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2015 肺亚实性结节影像处理专家共识(四)

 昵称30235298 2016-01-17


  三、GGN的良恶性鉴别

  结节的大小:随着体积的增大,GGN的恶性或浸润性概率增加;<1cm的pGGN,大多数为非浸润性病变;但是大小对GGN的定性诊断价值有限,需密切结合形态及密度的改变。

  形态:大多数恶性GGN整体形态为圆形,类圆形,不规则形、多角形或出现扁平平直的边缘常常提示良性可能性大。但恶性亚实性结节与恶性实性结节相比,出现不规则形态的比例更高。

  边缘及瘤-肺界面:恶性GGN多呈分叶状,或有棘状突起征象;良性GGN多数无分叶,边缘可有尖角,纤维条索等。恶性GGN多边缘清楚但不整齐,炎性GGN多边缘模糊,良性非炎性类GGN多边缘清楚整齐甚至光整。恶性病变瘤-肺界面清晰、毛糙甚至有毛刺。由于表现为GGN得到病变即使是恶性其浸润性与实性结节相比也比较小,所以毛刺的出现率相对较低。

  内部密度特征:GGN密度均匀提示良性;;密度较高,密度不均匀提示恶性可能性大;但也有报道微浸润腺癌(minimally invasive adenocarcinoma,MIA)或浸润性腺癌可表现为pGGN;持续存在的GGN大多数是恶性的,或有向恶性发展的潜能。GGN的平均CT值对诊断有重要参考价值,密度较高恶性概率大,密度低恶性概率降低,当然需结合大小及其形态变化综合判断。Eguchi等以病灶11mm和CT值-680HU为阈值判断病灶恶性的敏感度和特异度分别为91.7%和71.4%。

  内部结构特征:pGGN恶性概率低,mGGN恶性概率高;GGN内部空泡征、结节征、支气管充气征等征象的出现提示恶性概率大。如果小支气管被包埋且伴局部管壁增厚,或包埋的支气管管腔不规则,则恶性可能性大。

  瘤周结构:胸膜凹陷征及血管集束征的出现提示恶性可能,周围出现纤维条索、胸膜增厚等征象提示良性。

  关于增强:对于所有pGGN,一般不需要做CT增强扫描,原因是测量的CT值不准确,很难确定其血供情况。但mGGN、病灶与肺血管关系密切或怀疑淋巴结转移时可以行胸部CT增强扫描。恶性mGGN中的实性成分与实性结节的强化规律相似,GGN中磨玻璃部分强化后同样会密度升高,部分可见结节状或网格状强化,借助MPR可观察结节与血管的关系;良性病变多不影响邻近血管,可见血管从病灶边缘绕过或平滑自然地穿过病灶;恶性肿瘤病灶周围的血管向病灶聚集或病灶内肿瘤血管异常增多,恶性病变中的血管边缘常常不规则或结节状。

  PET的定性价值:以往多以SUV>2.5作为判断良恶性的阈值。由于pGGN的摄取很低或无摄取;mGGN大多数呈低摄取(随着实性成分比例增加,摄取值会相应升高)。另外,SUVmax受到患者状态、药物衰减、机器矫正等多种因素的影响,本身就不稳定。因此,对亚实性结节,PET-CT定性价值有限,更多的用途是进行肿瘤淋巴结转移(tumor node metastases,TNM)分期。GGN,尤其是含实性成分较少的GGN,如果SUVmax相对较高,往往提示为炎性病变。

  病灶随访的定性价值:不确定结节可以通过随访观察帮助定性,随访中注意对结节的直径、体积、内部实性成分及结节的质量进行量化分析。尤其要注意和保证每一次检查的扫描方案、扫描条件、图像显示、重组方法、测量方法等保持前后一致,同时建议在软阅读的条件下观察。随访观察的内容包括GGN大小、形态、边缘、内部结构、密度变化等。有以下变化提示恶性GGN:(1)GGN增大;(2)稳定并密度增高;(3)稳定或增大,并出现实性成分;(4)缩小但病灶内实性成分增大;(5)结节具备其他形态学的恶性征象。有以下变化提示良性GGN:(1)病灶形态短期内变化明显,无分叶或出现极深度分叶,边缘变光整或变模糊;(2)密度均匀,密度变淡;(3)随访中病灶缩小(密度没有增高)或消失;(4)随访中病灶迅速变大(倍增时间<15d);(5)病灶长期稳定,但实性结节2年无变化提示良性并不适用于GGN,因处于原位腺癌(adenocarcinoma in situ,AIS)和MIA阶段的GGN可以长期稳定,所以这里的长期需要更长的时间,但究竟多长时间稳定提示良性,还需要进一步更加深入的研究。

  总之,GGN病变的正确诊断和鉴别要依赖于详细观察各种影像表现并加以综合分析才能做出,不能依赖单一征象;对于不典型病例,还需要随访观察甚至有创检查才能确定。(未完待续)


  延伸阅读图文资料 →→

  [ Recommendations for the management of subsolid pulmonarynodules detected at CT :a statement from the fleischner society ] Radiology:Volume 266: Number 1—January 2013 n radiology.rsna.org


  图1:肺外周5mm亚实性结节(白箭)的厚薄层扫描对比。A.5mm层厚CT扫描,显示的左上肺结节显然像一个pGGN. B,C,同一层面以原始卷积获取的1mm层厚CT影像(B)以及软组织窗(C)显示该结节实际上为一实性结节,很可能是一个钙化的肉芽肿。

  Figure 1:Use of thick versus thin sections for accurate characterization of a 5-mmsubsolid nodule (arrow) in lung periphery. A, CT scan obtained with 5-mm-thicksections through left upper lobe shows a small apparently pure GGN in lungperiphery. B, C, CT scans obtained with 1-mm-thick sections at same level reconstructedfrom original volume acquisition images with lung (B) and soft-tissue (C)windows show that nodule is actually a solid lesion, likely a calcifiedgranuloma.


  图2: 1mm层厚CT扫描连续追踪对确定病灶发生不易觉察的增大的价值。A.右上叶扫描放大图像显示一不容易觉察的pGGN(箭). B,20个月后精确的同解剖层面的随访CT薄层扫描,借邻近的血管的影像,很容易比较出病灶的变化,确认pGGN发生了增大.手术证实病灶为IA期贴壁生长的浸润腺癌。

  Figure 2: Value of contiguous 1-mm-thick CT scans forestablishing subtle interval growth. A, Magnified section through right upperlobe shows a subtle pure GGN (arrow). B, Follow-up scan obtained 20 months laterallows comparison at precisely the same anatomic level, which is easilyconfirmed by comparison of adjacent vessels. In this case, a subtle increase inlesion size (arrow) is definitively established. Follow-up resection documentedstage IA lepidic invasive adenocarcinoma.



  图3.初始短期随访对良性GGNs的价值.A,B,右上肺 5mm厚靶重建(A)及1mm厚(B)显示一局灶磨玻璃病灶(图A之上箭),病灶内可见少许扩张的末梢气道。这种征象强烈提示周围型腺癌。图A之下箭标示的是正常肺组织。C,D,3个月后同一解剖层面之 5mm层厚(C)及1mm层厚(D)CT扫描显示病灶几乎完全吸收,表明病灶很可能是局灶性非特异性炎症。图C箭头所指为一个在随访期间新出现的隐约可见的局灶磨玻璃密度影,再次表明符合非特异性炎症改变。

  Figure 3: Value of initial short-term follow-up of benignGGNs. A, B, Target reconstructed 5-mm-thick (A) and 1-mm-thick (B) sections through rightupper lobe show a focal groundglass lesion (upper arrow in A), within which a few dilated peripheal airways can be identified. This appearance is strongly suggestive of a peripheraladenocarcinoma. Lower arrow in A points to normal lung. C, D, CT scans obtained with 5-mm-thick (C)and 1-mm-thick (D) sections 3 months later at same level as A and B show near-completedisappearance of lesion, likely representing focal nonspecific inflammation. Arrows in C indicatesubtle new foci of ground-glas attenuation appearing in the interval, again consistentwith nonspecific inflammation.


  图4:初始短期随访对恶性GGNs的价值。连续随访6个月(A,首见病灶;B,3个月;C,6个月),右下肺同一解剖层面的1mm薄层CT显示病灶快速从原来的纯GGN(图A白箭所示)转变为明显的部分实性病灶(图B和C白箭所示),最后病理证实为粘液性腺癌。

  Figure 4: Value of initial short-term follow-up ofmalignant GGNs. Consecutive 1-mm-thick sections through right lower lobesection obtained at same anatomic level over a 6-month period (A, baseline; B, 3months; C, 6 months) show rapid transformation of initial pure GGN (arrow in A)to a predominantly part-solid lesion (arrow in B and C), which subsequentlyproved to be mucinous adencarcinoma.


  图5:部分实性结节-实性部分<5mm。 A-C,右上肺1mm层厚连续扫描显示一周围小病灶,其中可见含小量实性成分(5mm)。1mm层厚连续扫描可以把真性实性成分与途经血管区分开来。因为病灶表现疑似MIA,进行了2年的持续随访,病灶形态大小无改变。

  Figure 5: Part-solid nodules with solid component smallerthan 5 mm. A–C, Contiguous 1-mm-thick sections through right upperlobe show a small peripheral lesion (arrows) in which a small solid component (,5mm) can be identified. Contiguous 1-mm-thick sections allow confidentidentification of truly solid components distinct from crossing vessels.Because the appearance was consistent with that of possible MIA, this lesionwas conservatively followed up without change in form over 2 years.


  图6:<5mm的多发GGNs 。A-D, 1mm层厚CT扫描显示多个散在的GGNs(白箭s),均<5mm。然任何一个这些病灶进展为浸润性腺癌的可能性都小于实性病灶,故推荐保守治疗,至第二年和第四年进行CT复查。

  Figure 6: Multiple GGNs smaller than 5 mm. A–D, CT scans obtained with 1-mm-thick sections shownumerous scattered GGNs (arrows), all of which were smaller than 5 mm. Althoughthe likelihood of any one of these progressing to an invasive adenocarcinoma islikely no greater than that for a solitary lesion, conservative management isrecommended, with follow-up CT examinations at 2 and 4 years.


  图7:多发的>5mm的GGNs,无主灶。右上叶(A)和右下叶(B,C)1mm层厚CT扫描显示3个>5mm的分散的GGNs,大小几乎相近。无一病灶为主灶,推荐保守治疗并3个月后复查,以后每年CT随访。

  Figure 7: Multiple GGNs larger than 5 mm in theabsence of a dominant lesion. CT scans obtained with 1-mm-thick sectionsthrough right upper lobe (A) and lower lobes (B, C) show three separate GGNslarger than 5 mm (arrows), all of approximately the same size. In the absenceof a dominant lesion, conservative management with an initial follow-upexamination in 3 months followed by yearly CT examinations was recommended.


  图8:多发亚实性病灶,其中有一个主灶。A-D,某患者同一次的1mm层厚CT扫描显示两肺多处不同病灶。中叶病灶(A)明显大于其他病灶并较其他病灶复杂。随访并进行肺楔形切除,组织学检查诊断为IA期浸润性贴壁生长的腺癌。

  Figure 8: Multiple subsolid lesions with single dominant focus. A–D, CT scans obtained with 1-mm-thick sections at same timein same patient show a variety of lesions (arrows) in both lungs. Lesion inmiddle lobe (A) is clearlylarger and more complex than the others. Stage IA invasive lepidicadenocarcinoma was diagnosed at histologic examination of specimen fromfollow-up wedge resection.


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