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四、形容词和副词
I. 形容词
1.形容词的位置：形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况下后置
1
修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时
nobody absent, everything possible
2
以-able, -ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后
the best book available, the only solution possible
3
alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep等作定语时后置
the only person awake
4
和空间、时间、单位连用时
a bridge 50 meters long
5
成对的形容词可以后置
a huge room simple and beautiful
6
形容词短语一般后置
a man difficult to get on with
7
enough修饰名词时可以前置也可以后置，但修饰形容词或副词时要后置
______to take his adventure course will certainly learn a
lot of useful skills.(NMET2000)
A.Brave enough students B.Enough breave students
C.Students brave enough D.Students enough brave
注意：多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序
熟记口诀就可以顺利解题：限定描绘大长高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍跟材料，作用类别往后靠。
规则：限定语（The、A）+ 描绘性形容词 + size（小）+ shape（形状）+ age（年龄、时间）+ color（颜色）+ origin（国籍、来源）+ material（材料）+ purpose（目的）+ 名词。
▲This ________ girl is Linda’s cousin. (05北京卷)
A. pretty little Spanish B. Spanish little pretty C. Spanish pretty little D. little pretty Spanish
2.复合形容词的构成
1
形容词+名词+ed
kind-hearted
6
名词+形容词
world-famous
2
形容词+形容词
dark-blue
7
名词+现在分词
peace-loving
3
形容词+现在分词
ordinary-looking
8
名词+过去分词
snow-covered
4
副词+现在分词
hard-working
9
数词+名词+ed
three-egged
5
副词+过去分词
newly-built
10
数词+名词
twenty-year
3.形容词（短语）作伴随状语
As he looked at the goat, it rolled over, dead. 当他看着山羊的时候，山羊翻了个身，死了。
Afraid of difficulties, they prefer to take the easy road.由于害怕困难，他们宁愿走好走的路。
II.副词的分类：
1
时间副词
soon, now, early, finally, once, recently
5
频度副词
always, often, frequently, seldom, never
2
地点副词
here, nearby, outside, upwards, above
6
疑问副词
how, where, when, why
3
方式副词
hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really
7
连接副词
how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile
4
程度副词
almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather
8
关系副词
when, where, why
III. 形容词和副词的比较等级
形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est，多音节和一些双音节词前加more 和most。
项 目
例 句
同级比较时常常用 as…as…以及not so(as)…as…
She is as tall as her mother.
I am not as/ so good a player as you are.
双方比较，表示一方超过另一方时，用“比较级 （+ than）”
的结构表示。要注意题干中将比较的另一方阴藏起来的情况。
This picture is more beautiful than that one.
I have never seen such a more interesting film (than this one).
表示一方不及另一方时，用“less + 原级 + than”的结构表示
This room is less beautiful than that one.
表示一方随另一方变化时用“the more…the more…”句型
The harder you work, the more progress you will make
用比较级来表达最高级的意思
I have never spent a more worrying day.
我从来没有度过这样令人烦恼的一天。
（意为：我度过了最为令人烦恼的一天。）
倍数的表达
表达法一：A is three(four, etc.)times the size(height, length etc.)of B.
The new building is four times the size(the height)of the old one.
这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大（高）/这座新楼比那座旧楼大（高）三倍。
表达法二：A is three(four, etc.)times as big(high, long, etc.)as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe.
亚洲是欧洲的四倍大/亚洲比欧洲大三倍。
表达法三：A is three (four, etc.)times bigger(higher, longer, etc.)than B.
Your school is three times bigger than ours.
你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。
用times 表倍数通常用于三倍以上，两倍可以用twice或double.
注意：1. 可以修饰比较级的词有：much, many, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any, a great deal；
2. 表示“最高程度“的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect，superior,junior等。
五、动词和短语动词
知识网络
动词的分类
行为动词（实义动词）
①及物动词（带宾语）：study, develop;
②不及物动词（不带宾语）work, swim, go, come
③状态动词（相对静止）contain, exist, own, prefer, belong
④动作动词：延续性（work, stay）；非延续性（marry, go, come）
连系动词（汉语中没有这种词类）
助动词（与动词原形或分词构成复合谓语）
be(am,is,are),do(does,did);have(has);will,would,shall
情态动词
can(could),may(might),must,shall(should)
短语动词常见的构成方式及其注意点
动词+副词所构成的短语动词分及物的和不及物的两类
Please turn every light in the house off. 请把房子里的每一盏灯都关掉。（及物）
Harry turned up after the party when everyone had left.
晚会后，人们都已离去，哈里出现了。（不及物）
注意：
①如果宾语较长，就应避免把副词同动词分开
She turned off all the lights which had been left on. 她关掉了所有还在亮着的灯。
②如果宾语是人称代词，只能放在动词和副词之间
She gave them away.她送掉了它们。
③同一动词和不同副词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异
ring back回电话 ring off挂断电话 ring up打电话
put away放好 put on穿，上演 put up挂起，举起。
④不同动词和同一副词搭配时，在意义上有很大的差异
break out发生，爆炸 carry out进行，开展 go out熄灭
hand out分发 let out放出 look out当心
sell out卖完 set out出发, take out取出
work out算出
动词+介词(及物)
I'm looking for my glasses. 我在找我的眼镜。
注意：①当它跟宾语时，不能把介词放在宾语后面。
②同一动词和不同介词搭配时，意义上有很大的差异。
look after照料，look at看，look for寻找
动词+副词+介词
I look forward to seeing you soon. 我盼望不久就见到你。
注：“动词+介词”、“动词+名词+副词”、“动词+副词+介词”，这三种搭配都是及物的，如变成被动语态，不可漏掉介词。In this way both grain and vegetable can be well looked after. (不能漏掉after) 这样一来，粮食和蔬菜都能兼顾了。
考点聚焦及解题点拨
(单个动词)同义词近义词辨析
从三个方面考虑：词的恰切含义、搭配（与介词、名词或非谓语动词的搭配）和用法（是及物动词还是不及物动词）
系动词的用法
状态系动词be
持续系动词keep,remain,stay,continue,lie,stand,rest
表象系动词seem,appear
感官/感觉系动词look,smell,taste,sound,feel
变化系动词become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come
终止系动词prove,turn out
解答这类试题的关键首先是弄清题意，然后是分析句子结构，由此可判断出该动词是否用作系动词，最后确定所要填入的答案。特别关注：go hungry,come true,turn writer
接双宾语的动词
give sb. sth=give sth.to sb buy sb. sth.=buy sth. for sb
但是我们只能说：suggest sth. to sb. explain sth.to sb. read sth. to sb.
短语动词的辨析
熟记常考的短语动词的意义
容易被我们忽视的知识点
sell, write, wash, wear等词的主动形式后跟副词表示被动意义
happen, occur,take place, break out, come out, belong to等无被动形式
六、动词的时态和语态
1. 常用常考的动词时态和用法：（以do为例）
名称
构成
用法
一般现在时
do/does,( 连系动词is/am/are )
1.一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等。
2.主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来。
I’ll go there after I finish my work.
If it rains tomorrow,I won’t go there.
3.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作。
There goes the bell.铃响了。
There comes the bus.汽车来了。
Here she comes.她来了。
一般过去时
did,( 连系动词was/were)
表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或行为。
现在进行时
is/am/are doing
1.表示正在进行的动作。
2.表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。
She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。
He is working as a teacher tomorrow.
从明天起他要做老师。
My father is coming to see me this Saturday.
这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。
3.代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。
The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.
长江江水滚滚向东流。
The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。
过去进行时
was/were doing
1.表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作（这一过去时间须用时间状语表示）
He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.
2.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行
They were still working when I left.
3.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生
I was writing while he was watching TV.
4.表示过去将来动作
He said she was arriving the next day.
现在完成时
has/have done
1.表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，说话时已
完成的动作。
I have finished the report./ She has cleand the room.
2.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往
和“for...”, “since...”表述的一段时间状语连用。
He has learned English for six years.
They have worked here since they left college.
3.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”,表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。
—Where is Li Hua?
－He has gone to the reading-room.
—She knows a lot about Shanghai.
－She has been there.
4.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），
join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态
中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。不能说：He has joined the army for three years.
要翻译“他已参军已经三年了。”可采用
①“ago法”
He joined the army three years ago.
②“延续法”
He has been in the army for three years.
③“since法”
It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
过去完成时
had done
1.表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。
He had shut the door before the dog came up.
Everything had been all right up till this morning.
2.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到
另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。
At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.
He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.
3.常用hope,expect,think,intend,want,suppose等动词的
过去完成时来表示未实现的希望、打算或意图。
We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
将来完成时
will/shall have done
用来表示在将来某个时刻（前）将完成的动作。常和by短
语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。
We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.
现在完成进行时
has/have been doing
用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（还要继续下
去）的动作。He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.
过去完成进行时
had been doing
表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，还将继续下去。
一般将来时
will/shall do
is/am/are going to do
is/am/are（about）to do
一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存在的状况
（详见下面2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较）
过去将来时
would/should do
was/were going to do
was/were（about）to do
1.相对于过去某一时刻而言即将发生的动作或存在的状态
He told me he would go to Beijing.他告诉我他将去北京。
I was told that he was going to return home.
有人告诉我他准备回家。
2. would do(表示过去的习惯)总是,总会,常常
他常常接连好几个小时默默地坐着。
2.一般将来时的特殊表达方式的比较
将来时
用 法
例 句
1
be + doing 进行时表将来
go, come, start, move, leave, arrive等词可用进行时表示按计划即将发生的动作
He is moving to the south.
Are they leaving for Europe?
2
be about to + 动词原形
表示安排或计划中的马上就要发生的动作，后面一般不跟时间状语
I was about to leave when the bell rang.
The meeting is about to close.
3
be to + 动词原形
表示按计划进行或征求对方意见
We’re to meet at the school gate at noon.
4
一般现在时表将来
时刻表上或日程安排上早就定好的事情，可用一般现在时表示将来
The meeting starts at five o’clock.
The plane leaves at ten this evening.
3.容易混淆的时态比较
项 目
区 别
例 句
一般过去时与现在完成时的比较
现在完成时强调过去动作对现在产生的影响或造成的结果
We haven’t heard from Jane for a long time. What do you suppose _______ to her?
A. was happening B. happens C. has happened D. happened
说明：说话者强调Jane 目前的状况.
Mr. Lee, who ________ as a carpenter for over 10 years, is now a very famous statesman in this country.
A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. works
(只说明他过去当过木匠不涉及到现在)
一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态
Hello, I ____ you were in London. How long _________ here?
A. don’t know; were you B. hadn’t known; are you
C. haven’t known; are D. didn’t know; have you been
说明：didn’t know 强调见面前不知道
I read the novel last month. (只说明上个月看了，不涉及现在是否记住)
现在完成时与现在完成进行时的比较
着重表示动作的结果时，用现在完成时
I have read that book.我读过那本书了。（知道那本书的内容）
着重表示动作一直在进行，即动作的延续性时，则用现在完成进行时
—Hi, Tracy, you look tired.
—I am tired. I _______ the living room all day.
A. painted B. had painted
C. have been painting D. have painted
说明：强调动作从过去到现在的延续
现在进行时与过去进行时的比较
现在进行时表示现在某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作
I don’t really work here. I ____ until the new secretary _______.
A. just help out; comes B. have just helped out; will come
C. am just helping out; comes D. will just help out; has come
说明：指目前一段时间正在发生的动作, until 引导的是时间状语从句,动词需用一般现在时。
过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作
— Hey, look where you are going!
— Oh, I’m terribly sorry. _______.
A. I’m not noticing. B. I wasn’t noticing.
C. I haven’t noticed. D. I don’t notice.
说明：对话的后者显然是在解释刚才不小心冒犯对方时正在做的事情.
一般过去时与过去进行时的比较
一般过去时只表达过去的动作或状态
Tom________ into the house when no one ___________.
A. slipped; was noticing B. had slipped; noticed
C. slipped; had noticed D. was slipping; noticed
说明：slip和notice 为同时发生的动作，因此B、C为错误选项，slipped指过去有结果的动作（他溜进去了），when no one was noticing 指他溜进去的一刹那发生的情况（没有人注意）。
过去进行时表示某个时候或某段时间正在进行的动作
.He ______ a book about China last year, but I don’t know if he ______ it.
A.wrote; has finished B. was writing; has finished
C. was writing; had finished D. wrote; will finish
说明：正确选项为B. 从I don’t know if he has finished it.推断，他去年一直在写。
II. 动词的被动语态
常用被动语态
构 成
常用被动语态
构 成
1
一般现在时
am/is/are done
6
过去进行时
was/were being done
2
一般过去时
was/were done
7
现在完成时
have/has been done
3
一般将来时
shall/will be done
8
过去完成时
had been done
4
过去将来时
should/would be done
9
将来完成时
will/would have been done
5
现在进行时
am/is/are being done
10
含有情态动词的
can/must/may be done
注
意
事
项
被动语态的否定式是在第一个助动词或情态动词后加not，短语动词的被动态不可漏掉其中介副词。固定结构be going to,
used to,have to, had better变为被动态时，只需将其后的动词变为被动态。
Trees should not be planted in summer. The boy was made fun of by his classmates.
Newspapers used to be sent here by the little girl.
汉语有一类句子不出现主语，在英语中一般可用被动结构表示：
It is believed that… It is generally considered that… It is said that…
It is well known that… It must be pointed out that… It is supposed that…
It is reported that… It must be admitted that… It is hoped that…
被动语态的句型
1.常见句式是：主语（受动者）＋be＋过去分词＋（by＋施动者）：He was scolded by the English teacher.
2.主语＋get＋过去分词＋其它成分：The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.
使用这种结构不能带有“by＋施动者”
3.带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。
She lent me a bike.?被动：①I was lent a bike(by her). ②A bike was lent to me(by her).
4.情态动词＋be＋过去分词：This problem must be worked out in half an hour.
5.双重被动式：主语＋被动式谓语＋不定式的被动式＋其它成分
These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.
The murderer was ordered to be shot.
下面主动形式常表示被动意义
1.不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态。常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash等。
This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。 These books sell well.这些书好卖。
The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。 Meat won’t keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。
The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。
2.一些连系动词的主动式＋形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等。
The apples taste good. The flower smells wonderful.
The news proved/turned out true. Cotton feels soft.
不可变为被动语态的几种情况
1.I teach myself French.不可变为Myself is taught French.因为反身代词不可作主语。
2.We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.因为相互代词不可作主语。
3.He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.
因为象lose heart,make a face,keep silence,lose in thought这类动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式。
4.She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.
因为象take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态。
含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢
Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.
特别注意以下句子的结构：Every minute must be made full use of to study Englsih.
下面词或短语没有被动态：
leave, enter, reach, become, benefit, cost, equal, contain, last, lack, fit, fail, have, appear, happen, occur, belong to, take place, break out, come about, agree with, keep up with, consist of, have on, lose heart等等
