英语语法基础知识入门教程

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老师走了进来，后面跟着一群学生。
7)目的状语
In order to catch up with the others，I must work harder．
为了赶上其他人，我必须更努力学习。
I went there to see a friend of mine．我去那里看我的一个朋友。
8)结果状语
He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately．他累极了，立刻就睡着了。
We arrived there only to find an empty room.
我们到了那儿只发现了一个空房间。
9)让步状语
She works very hard though she is old．
虽然她年纪大了，但她仍然十分努力工作。
No matter when you come，you are warmly welcomed．
不管你什么时候来，都欢迎。
10)程度状语
They were greatly moved to hear the hero’s story．
听了英语的故事，他们深受感动。
I quite agree with you．我完全同意你的意见。
11)比较状语
I am taller than he is．我比他高。
The more I speak English，the better I’ll be．我越多讲英语，就讲得越好。
句子成分练习
指出下列句中画线部分的词性及在句中的作用
1. Tonight we have something special for dinner．
2. a. Thank you for years of your valuable service
b. She keeps her jewels, money and other valuables in the bank
3. He is a very fine musician．
4. a. The farmer enjoys the beauty of the long stretch of his land.
b. My wool sweater stretched when I washed．
5. a. I had a sharp pain in my back．
b. The meeting starts at 3 o’clock sharp.
6. a. Sound travels at 1,000 feet per second．
b. Your idea sounds a good one.
c. Old as Mary is，she still enjoys sound health
7. a. Father booked three seats on a plane．
b. Tom bought the tickets at the booking office outside the cinema．
8. a. On his way home he bought some apples at fruit stand．
b. The injured driver can hardly stand the pain any longer
c .This book stands high in my opinion．
9. To construct a reservoir is an important government project
10. a. Lovely Christmas presents are placed on the floor around a tree．
b. When George left office, the director presented him with a silver teapot．
c. We learn from the past, experience the present, and hope for success in the future.
第二章 句子
第一节 简单句
简单句的五种基本句型
英语句子的主要特征是：是句子就必须含有主、谓。英语简单句有以下五种基本句型。
1．主语+系动词+表语(简称，主系表)
系动词+表语构成名词性合成谓语；可作表语的有名词、名词所有格、代词主格或宾格、名词性物主代词、指示代词、不定代词、形容词、副词、数词、介词短语、现在分词、过去分词、动名词、动词不定式和从句等。
She is a student．(名词)她是个学生。
He seems a clever boy．他似乎是个聪明的男孩。
She looks like her mother．(介词短语)她样子象她母亲。
The film is moving．(现在分词)这影片令人感动。
This shirt is not yours，but hers．(名词性物主代词)
这件衬衫不是你的，是她的。
2．主语+不及物动词（简称，主谓）
The sun rises．太阳升起来了。
He has just come．他刚来。
3．主语+及物动词+宾语（简称，主谓宾）
We love our motherland．我们热爱祖国。
she reads newspapers after supper．她晚饭后读报。
I like swimming．我喜欢游泳。
Li Ping wants to be a doctor．李平想当医生。
4．主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语（简称，主谓双宾）
直接宾语和间接宾语又叫双宾语。直接宾语指物，间接宾语指人。二者没有逻辑的主谓关系。要求跟双宾语的动词可分为两类：
(1）give，show，send，pass，hand，lend，post，serve，read，take，write，tell，teach．return，wish，allow，offer，promise，throw等。(sth. to sb.)
I lent her a novel．= I lent a novel to her. 我借给她一本小说。
Please show her your photos．= Please show your photos to her.
请把你的照片给她看看。
(2)buy，do, make，find，build, choose，cut，draw, earn，gather，paint，pick, prepare get，order，sing，spare等。(sth. for sb.)
Her mother bought her a red skirt．
= Her mother bought a red skirt for her．
她母亲给她买了一条红裙子。
Please do me a favor．= Please do a favor for me． 请帮个忙。
5．主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补(简称，主谓复合宾)
有些动词带一个宾语意思不完整，还需要一个宾语补足语进一步说明，意思才完整。宾语+宾语补足语构成复合宾语。宾语和宾语补足语之间有逻辑的主谓关系。双宾语之间则没有逻辑的主谓关系。
可作宾语补足语的词类有：名词、形容词、副词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词和介词短语。
常见的要求带宾补的动词有：make，elect，choose，call，name，leave，find, keep, think, set, let，see，show，ask，tell，invite，want，wish，advise，get，force，oblige，allow，permit，like，encourage，order，expect，prefer，hate，persuade等。
Her parents named her Mary．(名词)父母给她取名玛丽。
Do you find life hard here?(形容词)你感觉这儿的生活艰苦吗?
I’m so glad I found you in．(副词)我很高兴你在家。
I strongly advised him not to do so．(不定式)我竭力劝他不要这样做。
Suddenly I felt the atmosphere grow tense．
(不带to 的不定式)我突然感到气氛紧张起来。
I noticed him leaving the house．（-ing形式）我注意到他离开房子。
I was glad to see them so well treated．
（-ed形式）看到他们受到这样好的待遇，我很高兴。
另外，有些动词要求用it作形式宾语，名词或形容词作宾补，如：make，find，feel，think．
I feel it necessary to speak about my opinion．
(形容词)我觉得有必要谈谈我的意见。
思考题
1、什么叫双宾语？
2、什么叫复合宾语？
3、双宾语和复合宾语有什么区别？举例说明。
练习题：说出系列各句分别是哪种句型；如果含有宾补，请划出作宾补的词语。
1、The old man stopped to watch the children playing．
2、She is deeply moved．
3、What I want is this．
4、She is out．
5、Her job is looking after the children．
6、I hope that you can often write me letters．
7、Allow me a few minutes to read the magazine．
8、She offered an old man her seat．
9、She wrote a letter to me．（她写了封信给我。）
10、She wrote a letter for me．（她替我写了封信。）
11、How do you find the dish?
12、Please ask them upstairs．
13、Will you allow me to take this magazine home?
14、I’ve never seen you look so well before．
15、He kept you wait a long time．
16、They invited me to attend the party．
17、They made Smith the president of the University．
18、Doctors recognize Johnson as a leading authority．
19、His teacher advised him to take up the piano．
20、He gave me the facts in brief
第二节 并列句
并列句包括两个或两个以上并列而又相互独立的简单句。其结构为“简单句+连词+简单句”或中间由“；”连接。
1、表示延续、并列关系的连词有and(同，和)，so(所以，因此)，for, therefore(因为，所以)，not only…but(also)(不仅……而且)，neither…nor(既不……也不)等。如：
We help them and they help us．
我们帮助他们，他们帮助我们。
He has been working hard, so he has made much progress recently.
他一直努力工作，所以他近来取得了很大进步。
I think，therefore I exist．
我思故我在。
She not only writes her own plays, but she also acts in them．
她不仅自己编剧本，还饰演其中的角色。
He neither speaks English, nor understands it．
他既不会讲英语，也听不懂英语。
2、表示两者之间选择其一常用的有or(或者，否则)，otherwise(否则)，or else(否则)，either…or(不是……就是)。如：
Either he is to blame or I am．
不是他该受责，就是我该受责。
You must go to work or／or else／otherwise you’ll lose your job．
你得去上班了，要不然就要失去这份工作了。
3、表示转折关系的并列连词有but(但是)，yet(然而)，still(仍然)，however(然而)，while(而，可是另一方面)，whereas(而，反过来)等。
He is well over seventy, but he doesn’t look at all old．
他七十多岁，但看上去一点儿也不老。
She trained hard all year, yet she still failed to reach her best form.
她全年艰苦训练，然而仍未达到自己的最佳状态。
I drink black coffee while he prefers it with cream
我爱喝清咖啡而他喜欢加奶油的。
第三节 复合句
复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。从句包括名词性从句（主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句）、状语从句和定语从句。 如：
What he said is true. 他所说的是真的。（主语从句）
I didn’t hear what he had said. 我没听见他说的什么。（宾语从句）
The question is who will go there. 问题是谁愿意去那里。（表语从句）
I was about to leave，when the telephone rang．
我正准备离开，电话响了。（状语从句）
This is the book that I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的书。（定语从句）
名词性从句、状语从句和定语从句三大从句的具体用法下面我们要分别具体解释。
练习：判断下列句子是并列句还是复合句。
1. The wind blew hard; the snow fell heavily.
2. Use your head，and you’11 find the answer．
3. Do what you’ve been told，otherwise you will be punished．
4. Would you like a cup of coffee or shall we get down to business right away?

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5. He is strong，while his brother is weak．
6. He got up early，(and)yet he failed to catch the early bus．
7. He knew what he wanted，however，he didn’t know how to get it．
8. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear．
9. When we’ll have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet．
10. She is weak, while his son is strong．
11. Though he is old，(yet)he works very hard．
12. I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth．
13. I am sure that we can get there on time．
14. Do you know the man who is talking to Mr. Jack?
15. Where there is a will, there is a way.
16. Spring comes and trees turn green．
17. He doesn’t smoke，neither／nor does his brother．
18. I spoke so slowly that I could make myself understood.
第四节 名词性从句
一、 定义
首先，请同学们说出下列句各中划线词的词性及语法作用。
Mary is a teacher.
I like English.
结论：它们都是名词，在句中分别做主语、表语和宾语。即在英语中名词的主要作用是做主语、表语和宾语。
然后，我们一起分析下列各句中划线部分的语法作用。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论：它们分别做主语、宾语和表语。均起到了一个名词的作用。再者，划线部分本身就是一个句子，故在复合句中起名词作用的从句统称名词性从句。
二、分类
请重读上述例句并依据它们在全句中的作用，说出它们具体的从句名称。
That Mary is a teacher is known to us all.
I know that Mary is a teacher.
The fact is that Mary is a teacher.
结论：在复合句中起主语作用的从句称为主语从句；
起____作用的从句称为宾语从句；
起表语作用的从句称为____从句；
名词性从句分三类：主语从句；宾语从句和表语从句。
三、连词
引导名词性从句的引导词有三类：
1. that
2. whether/if(主要用于引导主语从句和宾语从句)；as if(主要用于引导表语从句)
3. who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why, how.
主语从句
that引导的主语从句
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
That she became monitor made us happy.
英文中有一种习惯，把that 引导的主语从句用it来代替它，即it做形式主语，把做真正主语的主语从句放在主句之后。如：
That he will come tomorrow is certain.
=It is certain that he will come tomorrow. 再例：
It is necessary that we learn English well.
It is a pity that we can’t go shopping.
It is said that he has been to England.
whether引导的主语从句
Whether she will be our teacher is not clear.
=It is not clear whether she will be our teacher.
Whether he will succeed or not doesn’t interest me.
=It doesn’t interest me whether he will succeed or not.
wh-词和how 引导的主语从句
（who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, why均以wh开头，故统称wh-词）
Who will be our English teacher has not been decided.
What you have said sounds reasonable.
注意：1. that在主语从句中不起任何语法作用，但不能省略。
2. if 不能引导主语从句。
宾语从句
它可以作动词谓语的宾语，也可作非谓语动词、某些介词和某些形容词的宾语。
that引导的宾语从句
I really believe(that)Tom was telling the truth．
I am sure that we can get there on time．
由that引起的宾语从句在意思上相当于陈述句，此时that常可省去，但在以下几种情况下，that不可省。
1)that从句被短语，词组等与谓语动词分隔开时，that不可省。
They told us once again that this should never happen．
(此句中that引导的宾语从句被词组once again与主句隔开，因此that不可省。)
Everyone could see，I believe, that Mike was terrified．
(句中I believe为插入语，故that不可省)
2)当连接两个或两个以上的宾语从句时，第二个从句及以后的连接词that不可省。
She said(that)her mother had gone abroad and that she would come back in a week.
whether，if 引导的宾语从句
I don，t know if／whether he has ever been to New York．
I wonder whether he can speak German or not．
以上例句中的whether和if(是否)都是引导宾语从句的，一般情况下whether，和if可互换。但在下列情况下whether和if不可换用。
1)whether之后可紧跟or not或构成whether．. .or not结构，if后一般不能紧跟or not,但可构成if．..or not结构．
I wonder whether／if Mr．Smith has arrived or not．
I wonder whether or not Mr．Smith has arrived．(不可用if代替)
2)当宾语从句是否定句时，只可用if而不可用whether。
I don’t care if she doesn’t smile．
3)当该宾语从句为介词宾语时，只可用whether而不可用if.
I’m not interested in whether you are against the proposal or not．
4)当宾语从句中出现了并列连词or构成的并列结构时，只可用whether而不可用if．
He asked me whether I was a student or a teacher．
wh-词和how 引导的宾语从句
I can’t imagine why he did that thing.
Please tell me where you went yesterday.
注意：1. 整个复合句是疑问句时，其中的宾语从句应用陈述句的语序。
2. 当主句的谓语动词是过去时态时，宾语从句的谓语应用过去相应的时态。(表示真理的和客观事实的除外)
表语从句
that引导的表语从句
The reason was that he fell ill.
My idea is that we should spend our holiday in Qingdao.
as if 引导的表语从句
The question is whether it is worth doing.
It looks as if it is going to rain.
wh-词和how 引导的表语从句
Is this where he was born?
The important thing is what on earth has happened to him.
The question is who will go there.
思考题
1.主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句为什么统称为名词性从句？
2.that 引导主语从句和宾语从句有什么异同？
3.whether 和if 在引导名词性从句时的区别是什么？
4.在宾语从句中，哪几种情况that不能省略？在语序和时态方面应注意什么？
练习:
一、找出下列各复合句中的从句并说明是什么从句，且口译全句。
1. It is a wonder that he should know so much about this matter.
2. I’m sure that you are the tallest man in the world.
3. We are afraid that the trip will be too much for an old man．
4. It doesn’t make much difference whether they come or not.
5. Whether or not he is your friend doesn’t too much.
6. Where she has gone is not known yet．
7. You may take whatever you like．
8. He told me where he had been．
9. I know when we will take off for London．
10. How he became a three-good student is known to us a11．
11. Why he didn’t come wasn’t quite clear．
12. It happened that they went out when I called.
13. When we’11 have the sports meet hasn’t been decided yet．
14. Whom the teacher will praise in class is an important question．
15. I’m sorry that I didn’t recognize you just now.
16. We are glad that none of you failed in this exam.
17. He said that he would call on his old teacher．
18. I heard that some of the old teachers in our school had retired．
19. I want to know what has happened to her．
20. Whose answer is correct will be discussed at the meeting．
21. Which composition is the best will be decided tomorrow．
22. I was surprised at what you said．
23. Did he say anything about how the work was to be done?
24. The question is whether it worth doing.
25. The reason is that he fell ill.
二、单项选择
1．Can you tell me_____?
A. who is that gentleman B．that gentleman is who
C. who that gentleman is D．whom is that gentleman
2．Can you tell me _____ the railway station?
A, how I can get to B. how can I get to
C. where I can get to D．where can I get to
3．Ask her _____ come with me．
A. if she will B．if will she
C．whether will she D．will she
4. I have no idea _____ far the airport is from here．
A．what B. how C．it’s D．that
5．They have no idea at all ______ ．
A. where he has gone B．where did he go
C. which place has he gone D．where has he gone
6．_____ he said is true．
A. What B．That C．Which D．Whether
7．_____ you have done might do harm to other people．
A．That B. What C．Which D．This
8．They want to know _____ do to help us.
A. what can they B. what they can
C. how they can D．how can they
9. These photographs will show you ______．
A．what does our village look like B. what our village looks like
C．how does our village look like D．how our village looks like
10. _____ leaves the room last ought to turn off the lights．
A. Anyone B．The person C. Whoever D．Who
11. _____ we need more practice is quite clear．
A．When B．What C. That D．／
l2. _____ I accept the gift or refuse it is none of your business
A．If B. Whether C. Even if D．No matter when
13．_____ he is doing seems quite difficult．
A．How B．That C．Which D. What
14． ______ that there is another good harvest this year．
A．It says B. It is said C．I was said D．He was said
15. It is suggested that a new building_____．
A. be built at once B. should build next year
C．would be built at once D. could be built next year
16．It is suggested that the experiment _____ under low temperature．
A．makes B．is making C. should be made D．will be made
17．_____ was quite helpful．
A. What they advised me to do B．That they advised me to do
C. What did they advise me to do D．All what they advised me to do
18．_____ still needs to be discussed．
A. How is the plan to be carried out B. How the plan is to be carried out
C. Why is the plan carried out D. Why the plan is carried out
19．The question is _____ we’11 overcome all the difficulties．
A．what B. how C．that D．which
20．Shanghai is no longer the same city _____ ．
A. as it used to be B．what it used to be
C. as it is used to being D．that it used to be
21．Is it possible _____ he misunderstood _____ I said?
A．that, that B. what, what
C．what, that D. that, what
22．He thought _____ he might fail in the exam worried him．
A．which B. that C．when D．so that
23．The fact is ____ he is an advanced worker．
A．what B．which C. that D．why
24．I have no idea _____．
A. what does the word“infinity”mean
B. what the word“infinity”means
C. what the meaning of word the“infinity”
D. what the word“infinity”mean
25．I wonder _____ he asked such a silly question in public．
A．how B．what C．that D. why
26．Are you sure _____?
A. whether she is honest B．that she is honesty
C. she is honest D．is she honest
27．He _____ you are not going abroad．
A．surprised that B. is surprised that
C．surprised at D. is surprised whether
28. What I said was wrong in the last letter for you．I wish I ______ it back.
A. could take B. would take C．will take D．take
29．I wish I _____ yesterday’s lecture．
A．were able to attend B. had been able to attend
C．attend D. could be attending
30．Do you know what time _____ ?
A. does the football match begin B．begins the football match
C. the football match begins D．will the football match begin
31．___ will take part in the physics contest will be announced at tomorrow’s meeting．
A. Whoever B. Who C．Which D．That
32．_____ certain that his invention will lead to the development of production．
A．That’s B．This is C. It’s D．What’s
33．It seems to me _____not all the government officials are honest.
A. that B．why
C．even if D．how
34．_____ that he has written several books in the last few years．
A．It says B. It is said C．It was said D．He was said
35．_____ I was free that evening．
A．It happened to B. It happened that
C．That happened D. It is happened that
36．It is strange ______ .
A. that no one should like this book B．that no one liked this book
C. that why no one likes this book D．why no one likes this book
37．That was _____ the Party called on us to do．
A. what B．that C．how D．why
38．The trouble is ______ we are short of hands．
A．what B. that C．how D．why
39．Qingdao is no longer ______ ．
A. what it used to be B．what it used to like
C. which it used to be D．what it is used to
40. _____I can’t understand is _____ he wants to change his mind．
A．What，that B. what, why C．Which，how D．What，what
41. The reason why I have to go is ______if I don’t．
A. that she will be disappointed B. because she will be disappointed
C. that she will be disappointing D. on account of her being disappointed
42. The fact _____ in the past few years proves that the reform and open policy is correct.
A. that great achievement was made
B. which great achievements were made
C. what have been made
D. that great achievements have been made
43．His suggestion _____ to see the art exhibition interested every one of us．
A. that we go B．which we should go
C. that would go D．when we should go
44．I will give this dictionary to ____ wants to have it．
A．whomever B .whoever C．who D．whatever
45. He kept looking at the girl，wondering ______ ．
A. where he has seen her before B. where has he seen her before
C. where he had seen her before D. where had he seen her before
46. He was interested in ______ he had seen at the exhibition．
A. which B．that C. all that D. all what
47．I don’t think _____ .
A. he came to the concert yesterday true．
B. true that he came to the concert yesterday．
C. it that he came to the concert yesterday true．
D. it true that he came to the concert yesterday．
48．I did ______ I could ______ the orphan．
A. that, take care of B．how，take care of
C. what, to take care of D．what，take care of
49. In the room he wrote down _____ ．
A．that had happened B．that had happened to him
C．what had been happened D．what had happened to him
50．My English teacher asked _____ ．
A. what was wrong with me B. what was wrong with you
C. what is wrong with me D. what is wrong with you
51．Can you make sure _____ the gold ring?
A. where Alice had put B．where had Alice put
C. where Alice has put D．where has Alice put
52. No one can be sure _____ in a million years．
A. what man will look like B．what will man look like
C．man will look like what D．what look will man like
53. It worried her a bit ______ her hair was turning grey．
A. while B . that C．if D．for
54．_____ the Olympic Games will be held in Beijing again is not known yet. A．Whenever B．If C．Whether D．That
55．_____ he said at the meeting astonished everybody present．
A. What B. That C．How D．Why
56．一Do you remember ______ he came?
—Yes，I do．He came by car．
A. how B．when C．that D．if
57．It is generally considered unwise to give a child _____ he or she wants．
A．however B. whatever C．whichever D．whenever
58．—I drove to Zhuhai for the air show 1ast week．
—Is that ______ you had a few days off．
A. why B．when C．what D．where
59．The ability to do the job matters not ______ you come from or what you are．
A．when B. where C．what D．how
60．A computer can only do _____ you have instructed it to do．
A．how B．after C. what D．when
三、汉译英
1．我想知道的就是她明天是否来。
2．下周我们考英语是确定无疑的。
3．他怎样被选为班长是众所周知的。
4．我们什么时候动身去上海还没定下来。
5．谁在会上作报告还不清楚。
6．不论谁第一次失败还可以再给一次机会。
7．所有文章中哪一篇最好要在明天定下来。
8．她说她第二天要去拜访她的英语启蒙老师。
9．请问到中山公园怎么走?
10．我很想知道谁将取得第一名。
11．我相信他将在家里等我。
12．我纳闷为什么你这么久没给我回信。
13．这次考试你没有得高分我感到奇怪。
14．不知你能否给我指出到邮电局的路。
15．他似乎很高兴。
第五节 定语从句
一、 定义：定语从句是一种形容词性从句。相当于形容词，修饰名词、代词或者句子。
1．先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句须放在先行词之后。
2．引导定语从句的词叫关系词，关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词和关系副词，不但起连接主从复合句的作用，而且在句子中必须担任句子成份。
关系代词有：who，whom，whose，that，which等。
关系副词有：when，where，why等。
A doctor is a person who looks after people’s health.
句中person是先行词，划线部分是定语从句，who是关系代词 引导定语从句，在从句中做主语。
3．定语从句中的谓语动词要和先行词在人称上和数上一致。
1) This is the girl who usually is the first to come to school. （is 和girl 保持一致。）
These are the girls who usually are the first to come to school.
(are 和girls 保持一致。）
2)one of +复数名词+定语从句+复数谓语
He is one of the boys who have been to Beijing.
但the only one of +复数名词+定语从句+单数谓语
He is the only one of the boys who has been to Beijing.
二、关系代词的用法：
关系词
代替功能

在从句中
的作用 例句
who 代替人 主语 The girl who plays the piano very well is his daughter．那位钢琴弹得很好的小姑娘是他的女儿。
表语 He is no longer the man who he used to be．他不再是以前那样的人了。
whom 代替人 动词宾语 Where is the student whom Professor Su praised at the meeting? 苏教授在会上表扬的那个学牛在哪里?
介词宾语 The man with whom she was traveling is her
boyfriend．跟她一道旅行的那个男人是他的男朋友。
Whose(=of whom\which) 代替人 从句中作名词的定语 She is looking after the little child whose parents have gone to London．她在照看其父母去了伦敦的那个小孩。
代替物 He lives in the room whose windows face south．他住在窗户朝南的那个房间。
that



代替人


主语 The man that is speaking at the meeting is a famous scientist．
在会上讲话的那个人是一位著名的科学家。
宾语 Is this the teacher that you talked about yesterday．
这就是你们昨天淡到的那位老师吗?
表语 She is no longer the girl that she was in her childhood．她不再是她童年时代的那个女孩了。
代替物代替 代替物 主语 The train that has just left is for Shanghai．刚刚离开的那列火车是开往上海的。
宾语 Is this the photo that you took last summer? 这是你去年夏天照的相片吗?
表语 My home town is not a polluted place that you think it to be．我的家乡不是像你认为的一个污染的地方。
which 代替物 主语 The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket．
位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。
宾语 The computer which I wanted to buy was sold out．我想买的那种计算机卖完了。
表语 She was fond of dancing，which her brother never was．她喜爱跳舞，她弟弟从不喜爱。
1．用who代替whom在从句中作宾语，主要用于口语。
2．在口语中 who, whom, that, which在从句中作动词宾语时常常省去。如：
The boy (whom)I mentioned is his son．我刚才提到的那个男孩是他的儿子。
3．两种不能用that 引导定语从句的情况：
一是当关系代词作介词宾语，且介词在关系代词前面时，不可用that，只能用who, whom或which。
This is the house in which we lived last year.
This is the house that we lived in last year.
二是非限定性定语从句不能用that 引导，只能用whom或which。
The book here, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by Mary.
4．几种只能用that引导定语从句的情况：
1）先行词是不定代词all，few，little，much，everything，nothing，anything，none等。如：
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?
你在商店里有什么东西要买吗？
2）先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰，或本身是序数词、基数词、形容词最高级。如：
This is the best movie that I’ve ever seen．这是我看到过的最好一部电影。
3) 先行词被all，any，every，each，few，little，no，some等修饰时。如：
I have read all the books(that)you gave me．我读了你给我的所有的书。
4）先行词被the only，the very，the same，the last修饰时。如：
He is the only person that I want to talk to．他就是我要谈话的那个人。
5）当并列的两个先行词分别表示人和物时。 如：
They are talking about things and persons that they remembered.
他们在谈论他们所能回忆起来的人和事。
6)在以who或which开头的特殊疑问句时，为避免重复。如：
Who is the girl that is crying? 正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
Which of the books that were borrowed from the library is yours?
从图书馆借的哪一本是你的？
7) 如果有两个定语从句，其中一个关系词已用which，则另一个用that。如：
The country built up a factory which produced things that have never been seen before. 这个国家建了一个生产以前未曾见到过的东西的工厂。
8）主句以there be开头。如：
There is a seat in the corner that is still free．在那个角落还有个座位空着。
三、关系副词的用法：
引导定语从句的关系副词代替与其相应的先行词，并且在从句中分别起时间、地点和原因状语作用。关系副词在意义上常常相当于一个“介词+which”结构。如下表：

关系词
代替功能
在从句中
的作用 例 句

when (= at，on，in，during which) 时间名词
时间状语
I shall never forget the day when(on which)we moved into our new house．
我将永远不会忘记我们搬进新居的那一天。
where (=in, at which)
地点名词
地点状语
This is the place where(at which)Jack parks his car．
这是杰克放车的地方。

why(for which)

指代原因

原因状语
He didn't know the reason why(for which)he was dismissed．
他不知道他为什么被解职。
1．虽然先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，但关系词在从句中不是充当状语，而是充当主语、宾语时，就不能用when，where和why。也就是说选择关系词与先行词在主句中的语法地位无关，主要看代替先行词的关系词在从句中担任什么成分；其次再看先行词表示的是人、物、时间、地点还是原因。如：
I still remember the days when I stayed in Beijing．
我仍然记得在北京待的那些日子
I still remember the days which we spent together．
我仍然记得我们在一起度过的那些日子。

He showed me the place where he lived．他带我看了他住的地方。
This is the place which we visited last year．这是我们去年参观过的地方。

This is the reason why we must go earlier now．
这就是我们必须早点去的原因。
The reason which you gave us was unacceptable．
你提出的理由是不能接受的。

2．在口语和非正式场合，when，where和why或相当于关系副词的“介词+which”结构。如：
Do you know anywhere where (=at which) I can get a drink?
你知道在那儿我能喝杯酒？
The last day when (= on which)I saw her was a fine morning in July．
我见到她的最后那天是七月份的一个阳光明媚的早晨。
Spring is the best season when (during which) we can go outing.
This is the reason why (=for which)he was absent yesterday．
这就是他昨天缺席的理由。
This is the dictionary with which I can translate the book.
总结以上例句，“介词+which”中的介词的的选定主要跟据如下三中情况而定：1）先行词2）定语从句中的动词3）全句的意思。
再欣赏下面两个句子：
They reached a big mountain，at the foot of which there was a farmhouse．
他们到了一座大山，山脚下有一家农舍。
The beautiful building，in front of which there is a flower bed，is our teaching
building．
那座漂亮的大楼是我们的教学楼，前面有个花坛。
此类结构还有：at the foot of，at the hack of，in front of，on the top of等。
四、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句：
限制性定语从句与主句的关系密切，省去定语从句意思不完整，主句和定语从句之间不能用逗号隔开，常译为先行词的定语。
非限制性定语从句和主句关系不密切，只是对先行词作附带说明，省去定语从句，主句的意思还很完整，定语从句和主句之问用逗号隔开，常译为另一个句子。
The project，which lasted four years，cost$1 billion.
这个工程耗资十亿，它用了四年时间。
Bob’s father，who worked on the project，spent four years in Egypt．
鲍勃的爸爸在埃及度过了四年的时间，他就为这个工程工作。
试比较下列句子：
All the magazines here，which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by Tom．
这儿所有的杂志都是Tom写的，里面都有图画。
(附带说明，这儿所有的杂志里面都有图画。)
All the magazines here which have beautiful pictures in them were written by Tom．
这儿里面有图画的所有杂志都是Tom写的。
(其含义是里面没有图画的杂志不是他写的)

His young sister，who is eighteen years old, is a college student．
他妹妹是个大学生，今年十八岁。(含义是他只有一个妹妹)
His young sister who is eighteen years old is a college student．
他那个十八岁的妹妹是个大学生。(含义是他可能有不只一个妹妹)
五、注意事项：
许多同学在翻译定语从句时容易犯如下两种错误，
1、少主语
There are ten girls come from the south in our class. (定语从句中少了come 的主语）
我们班有十个来自南方的女生。
2、多宾语
This is the book I bought it yesterday. (定语从句中bought多了个宾语it)
这是我昨天买的书。
六、“as”引导的定语从句（此部分只做了解即可）
as用作关系代词和关系副词引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中作主语、宾语、表语或状语，构成the same … as，such…as，so…as等结构。如：
Here are such questions as are often asked by the students．
这是些学生们常常问的那类问题。(as作主语)
This is the same computer as I have bought．
这台计算机和我买的那台一样。(as作宾语)
I have never seen such kind of girl as she is．
我从未见过像她这样的女孩。(as作表语)
I’ll do the experiment the same way as he does
我将采用和他同样的方法做这个实验。(as作方式状语)
I came the same day as she left．
我在她离开的同一天来的。 (as作时间状语)
He studies in the same college as I do．
他和我在同一所大学学习。(as作地点状语)
He didn’t believe such reason as she did so．
他不相信她那样做的理由。 (as作原因状语)
Here is so easy a question／such an easy question as everybody can answer．
这个问题很容易，谁都能答得上来。(as作结果状语)
引导定语从句的so／such…as 与表示结果的so／such…that结构的区别：
当从句中不缺成分时用so／such…that引导的是结果状语从句，
当从句中缺少成分时用so／such…as引导的是定语从句。如：
As a teacher, I seldom give students so difficult a problem as they can’t work out．
As a teacher, I seldom give students so difficult a problem that they can’t work it out．

They are such beautiful pictures as drew（吸引）many people’s attention．
They are such beautiful pictures that they drew many people’s attention．

as引出非限定性定语从句时，代替整个主句，对其进行说明。但一般用于像as we all know，as is known to all，as it is，as is said above，as is often the case等句式中。as在非限定性定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，且引出的从句位置比较灵活，可位于句首或句末，也可插入主句中间。通常均由逗号将其与主句分开。as有“正如……”，“就像……”之意。
He forgot to bring his pen with him，as was often the case．
他忘了带笔，这是常事。(as在从句中作主语)
He is absorbed in work, as he often was．
他正在全神贯注地工作，他过去经常这样。(as在从句中作表语)
As we all know，the earth is round．
众所周知，地球是圆的。 (as在从句中作宾语)
七、小结：
1、
关系词 作用 先行词
that，who，whom 主语、表语、宾语 人
that, which 主语、表语、宾语 人，物，时间，地点
whose 定语 人、物
when 状语 时间
where 状语 地点
why 状语 原因
2、做定语从句题时应按如下两个步骤分析：
第一，分析定语从句中缺少什么成分。如果少主、宾、表、定语，就去选择关系代词；如果少状语，就去选关系副词。
第二，分析先行词是表示什么的词语。如果先行词是表示人的就去选who, whom, that, 或者whose；如果先行词是表示物的就去选 that, which, whose,；如果先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的词就分别去选when, where, why。其中对地点的理解应拓展到空间，如position, book 等均可以理解为表示空间的词语，请注意下面的典型例句(2)。
注意：这两个步骤不能颠倒。有许多同学在做定语从句题时的分析步骤和上述是相反的，所以常出错误。
典型例句：
(1) This is the house where we lived last year.
（定语从句中live 少状语，故用where 引导定从。）
This is the house that we visited last year.
（定语从句中visit 少宾语，故用that 引导定从。）
(2) This is the book where you can find the answer to the question.
（book不是表示地点的名词，但定从中少地点状语，故用where）
3、定语从句与表语、宾语从句的转换（一种意思多种表达方式）
（1） I don’t know the things that he wants. = I don’t know what he wants.
定语从句 宾语从句
（2）I don’t know the place where he lives. = I don’t know where he lives.
定语从句 宾语从句
（3）This is the place where he lived last year.= This is where he lived last year.
定语从句 表语从句
八、同位语从句
在有些名词如idea，thought，news，fact，report，promise，hope，plan，belief，doubt, feeling, dream, wish等后面，可以用that等连接词语引导一个从句，来解释、说明前面这个名词的内容，叫同位语从句。同位语从句与定语从句的区别在于：定语从句是用来修饰、限定先行词(名词或代词)，相当于一个形容词；而同位语从句和先行词的关系是等同的。
引导同位语从句的连词有，that，whether, how，when，where，why等。
that只起连接作用，不作句子成分，但不能省略，这也是和that 引导定语从句的区别。
The news that we’11 hold the sports meet next week is known to a11．
我们下周开运动会的消息大家都知道。
I expressed the hope that he would come to visit our school again．
我表示希望他再来参观我们学校。
The fact that he didn’t attend the meeting surprised me．
他没有参加会议的事实使我很惊奇。
I have no idea when she will be back．我不知道她什么时候回来。
He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not．
他必须回答他是否同意此事这样一个问题。
定语从句练习
一、单项选择
1．When they met again，the two friends talked about lots of things and persons _____ they could remember in schoo1．
A．who B．whom C. that D．which
2．This is the modern hotel _____ the guests can enjoy the most comfortable things．
A. where B．which C．that D．in that
3．July 27，1989 is the day _____ I will never forget，when both of us had a wonderful time．
A．on which B．when C．whom D. that
4．Both of them will remember the months and the years ___ they spent in the army.
A. which B．when C．in which D．what
5．It is the factory _____produces all kinds of TV sets．
A．in which B. which C．what D．where
6．Do you know the little boy_____ broke the glasses yesterday afternoon?
A．which B．how C．whom D. who
7．The sun is bigger than the earth，_____ even a child knows．
A．that B．who C. as D．what
8．Miss Zhang devoted herself to the development of education，_____ led to her final success．
A．that B．which C．so that D．so
9．Is that the laboratory _____ the foreigners visited yesterday?
A．that B．where C．in which D．the one
10．Is that laboratory _____ we did physics experiments in during our middle school days?
A．that B．where C. which D. the one
11. I have the same dictionary _____ you bought just now.
A．which B．that C. as D．whose
12．I _____ one of the sports-lovers，often spend some time on training in the stadium.
A. who am B．who is C. am D．that is
13．Let’s discuss _____ questions _____ are about the future of the youth．
A．so；as B．so；that C．such；that D. such; as
14．Those _____ not only from books but also through practices will succeed．
A．which learns B．who learning C．what learns D. who learns
15. A football fan is _____ has a strong interest in football．
A．who B. a person who C．a thing that D．something that
16．Didn’t you see the girl _____ ?
A. I nodded to a moment ago B. I nodded to her a moment ago
C. whom I nodded a moment ago D. I nodded a moment ago
17．Can you lend me the novel _____ the other day?
A．that you talked B. you talked about
C．you talked about it D．which you talked with
18．Please pass me the dictionary _____ cover is black．
A．who B．who’s C. whose D．which
19．Ping Ping is not _____ girl _____ she was．
A．such，as B. the same，as C．that，as D．the same, who
20．Who is the man _____ talked to you just now?
A．who B．whom C. that D．which
21．It’s the third time _____ late this month．
A. that you arrived B．when you arrived
C. that you have arrived D．when you have arrived
22．Qingdao is the most satisfactory city ______ we’re going to visit．
A. that B．which C．where D．in which
23．Xiao Yan is the only one of the students in our class who ____ a three-good student．
A．are B．is C．were D．was
24．Qingdao is one of the most beautiful cities ______ in China．
A．that have seen B．that has seen
C．that have been seen D．that has been seen
25．The beautiful seaside， _____ we both spend our summer holidays every year，lies in the north of Laizhou City．
A. where B．that C．which D．what
26．The hotel _____ during our holidays stands by the seaside．
A. we stayed at B．where we stayed at
C. we stayed D．in that we stayed
27．He is a man of great experience， ______ much can be learned．
A．that B．who C．from which D. from whom
28. Wang Hong has made great progress in her studies and has won a prize，_____ has made us surprised．
A．that B. which C．who D．what
29．Finally，the thief handed everything _____ he had stolen to the people．
A．which B．what C．whatever D．that
30．His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone _____ family was poor．
A. of whom B．whom C．of whose D．whose
31．Robert is good at languages，_____ we all know．
A．that B．as C．when D．what
32．All ______ is needed is a supply of oil．
A．the thing B．that C．what D．which
33．He paid the boy$10 for washing ten windows，most of _____ hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year．
A．these B．those C．that D．which
34. The girl _____ aunt is a famous singer is fond of music.
A. who B. that C. which D. whose
35．She heard a terrible noise，_____ brought her heart into her mouth．
A．it B．which C．this D. that
36. In the dark street，there wasn’t a single person to______ she could turn for help．
A．that B．who C．which D. whom
37．The weather turned out to be very good，_____ was more than we could expect．
A．it B．what C．that D．which
38．After living in Paris for fifty years，he returned to the small town _____ he grew up as a child．
A．which B．where C．that D．when
39．Carol said the work would be done by October，_____ personally I doubt very much．
A．it B．that C．when D．which
40．Dorothy was always speaking highly of her role in the play, _____ , of course，made the others unhappy．
A．who B．which C．this D．what
41.I have many friends, _____ are businessmen．
A. they B. which C. that D. and they
42. If a shop has chairs _____ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop．
A. that B. which C. when D. where
43. Last month，part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods，from _____ effects the people are still suffering．
A. that B. whose C. those D. what
44. Jim passed the driving test，_____ surprised everybody in the office．
A. which B. that C. this D. it
45. Peter, _____ you met yesterday, is now a good student．
A. where B. which C. who D. that
46. ---Is that the small town you often refer to?
--- Right，just the one _____ you know I used to work for years．
A. that B. which C. where D. what
47. The boy, ______ father is an engineer, works hard．
A. that B. whose C. his D. as
48. Her sister has become a lawyer，____ she wanted to be．
A. who B. that C. what D. which
49. I came the same day ______ she left．
A. when B. that C. as D. on which
50. He was educated at a local grammar school，_____ he went on to Cambridge．
A. from which B. after that C. after which D. from this
51. The schools themselves admit that not all children will be successful in the jobs ______ they are being trained．
A. in that B. for that C. in which D. for which
52. The place ______ the bridge is supposed to be built should be _____ the cross-river traffic is the heaviest．
A. which, where B. at which, which
C. at which, where D. which, in which
53. Many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes _____ people were eaten by the tiger．
A. in which B. by which C. which D. that
54. I walked in our garden，_____ Tom and Jim were tying a big sign onto one of the trees．
A. which B. when C. where D. that
55. There are altogether eleven books on the shelf，_____ five are mine．
A. on which B. in which C. of which D. from which
56. There are two buildings，_____ stands nearly a hundred feet high.
A. the larger B. the larger of them
C. the larger one that D. the larger of which
57. He didn’t believe such reason ______ she did so．
A. as B. why C. how D. when
58. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year，80％_____are sold abroad．
A. of which B. which of C. of them D. of that
59. Anyway，that evening，______ I’ll tell yon more about later，I ended up staying at Rachel’s place．
A. when B. where C. what D. which
60. Professor Wang, _____ is over sixty, still works hard day and night ．
A. which B. he C. whoever D. who
二、汉译英
1．我不认识刚才同李玲谈话的那个人。
2．他父亲是个农民的那个男孩在班里学习最努力。
3．刚才同你打招呼的那个人是谁?
4．你还有别的事情让我帮你做吗?
5．本学期她取得很大进步，这使我们很高兴。
6．我将永远记住1989年7月27日那个日子，在那一天我们俩去海上游泳，玩得很痛快。
7．这是我两年前游览过的名胜。
8．我不知道玛丽今天上午上课迟到的原因。
9．里面有图画的书是他写的。
10．这些书是他写的，里面有图画。
11．我们的国家和过去不同了。
12．下周举行英语竞赛的消息大家都知道。
13．到场的先生们和女士们都是我在乡下工作时交的朋友。
14．你认识今天下午给我们做报告的那个先生吗?
15．你必须做我做的一切。
16．那个红头发的男孩子很聪明。
第六节 状语从句
状语从句的作用相当于副词，用来修饰动词、副词和形容词，因此又称为副词性从句。
状语从句用陈述句语序，一般位于复合句的句首或句末。当从句在句首时，从句
后常用逗号。状语从句按其含义可分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、比较(方式)、让步、条件等状语从句。
一、时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词有when…(当……时候)．whenever(每当)，as(当……时候，一边……一边……)，while(当……时候，在……期间)，before(在……之前)，after(在……之后)，until（till）(直到)，since(自从)，once(一旦)，as soon as(一……就)hardly…when(刚…就)，no sooner…than(刚……就)，every time(each time)(每当)等。
1、when，while和as三个从属连词用法很相近，其区别是：
（1）while引导的从句，谓语动词只能用延续性动词，强调主从复合句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，而when, as引导的从句，谓语动词既可用延续性动词，又可用非延续性动词。
When(As)she finished playing，she turned to look at Liszt．
当她演奏结束后，转过身去看了看李斯特。
(finish是非延续性动词，只能用when或as)。
While I was in Beijing，I saw her only once．我在北京期间，只见过她一次。
(was表示所处的状态，可以延续，表示一段时间，用while或when)
（2）when从句的动作可以早于主句谓语的动作，而while, as 不能。
When I receive the letter, I’ll tell you.
我接到信后会告诉你的。(receive 早于tell)。
（3）as特别强调主从句中的动作同时发生，常译成“一面……一面……， 随着”；主、从句的主语往往是一者。它也用来说明两种正在发展或变化的情况。
As we walked, we talked. 我们边走边谈。
As I get older，I get happier．我越活越幸福。(说明两种正发展或变化的情况)
As spring comes，it gets warmer and warmer．随着春天的到来，天气越来越暖和了。
（4）注意when和while的另种用法，意思和从属连词就不一样了。
An Arab was walking alone through the desert when he met two men．
有个阿拉伯人正独自在沙漠里走着，这时他碰到两个人。(when =at that time. 此时主句的谓语通常是进行时或是即将要开始的动作，所以通常译为“就在此时”)
再如：I was watching TV when somebody knocked at the door.
我正在看电视，这是有人敲门。
Edison asked his father why he was not able to hatch chicken while hen could．
爱迪生问他父亲，为什么他不能孵小鸡，而母鸡却能。
2、试看before的三中的翻译法：
We passed through several villages before we got to the station．
我们走过好几个村庄，