金属铸造是将把熔化的金属液注入用耐高温材料制作的中空铸型内,冷凝后得到预期形状的制品,这就是铸造。所得到的制品就是铸件。 液体金属→充型→凝固收缩→铸件 1. 重力铸造 是指金属液在地球重力作用下注入铸型的工艺,也称浇铸。其金属液一般采用手工倒入浇口,依靠金属液自重充满型腔、排气、 冷却、开模得到产品。 2.压力铸造 在高压作用下,使液态或半液态金属以较高的速度充填压铸型(压铸模具)型腔,并在压力下成型和凝固而获得铸件的方法。 一、气孔 二、疏松 铸件疏松 三、夹杂 形成原因 下面是常见铸造缺陷的视频,看完后理解更深刻: 铸造缺陷 casting defects 尺寸超差 impropershrinkage allowance 尺寸不合格 wrong size 模样错误 excess rappingof pattern, deformed pattern, pattern error 壁厚不均 differentthickness 铸型下垂 mold sag 错型 mold shift,shift, miss-match, cross-joint 舂移 ram off, ramaway 塌型 mold drop,drop off, drop out, drop sticker 上型下沉,沉芯 sag( 上型和型芯下垂导致壁厚减小 ) 飞翅 fins, jointflash 翘曲 warp age,buckling, warping, camber 铸件变形 warped casting 挤箱 push up, cramp-off 型裂 broken mold,cracked 掉砂 crush ofmold, crush 变形 deformation,casting distortion, warped casting B. 缩孔( 由凝固收缩引起 ) 缩孔 shrinkage,shrinkaged cavity 内部缩孔 internal shrinkage,dispersed shrinkage, blind shrinkage 敞露缩孔 open shrinkage,external shrinkages, sink marks, depression 缩松 porosity,shrinkage porosity, leakers, micro shrinkage, disperded shrinkage 缩陷 sink marks,draw, suck-in 芯面缩孔 core shrinkage 内角缩孔 cornershrinkage, fillet shrinkage 出汗孔 extruded bead,exudation 线状缩孔 fissure likeshrinkage C. 气体缺陷(由气体引起的孔) 气孔 blowholes,gas hole, blow 针孔 pinholes 裂纹状缺陷,线状缺陷 fissure defects D. 裂纹 裂纹 crack 缩裂 shrinkagecrack 季裂 seasoncracking, season crack 应力热裂 hot cracking,hot tearing, hot tear 淬火裂纹 quench crack,quenching crack 应力冷裂 cold cracking,breakage, cold tearing, cold tear 龟裂 crack 激冷层裂纹,白裂 chill crack E. 夹杂物 夹渣 slaginclusion, slag blowholes 砂眼 sandinclusion, raised sand, sand hole 其他夹杂物 the other inclusion 胀砂 push up,cramp-off, sand hole 掉砂 crush, crushof mold 硬点 hard spot 浮渣 dross ( 浇注后在铸型内形成的缺陷,尤其是石墨、氧化物和硫化物的线状缺陷的总称,另外,浇注过程中被卷进去的缺陷成为夹渣和砂眼,两者的区别是形成原因不同) 石墨浮渣 graphite dross,carbon dross 氧化皮夹渣 oxide dross, oxideinclusion, skins, seams 硫化物熔渣 sulfide dross 沉淀物 sludge 夹渣物 sand inclusion,oxide inclusion, skins, seams 黑点,黑渣 black spots, lustrous carbon 涂料夹渣 blacking,refractory coating inclusions 光亮碳膜 lustrous carbonfilms, kish tracks F. 外观缺陷 浇不足 misrun, shortrun, cold lap, cold shut 冷隔 cold shut,cold laps 轻度冷隔 seam 两重皮 plate 皱皮 surface fold,gas run, elephant skin, seams, scare, flow marks 漏箱 run-out,runout, break-out, bleeder 漏芯 mold drop,stiker 未浇满 short pours,short run, poured short 气孔 blowholes, blow 飞翅 fins,joint flash 胀砂,气疱 swell, blister 芯撑未融合 chaplet shut,insert cold shut, unfused chaplet 热粘砂 burn in 热痕 flow marks 内渗豆,冷豆,冷隔 internal sweating, coldshot, shot iron 外渗物 sweating 磷化物渗豆 phosphide sweat 铅渗豆 lead sweat 锡渗豆 tin sweat 掉砂 rat, sticker ( 型砂的一部分附着在模样上而形成的表面缺陷) G. 型芯缺陷 砂芯断裂 crushed core,broken core 砂芯压碎 broken core 芯面缩孔 core blow 砂芯缩孔 core blow 砂芯下垂 sag core,deformed core 砂芯弯曲 deformed core 漂芯 shiftedcore, core raise, raised core, mold element cutout 偏芯 core shift H. 表面缺陷 沾砂 burn on,sand burning, burn in , penetration 粘型(金属型 ) fusion 两重皮 laminations ,plat 机械粘砂 penetration ,metal penetration 夹渣结疤 scabs ,expansion scabs , corner scab 表面粗糙 rough casting ,rough surface 鼠尾 buckle , rattail 涂料结疤 blacking scab ,wash scabs 烘干不足 sever surface ,wash scabs 熟痕 surfacedefect casting by combination of gas and shrinkage ( 在靠近厚断面处形成下陷的蛇状伤痕) 涂料剥落 wash erosion 气疱 blister ,surface or subsurface blow hole 表面粗糙 rough surface ,seems , scars 起皮 stripping 剥落结疤 pull down ,spalling scab 伤痕 crow’s feet 麻面 pittingsurface , orange peel , alligator skin 热裂痕 surface folds, gas runs 泡疤表面 surface folds ,gas runs 象皮状皱皮 surface fold , gasrun , elephant skin 皱皮 surface fold, gas run , seams , scare , flow marks 波纹 wave 冲砂 wash 冲蚀 erosion I. 组织缺陷 (铸铁 ) 球化不良 poor nodularity, degenerated graphite 蠕墨化不良 degeneratedgraphite 异常石墨 abnormalgraphite 开花状石墨 exploded graphite 过冷石墨 under cooledgraphite , D-type graphite 石墨细小颗粒 chunky graphite 石墨粗大 kish graphite ,kish 整列石墨 aligned graphite 石墨漂浮 floated graphite 石墨魏氏组织 Widmannstattengraphite 麻口 mottled castiron , mottle 灰点 mottle 反麻口 inverse mottle( 与麻口相反,在薄断面处和尖角处形成的麻口) 白口 chill 反白口 reverse chill ,inverse chill 冷豆 extruded bead, exudation , internal sweating 退火不足 miss annealing ,incomplete annealing 粗大枝晶组织 coarsened dendritic 反偏析 inversesegregation 比重偏析 gravity segregation 溶质偏析 solutesegregation 宏观偏析 macroscopicsegregation 微观偏析 microscopicsegregation J. 断口缺陷 表面铁素体 ferrite rim 表面珠光体 pearlite rim 白缘,脱碳 pearlitic rim ,picture frame , pearlite layer 不均匀断口 heterogeneousfractured surface 破碎激冷层 scattered chillstructure , cold flakes 晶粒粗大 rough grain 尖钉状断口 spiky fracturedsurface 冰糖状断口 rock candy fracturesurface K. 力学性能缺陷 硬点 hard spot ( 对铸件,硬点是硬区、白口或冷豆等力学性能缺陷的总称;对铝合金,硬点是铸件内各种高硬度相,如初晶Si相、金属间化合物、氧化物,偏析等总称) 硬度不良 poor hardness ,too high or low hardness L. 使用性能缺陷 腐蚀性不良 poor corrosionresistance 切削性不良 poor machinability 麻点 torn surface 锌晶间腐蚀 zinc intergranularcorrosion 电导率不良 poor electricalconductivity M. 其他缺陷 残留飞翅 residual fin 残留黑皮 residual blackskin 浇道冒口断口缺肉 broken casting at gate ,riser or vent 端部缺肉 inside cut 切口缺肉( 压铸件 ) inside cut 翘曲 ( 喷丸引起) camber , excessivecleaning 铸件弯曲 ( 铸件变形) warped casting , casting distortion , deformed mold , mold creep 打磨缺肉 crow’s feet 铸造管理缺陷 裂纹 crack 压痕 impression 残留物 型砂残留 sand inclusions 喷丸粒残留 residual shot 锌蒸汽向炉壁渗透 zinc infiltration intorefractory NDT 微论坛官方公众号 |
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