的小文章，希望能有所帮助！ 一、 连读 连读有两种规则，分别为： 1、 以辅音结尾的单词+元音开头的单词：要连读 如：I’d li(ke a)nother bow(l o)f rice. 这里like / laik / 以辅音结尾，another 以元音开头，所以连读 注意： 以辅音结尾 指的是音标中的最后一个音是辅音，而不是单词的结尾，这如同u[ju:.]niversity前面的定冠词必须用a 一样。 2、以辅音结尾的单词 + h开头的单词h不发音，与前面的辅音 what wil(l he) [wili]do? Ha(s he) done it before? Mus(t he) [ti] go? Can he do it? Should he?.? Tell him to ask her?. Lea(ve him) [vim]. For him (连读这个词，会发现和forum 很相似) 我第一次知道这一连读规则时，兴奋不已，很容易的听懂了许多以前觉得很难以理解的句子， 并且按照这种连读方式发音省力、轻松了许多。再次证实”Economy”。 二、 音的同化 音的同化也是一种连读的现象，两个词之间非常平滑的过渡，导致一个音受临音影响而变化。主要是以下三种方式： 1、 辅音[d]与[j]相邻时，被同化为[dэ]：Would you....? 2、 辅音[t]与[j]相邻时，被同化为[t∫]： Can’t you:。。。。？ 3、 辅音[s]与[j]相邻时, 被同化为[∫]： Miss you 三、 失音 由于失去爆破是失音的一种现象，摩擦音也会被失去，所以统称为失音。 注意： 爆破音并不是完全失去，仍然形成阻碍，把气流堵在里面，但不爆破，直接发出相邻的辅音。 规则： 1、 辅音爆破音或摩擦音后面跟的是爆破音、破擦音和摩擦等，前面的辅音要失去爆破。 这样的例子有很多很多， 红色标注的辅音不发音： Sit down: 发音再次的老师都不会发出 [t] 音 Contact lens: Big cake Dad told me Huge change Good night 四、 浊化 1、[S] 后面的清辅音要浊化 Discussion： [k] 浊化成 [g] Stand： [t] 浊化成[d] Expression： [p]浊化成 2、美音中：[t] 在单词的中间被浊化成[d] 如： writer， 听起来和 rider 的发音几乎没有区别 letter—ladder out of 美国人和加拿大人发音为了省事，习惯清音浊化，尤其是[t]在单词的中间一定会浊化成 [d]， 但英国人发音不会这样，这也是英音和美音的一大区别。 了解这一浊化原则，会给听力带来一些帮助。 五、 弱读 一般来说： 实词重读，如动词、名词、副词等； 虚词弱读，如介词、代词等 弱读的规则一般是：元音音节弱化成 [E] 或 比如说如下几个单词：for/to/some/does/of 查字典会发现这些词都至少有两种读音，如for: 重读时[fR:] , 弱读时 [fE] 六、 节奏 对于英语的节奏，我也把握不好，而且还为此郁闷不已。在我认为，中国人说普通化，一个 句子的标准节奏和语调往往只有一个，我想英语也应该是这样，但是怎么样才是标准语调呢？特意为这个问题问过英语老师，不同的外国人说同一个陈述句会有不同得语调吗？她告诉我是的。不过在看了下面这段话之后，我想她可能误我了。:) 比如语调的升降、词语的重音、句子在何处停顿。 音标教学具体做法如下： 2、集中教音标把48个音标分为元音和辅音两大类。元音分为单元音和双元音，辅音又分为清辅音和浊辅音四种情况。 2、巧记音标把12个单元音分作6对；把8个双元音分为3小组；清浊辅音10对；另记一个清辅音；再记7个浊辅音： 3、自制音标表和音标卡片音标卡片方便课堂教学，音标表贴于教室前墙，以便学生常见常记。 4、将某些因素与汉语拼音作比较让学生仔细观察，认真模仿，反复操练。对于某些不易发准确的音标，进行讲解和示范。学生一旦摸清了每个音标的发音部位和方法，便感到豁然开朗，兴趣大增。 5、发音方法教元音时强调舌位和口形，口腔内不足方寸之地要发出20个元音，舌位稍有变化就会便成另一个音。在英语教学中，让学生仔细体会舌位的变化，充分利用舌头高、低、伸、缩时在口腔中的不同定位，发好单元音。利用舌头在发音过程中的移动发好双元音，要求发双元音时要掌握三要素：先重后轻、先长后短、先清楚后模糊。在教辅音时，告诫学生区分清辅音和浊辅音的关键在于声带震动与否。有意识地让学生把手放到喉部，再感觉发浊辅音时产生的声带的颤振现象。“磨刀不误砍柴工”虽然提前教音标花去了一定的教学时间，但却起到事半功倍的效果。 |
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