手术前患者禁食禁饮可减少因呕吐或胃内容物返流所致误吸。术前禁食禁饮的时间尚不统一,但许多研究都表明术前6-8小时禁食固体食物,2-4小时禁饮无渣液体是一种安全的临床措施1,2。
本证据总结基于系统检索循证卫生保健数据库。证据来源于: ·一项临床质量审查项目1。 ·一篇基于文献综述和专家意见的文献2。 ·一项行动学研究3。 ·一篇Cochrane系统评价4。 ·一份美国麻醉医师协会的指南5。 ·一篇专家意见6。 ·一项RCT,包括21名进行胆囊切除择期手术的女性7。 ·一份循证指南8。 ·一份加拿大麻醉医师协会的指南9。 ·一份基于临床试验的指南10。 ·推荐术前最少禁饮2小时,清淡饮食后禁食6小时,食用肉类、煎炸、高脂的食物需禁食8小时。(Grade A) ·应该考到到不同年龄、患者的临床情况,灵活合理地调整禁食禁饮的时间。(Grade A) ·根据不同类型的手术,灵活地调整禁食禁饮的时间。(Grade B) ·对医务人员进行教育减少术前禁食禁饮的时间。(Grade B) ·术前应对患者进行健康教育,充分告知禁食禁饮的要求。(Grade B) 本证据来自于国外循证资源,在应用该证据时,应考虑具体的临床情境、专业判断和患者意愿,做出本土化决策。 2. Oshodi T. Clinical skills: an evidence-based approach to preoperative fasting. Br J Nurs. 2004; 13:16. (Level 5) 3. Jester R, Williams S. Pre-operative fasting: putting research into practice. Nurs Stand. 1999; 13(39):33-5. (Level 3) 4. Brady M, Kinn S, Stuart P. Preoperative fasting for adults to prevent perioperative complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;4. (Level 1) 5. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Preoperative Fasting. Practice guidelines for preoperative fasting and the use of pharmacologic agents to reduce the risk of pulmonary aspiration: application to healthy patients undergoing elective procedures: An Updated Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Standards and Practice Parameters. Anesthesiol. 1999; 90: 896-9052011; 114 (3): 495-511. 6. Nygren J, Thorell A, Ljungqvist O. Are there any benefits from minimizing fasting and optimization of nutrition and fluid management for patients undergoing day surgery? Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2007: 20 (6): 540-544. (Level 5) 7. Faria M, de Aguilar-Nascimento J, Pimenta O, Alvarenga L, Dock-Nascimento D, Slhessarenko N. Preoperative fasting of 2 hours minimizes insulin resistance and organic response to trauma after video-cholecystectomy: a randomized, controlled, clinical trial. World J Surg: 2009: 33(6): 1158-1164. (Level 2) 8. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). Preoperative evaluation. Bloomington (MN): Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI); 2010 Jun. 9. Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society. Guidelines to the practice of anesthesia. Can J Anesthesia. 2006; 53. 10. Smith I, Kranke P, Murat I, Smith A, O'Sullivan G, S?reide E, et al. Perioperative fasting in adults and children: guidelines from the European Society of Anesthesiology. Eur J Anesthesiol. 2011 Aug; 28(8):556-69. 关注复旦大学循证护理中心公众号
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