个人小站,生存不易,恳请朋友们耐心看完本文,点进系统广告,这样积少成多,我能多少有点收入,为计划中的多个项目奠定基础。在关注本公众号的情况下从“订阅号”文件夹进入公众号、打开微信文章,这样您的文末广告点击才有效。一篇文章点一次即可,无需关注、购买。如您每周能点击四次以上广告,请在本公众号任意文章右下角“写留言”处说一声“参加建号计划”,让我知道谁在帮助我。之前已经留言的老朋友就不必再说了。感谢! ------------------------ 本系列上一篇: 引导学生形成独立学习策略 - 英语教学法原著选读85(首次附外教朗读录音!另附词汇系列文章目录) 上周的教学法原著选读文章(就是上面这个链接的篇目)中,本太白的好朋友、年轻的美国外教Cherry老师特地帮我录了朗读录音,虽然是手机录音,效果不见得比得上录音室的效果,但总是外教,毕竟不凡。本周献声的是本太白的另外一位好朋友、年轻的英国外教Nicole。 跟Cherry老师一样,Nicole老师已经到中国来有好几年了,口音难免也受了些国内英语的影响,朋友们多多海涵吧! 为帮助朋友们相对透彻地读懂选文,本期配备了本太白亲自录制的视频讲解,请朋友们多多批评指正。本文右下角有“写留言”按钮,有任何意见和建议,您都可以在那里说话。通过讲解弄懂文章之后请一定反复听、读,做到熟练,才能慢慢培养其语感,逐步向高级英语迈进。 我把录音、录像和PPT文件都放在百度云盘,分享链接是http://pan.baidu.com/s/1hs8y3pa,无需密码。 上述PPT文件的分页截图放在本文最后,朋友们可以拉到最后观看。 今天的选文朗读录音已经上传到喜马拉雅,我在那里的网名也叫“武太白”。 导读(家长指南) 前面我曾发过一篇超长的《英语词典、相关软件、APP,怎样配置才能发挥最大功效?启蒙到高级英语词典应用,一文看尽!》,简单总结一下就是: 小学阶段主要使用图解词典、发音词典; 初中阶段可以用中小型词典; 高中开始可以用英汉双解词典; 大学开始可以用英英词典。 今天的选文也提到了上述一部分内容。 ----------------------- 以下英文原文取自上海外语教育出版社出版、授权转载的“教学法丛书”中的《词汇:描述、习得与教学》分册: 原文 Thesis Title: Vocabulary reference works in language learning Author: Phil Scholfield (University of Essex) Dictionaries and learning strategies Do dictionaries figure in the conscious strategies people use that are dedicated specifically to learning rather than use, and find favour in theories of SLA that highlight the role of conscious activity in learning (e.g. Anderson^ 1985 ACT framework)? Use of reference works has indeed been documented, though usually not prominently, along with numerous other things. Typical is O’Malley and Chamot’s scheme where a category of tResourcing, is included among the cognitive strategies - ones that 'operate directly on incoming information, manipulating it in ways that enhance learning' (1990:44). Such research is vague on how precisely the resources are used to enhance learning - but presumably it would be partially in connection with use of language in more or less real communication, as already discussed, and partially as an adjunct to the more artificial, language- oriented learning tasks of the classroom, e.g. multiple choice vocabulary exercises or sentence translation. And perhaps some learners attempt to use such works for learning more directly - such as sitting down with a dictionary and trying to learn words from it, out of context. Fifty-five per cent of Bejoint's (op. cit.) respondents claimed to browse. One of the few studies throwing more detailed light on dictionary use as a learning strategy is that of Ahmed (1988), surveying learners of English in Khartoum, who found reported dictionary use to be a positive feature of all three groups of ‘high achievers’ he identified. However, the use was different at different levels. Good low level learners used dictionaries out of class as an adjunct to rote repetition learning of bilingual vocabulary lists made up from new words arising in class. They would work in groups and one member of the group would look up the words being memorised in a dictionary to verify the information being learnt. It must be noted, of course, that it is quite likely that the implementation of this strategy was influenced by cultural and economic factors (e.g. lack of funds to buy more dictionaries). More advanced learners used dictionaries alone. Good intermediate learners were found to be using predominantly bilingual dictionaries, good university students monolingual ones. In this study there were also two groups of low achievers. Lower level underachievers were distinguished by using hardly any learning strategies at all, including dictionary use (a common finding in learning strategies research - e.g. Porte, 1988). But interestingly the other group - low achieving university students - did employ a number of strategies, including dictionary use. However, they were using bilingual dictionaries, showing that a strategy that characterises good learners at one level is not necessarily universally 'good' (cf. also Politzer and McGroarty 1985). Learners need to develop their dictionary use in order to remain successful, and not allow this aspect of their strategic competence to ‘fossilise’. Specific vocabulary memory strategies which some learners are known to use involve reliance on mental images, the sound of the word, or an example sentence, not just written forms and translations/ paraphrases (Cohen, 1990; see also Ellis, z.2, and Schmitt, z.6). This suggests a mnemonic value for pictures in learners' dictionaries, and for real sound exemplars (as in the Longman Interactive Dictionary^ 1993). Dictionaries often contain good examples, especially when they are corpus-based and so authentic. However I know of no research that reveals just how much learners attempt to learn dictionary examples as against ones derived from textbooks, reading material, etc. In fact it could be argued that an example derived from the context where a new word was met has more tmeaning, for the learner than a dictionary one and so should be more deeply processed. The organisation of dictionaries may also interact with learning. For instance the learner who browse-studies the whole entry for a word in a conventional dictionary in a way that would not be necessary/efficient just for look-up when reading, could be helped by the more conventional 'logica’ order of material rather than the frequency one. In the former, for instance, the 'literal' sense of soar ('fly high in the sky^ will come before the metaphorical one of amounts/prices rising high, even though the latter is more frequent, and the sense connections therefore may be clearer. Also psychological research on vocabulary emphasises the way in which vocabulary is organised in the mental lexicon of native speakers in a multidimensional, meaning-related network. Though the organisation of the mental lexicon of bilinguals remains a bone of contention, the general network idea seems widely accepted. Consequently many ideas for vocabulary practice materials now rely on the idea of working with or establishing sets of words of related meaning in some way (see e.g. Gairns and Redman, 1986; see also Sokmen, 3.1). Ordinary dictionaries (whether mono- or bilingual) are not organised in a meaning-based way of course, so a browse learner who, when he/she looks up a word, scans the material on the rest of the page as an additional learning strategy will not be helped, except perhaps where there are crossreferences to related words. However, reference works like the Longman Language Activator (1993) or Cambridge Word Routes (1994) with meaning-related groups dealt with together seems admirably suited to enhance the associations of a section or pagebrowsing learner. 译文(译者:Sharon 审校:武太白) 词典在人们专门用来学习而非实用的有意识的策略中有没有一席之地,在关注有意识活动在学习中的作用的二语习得理论(如安德森1985年的ACT框架)中又是否受到重视?参考书的使用确实已经与许多其他事情一起被记录下来,尽管通常并不突出。典型的是O’Malley 和 Chamot的框架,其中一个种类“资源提供”归类在认知策略当中,认知策略“直接对输入的信息进行操作,利用这些信息的方式能够促进学习”(1990:44)。 这种研究对于如何精确地使用资源来促进学习语焉不详 – 但或许,正如已经讨论过的,其与多少有些真实的交际活动中的语言使用有联系,另一方面则是作为课堂中更非自然的、为语言学习而设置的学习任务的辅助手段,如多项选择词汇练习或句子翻译。也许一些学习者会试图通过这些书籍进行更直接的学习——例如,坐下来,拿一本词典,试图脱离语境,直接从中学习词汇。比乔恩特(同上)55%的受访者声称这样浏览过词典页面。 阿赫迈德(1988)是少数能够对“词典使用作为学习策略”作更详细揭示的研究之一,他对喀土穆的英语学习者进行了调查,发现词典使用在他认定的所有三组“高成绩者”中都是一个积极特征。然而,不同水平的使用情况也有所不同。良好的低水平学习者把词典作为课外辅助工具使用,协助背诵、默写课堂上学到的新词组成的双语词汇表。他们采用小组合作的方式,其中一名成员负责查词典,以确认所学的、要背、默的生词的信息。当然,必须指出,这一策略的实施很可能受到文化和经济因素的影响(例如缺乏资金购买更多词典)。更高层次的学习者独自使用词典。好的中级学习者主要使用双语词典,好的大学生使用单语词典。在这项研究中也有两组“低分”组。低层次的低分学习者几乎不使用任何学习策略,包括使用词典(这是学习策略研究的共同发现,如波尔特, 1988)。但有趣的是,另一组——低成绩的大学生——是采用了一些策略,包括词典使用,然而,他们使用的是双语词典,这表明某一层次的良好学习者的策略不一定是普遍的“好”(参见Politzer和McGroarty 1985)。学习者需要不断提高使用词典的能力,以保持成功,且不能让这种策略能力僵化。 已知一些学习者所使用的具体词汇记忆策略依赖于头脑中的图像、词语的发声或例句,而不仅仅是书写形式和翻译/释义(柯汉,1990;也可参阅埃利斯,2.2和施密特,2.6)。这表明在学习者使用的词典中的图片以及真实的声音样本(如朗文交互式英语词典,1993版)有着记忆价值。词典往往包含很好的例子,尤其当词典是基于语料库时就更为地道。然而,我所知范围内并没有研究揭示学习者做出过何种努力试图通过词典示例而不是从教科书、阅读材料等得到的例子中学习。实际上,可以认为,从新词的上下文中得出的示例比词典中的例句含义更丰富,应该进行更深层次的处理。 词典的组织结构也可能对学习产生影响。例如,要是学习者在阅读时查阅传统词典,从头至尾浏览一个单词的整个词条内容,这对简单的(阅读)查词需求来说既无必要、也不高效,这时如果词典的内容是按照传统的“逻辑”来编排的,而不是按照新式的“词频”来编排,词典就能起到作用。例如,在前一种词典中,“soar”的字面意思是在天空翱翔,但也隐喻金额、价格持续走高,后者甚至运用更为频繁,意思上的联系也更为清晰。 关于词汇的心理学研究也强调母语者心理词汇组织所使用的多维的、与意义相关联的网状结构。虽然双语心理词汇的组织仍然是一个争论的焦点,但是一般的网络思想似乎已被广泛接受。因此,目前对于词汇练习材料的许多概念都基于以某种方式利用或创建意义相关的词汇集合的想法(可参阅盖恩斯和莱德曼,1986;也参见索克曼,3.1)。当然,普通词典(无论单语或双语)不是基于意义编撰的,所以浏览学习者在查找单词时浏览其余部分的材料作为补充学习策略是不会获益的,除非有相关词的交叉参考。然而,像《朗文英语联想活用词典》(1993年版)和《剑桥词汇指南》(1994年版)这类将含义相关的词汇集合放在一起处理的参考书似乎非常适合于帮助章节或页面浏览型学习者建立意义的关联。 ------------------------ 本系列文章总目录(请收藏,方便访问): 英语教学法原著选读5:把交流进行到底·确立英语为主要教室语言 英语教学法原著选读22:二语习得输入假说F 英语教学法选读46:外语教学中理论与实践的脱节(内有全本分享,敬请转发) 英语教学法选读47:克拉申五假说1:学得与习得有别(内有PDF分享,请转发) 英语教学法原著选读51B:卡拉申二语习得五假说之四·输入假说(Input Hypothesis)答案与译文 英语教学法原著选读52:克拉申二语习得五假说之四·输入假说3(Input Hypothesis) 英语教学法选读55:任务型教学法之交际法教学综述(David Nunan) 【太白话英语】英语“阅读速度”:什么鬼?怎么捉?——兼为英语教学法选读56 任务型教学法的“任务”究竟是什么?David Nunan如是说(英语教学法原著选读57) 在家里教孩子英语的朋友们可以参考:基于TBLT的课程设计思考(英语教学法原著选读58) Experiential Learning 体验式学习(英语教学法原著选读58) Learner Roles 学习者角色,兼谈备课中如何“备学生”(英语教学法原著选读59) 任务型语言教学七原则(1):脚手架原则(英语教学法原著选读60,在家教孩子可参考) 任务型语言教学七原则(2)任务进展性(英语教学法原著选读61,在家教孩子英语也可以参考) 复现·Recycling:任务型语言教学七原则(3)(英语教学法原著选读62,附家长指南) 深度:Active Learning 主动学习与策略选择:任务型语言教学七原则之四(此即选读64) Integration 整体性:任务型教学法七原则之五(此即选读65) Reproduction to creation 复制到创造·任务型语言教学七原则之六(此即选读66) Reflection 反思原则:任务型语言教学七原则之七(此即选读67) 算词汇量,怎样才算一个词?有没有高频词汇列表?专有名词算不算词汇量?(英语教学法原著选读68) 英语口语词汇正在侵入书面语词汇的领地,你知道吗?(英语教学法原著选读69) 英语学习中所谓“主动词汇”、“被动词汇”,很可能都是错觉(上)——(英语教学法原著选读70) “主动词汇”、“被动词汇”,很可能都是错觉(下)(英语教学法原著选读71) 解开“主动词汇”、“被动词汇”之谜的新思路(英语教学法原著选读72) Inferring from context 上下文推断词义述评(英语教学法原著选读73) 英语词汇学习七种武器之一:Build a Large Sight Vocabulary(英语教学法原著选读74) 词汇学习七武器二:新旧词汇整合 (英语教学法原著选读75,译文、家长指南回归!) 英语词汇学习七种武器之三:有规划反复重现 (英语教学法原著选读76) 英语词汇学习七种武器之四:促进深层次理解 - 英语教学法原著选读77(附导读、译文与家长指南) 英语词汇学习七种武器之五:具象化 - 英语教学法原著选读78(附导读、译文与家长指南) 79没发,大家别找了 英语词汇学习七种武器之六:充分利用“工具箱”(A)做好“词典工作” - 英语教学法原著选读80(附导读、译文与家长指南) 学会这“独孤14词”,你就能解锁14000到10万英语单词!- 英语教学法原著选读81 记不住单词?请这些助记手段来帮忙! - 英语教学法原著选读82 通过口语练习学习、巩固词汇 - 英语教学法原著选读84(附词汇系列目录) |
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