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The art of calligraphy is widely
practiced and revered in the East Asian civilizations that use
Chinese characters. These include China, Japan, Korea, and formerly
Vietnam[1].In addition to being an artform in its own right,
calligraphy has also influenced ink and wash painting, which is
accomplished using similar tools and techniques. The East Asian
tradition of calligraphy originated and developed from China,
specifically the ink and brush writing of Chinese characters. There
is a general standardization of the various styles of calligraphy
in the East Asian tradition. Calligraphy has also led to the
development of many other forms of art in East Asia, including seal
carving, ornate paperweights, and inkstones. Tools The paper, ink, brush, and inkstone are essential implements of East Asian calligraphy: they are known together as the Four Treasures of the Study (T: 文房四宝 / S: 文房四宝) in China, and as the Four Friends of the Study (HG: ???? / HJ: 文房四友) in Korea. In addition to these four tools, desk pads and paperweights are also used by calligraphers. Paper Special types of paper are used in East Asian calligraphy. In China, Xuanzhi, traditionally made in Anhui province, is the preferred type of paper. It is made from the Tartar wingceltis (Pteroceltis tartarianovii), as well as other materials including rice, the paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera), bamboo, hemp, etc. In Japan, Washi is made from the kozo (paper mulberry), ganpi (Wikstroemia sikokiana), and mitsumata (Edgeworthia papyrifera), as well as other materials like bamboo, hemp, rice, and wheat. somtimes the brush is used to put ink on a pen Ink The ink is made from lampblack (soot) and binders, and comes in sticks which must be rubbed with water on an inkstone until the right consistency is achieved. Much cheaper, pre-mixed bottled inks are now available, but these are used primarily for practice as stick inks are considered higher quality and chemical inks are more prone to bleeding over time, making them less suitable for use in hanging scrolls. Learning to rub the ink is an essential part of calligraphy study. Traditionally, East Asian calligraphy is written only in black ink, but modern calligraphers sometimes use other colours. Calligraphy teachers use a bright orange ink with which they write practice characters for students and correct students' work. Brush The brush is the traditional writing implement in East Asian calligraphy. The body of the brush can be made from either bamboo, or rarer materials like red sandalwood, glass, ivory, silver, and gold. The head of the brush can be made from the hair (or feather) of a wide variety of animals, including the wolf, rabbit, deer, chicken, duck, goat, pig, tiger, etc. There is also a tradition in both China and Japan of making a brush using the hair of a newborn, as a once-in-a-lifetime souvenir for the child. This practice is associated with the legend of an ancient Chinese scholar who scored first in the Imperial examinations by using such a personalized brush. Today, calligraphy may also be done using a pen, but pen calligraphy does not enjoy the same prestige as traditional brush calligraphy. Inkstone A stone or ceramic inkstone is used to rub the solid ink stick into liquid ink and to contain the ink once it is liquid. Cheaper inkstones are made of plastic. Inkstones are often carved, so they are collectible works of art on their own. Paperweight Paperweights come in several types: some are oblong wooden blocks carved with calligraphic or pictorial designs; others are essentially small sculptures of people or animals. Like inkstones, paperweights are collectible works of art on their own right. Desk pad The desk pad (Chinese T: 画毡, S: 画毡, Pinyin: huàzhān; Japanese: 下敷 shitajiki) is a pad made of felt. Some are printed with grids on both sides, so that when it is placed under the translucent paper, it can be used as a guide to ensure correct placement and size of characters. These printed pads are used only by students. Both desk pads and the printed grids come in a variety of sizes. Seal Main article: Chinese seal Works of calligraphy are usually completed by the artist putting his or her seal at the very end, in red ink. The seal serves the function of a signature. Study The Chinese method of holding the brushHow the brush is held depends on which calligraphic genre is practiced. For Chinese calligraphy, the method of holding the brush is more special; the brush is held vertically straight gripped between the thumb and middle finger. The index finger lightly touches the upper part of the shaft of the brush (stabilizing it) while the ring and little fingers tuck under the bottom of the shaft. The palm is hollow and you should be able to hold an egg in there. This method, although difficult to hold correctly for the beginner, allows greater freedom of movement, control and execution of strokes. For Japanese calligraphy, the brush is held in the right hand between the thumb and the index finger, very much like a Western pen. A paperweight is placed at the top of all but the largest pages to prevent slipping; for smaller pieces the left hand is also placed at the bottom of the page for support. In China, there are many people who practice calligraphy in public places such as parks and sidewalks, using water as their ink and the ground as their paper. Very large brushes are required. Although such calligraphic works are temporary (as the water will eventually dry), they serve the dual purpose of both being an informal public display of one's work, and an opportunity to further practice one's calligraphy. In Japan, smaller pieces of Japanese calligraphy are traditionally written seated in the traditional Japanese way (seiza), on the knees with the buttocks resting on the heels. In modern times, however, practitioners frequently practice calligraphy seated on a chair at a table. Larger pieces may be written while standing; in this case the paper is usually placed directly on the floor, but some calligraphers use an easel. A man practicing calligraphy in Beihai Park, BeijingCalligraphy takes many years of dedicated practice. Correct stroke order, proper balance and rhythm of characters are essential in calligraphy. Skilled handling of the brush produces a pleasing balance of characters on the paper, thick and thin lines, and heavy and light inking. In most cases, a calligrapher will practice writing the Chinese character yong (永) many, many times in order to perfect the eight basic essential strokes contained within the character. Those who can correctly write the yong character beautifully can potentially write all characters with beauty. Basic calligraphy instruction is part of the regular school curriculum in both China and Japan. 中国书法艺术的特点（中英文） 1.中国书法是用动物或植物纤维等制成的圆锥形毛笔，按照中国书法的书写法则来书写汉字的线条艺术，在世界艺术中独一无二。西方许多艺术大师如毕加索、米卢、达芬奇等等都曾从中国书法里学习借鉴书法线条的表现方法。 Zhong Guo Shu Fa (Chinese Calligraphy), world unique art of strokes, is to write Chinese characters using a cone-shaped brush made from animal fur or plant fibre. Many great western artists like Picasso and da Vinci had also studied and referred to the expressive technique of calligraphic strokes from Zhong Guo Shu Fa. 2、中国书法艺术表现的汉字艺术有五种－－篆书、隶书、楷书、行书和草书。 汉字已有8000～10000年的历史。 There are five character fonts presented by Zhong Guo Shu Fa —— Zhuan Shu (seal character), Li Shu (official script), Kai Shu (regular script), Xing Shu (running script) and Cao Shu (cursive script). Chinese characters have a history of 8000 ~ 10000 years. 3、中国书法的线条可以体现书写人的个性特征、书写时的喜怒哀乐、平和与激动等心情，具有抽象和具象结合的艺术特点。 Strokes in Zhong Guo Shu Fa, which artistically combine abstract with representation, can reflect the hand-writer’s personality and as well show happiness, anger, sadness, cheerfulness, peace of mind and excitement at the time of performance. 中国书法用线条造型，书写具有象形特征的汉字，体现轻、重、缓、急、枯、湿、浓、淡、涩等艺术性。 Zhong Guo Shu Fa uses strokes to shape pictographic Chinese characters, in artistic styles such as gentle, heavy, slow, brisk, dry, damp, dense, light and rough. 4、学习和练习中国书法，具有提高脑神经和手指等的灵敏度，加强思想注意力，培养耐心和毅力，预防老年痴呆。并且具有练习中国气功的健身延寿的作用。所以，中国书画家普遍长寿。 Learning and practising Zhong Guo Shu Fa may help increase sensitivity in cranial nerve and fingers, promote concentration, cultivate patience and willpower and prevent senile dementia. One can enjoy prolonged life and promoted health through it —— the same benefit from practising Chinese Qigong. Therefore, Chinese painters and calligraphers are generally known for their longevity. 5、拿中国毛笔的方法一般是五指执笔法，笔杆要竖直。 Basically, one should use five fingers to hold a Chinese writing brush and keep the shaft upright. 6、好的书法艺术是书写人的文化艺术修养，高超的书法技巧和宣纸、毛笔、中国墨的完美结合。 Fine calligraphy is a perfect integration of hand-writer’s cultural and artistic accomplishment, excellent handwriting technique, rice paper, brush and Chinese ink. 7、中国书法必须通过长期的训练才能进入艺术的境界。 The artistic realm of Zhong Guo Shu Fa can only be achieved through continuous long-term practice. <='' div=''> |
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