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四 非谓语动词 语法精讲一、 概述： 在英语中，不作句子谓语，而具有除谓语外其他语法功能的动词，叫做非谓语动词。非谓语动词有动词不定式；动词的-ing形式；过去分词。 （一）非谓语动词与谓语动词的相同点有： 1） 如果是及物动词都可与宾语连用: They built a garden. They suggested building a garden. 2） 都可以被状语修饰：The suit fits him very well. The suit used to fit him very well. 3）都有主动与被动, “体”式（一般式；进行式；完成式）的变化（过去分词除外）。例：He was punished by his parents.（谓语动词被动语态） He avoided being punished by his parents.（ing形式的被动式） We have writtenthe composition.（谓语动词的完成时） Having writtenthe composition, we handed it in.（现在分词的完成式） 4）都可以有逻辑主语 Theystarted the work at once.（谓语动词的逻辑主语） The boss ordered them to start the work.（动词不定式的逻辑主语） We areLeague members.（谓语动词的主语） We beingLeague member, the work was well done.（ing形式的逻辑主语） （二） 非谓语动词与谓语动词的不同点有： 1）非谓语动词可以有名词作用（如动词不定式和动词的-ing形式），在句中做主语、宾语、表语。 2）非谓语动词可以有形容词作用（如动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和过去分词），在句中做定语、表语或宾语补足语。 3）非谓语动词可以有副词作用（如动词不定式、动词的-ing形式和过去分词），在句中作状语。 非谓语动词的句法功能一览表：
（三）、非谓语动词的各种形式： 1、 不定式的形式：不定式分为带to 和不带to的不定式两种（以write为例）
否定式：not + (to) do not (to) be writing not (to) be written not (to) have written 等 2.-ing形式的形式：（以write;go为例）
否定式：not + writing not + beingwritten not + having written not having been written等 二、非谓语动词的用法比较 1）动词不定式和-ing形式作主语比较 -ing形式作主语表示一般或抽象的多次性动作，不定式作主语表示具体的或一次性的动作，特别是将来的动作。例如： 1. _______is a good form of exercise for both young and old．（MET 1992） A. The walk B．Walking C．To walk D．Walk 答案是B 2. It is not unusual for workers in thatregion _________. A．to be paid more than a month later B. to be paid later than more a month C．to pay later than a month more D. to pay later more than a month 答案是A. 2. 动词不定式、-ing形式、过去分词作表语比较 （1）如果-ing形式的作用相当于名词时，不定式和-ing形式作表语的区别同作主语一样。 His job is building houses． Our task now is toincrease food production． The realproblem is getting to know the needs of the customers． The mostimportant thing is to put theory into practice． The purpose ofnew technologies is to make life easier，_____ it more difficult． A．not make B．not to make C．not making D．do not make （Key：B） （2）如果-ing形式的作用相当于形容词时，-ing形式作表语时不是说明主语的内容，而是表示主语所具有的特征或所处的状态。即主语“令（使）人….”；过去分词表示主语“感到….” What you said was encouraging. I was surprised at the news.. 3动词不定式和-ing形式作宾语比较 （1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语，如：want，wish，hope，manage，demand，promise，refuse，pretend，plan，offer，decide，agree，expect等。 We agreed _______ here，but so far she hasn't turned up yet．（NMET 1995） A．having met B．meetingC．to meet D．to have met （Key：C） （2）有些动词后只跟-ing形式作宾语，如：admit，appreciate，avoid，consider，delay，dislike，escape，excuse，finish，forgive，imagine，mind，miss，practise，resist， risk，suggest，deny,put off等。 The squirrelwas so lucky that it just missed_______ ．（MET 1987） A．catching B．to be caught C．being caught D．to catch （Key：C） Iwould appreciate_______ back this afternoon．（MET 1992） A．you to call B．you call C．you calling D．you're calling（Key：C） （3）有些动词后既可以跟不定式又可以跟-ing形式，意义上无多大区别，如：love，like，hate，prefer，intend，start，continue等。 I intend tofinish／finishing the taskthis morning． (4) 有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟-ing形式，但意义上有区别，如：forget，remember，mean，regret，stop，try等。 —The light in the office is still on． —Oh，I forgot_______ ．（MET 1991） A．turning it off B．turn it off C．to turn it off D．having turned it off （Key：C） —You were brave enough to raiseobjections at the meeting． —Well，now Iregret _______ that．（NMET 1995） A．to do B．to be doing C．to have done D．having done（Key：D） 4、动词不定式、-ing形式、过去分词作宾语补足语和主语补足语比较 （1）有些动词后只跟不定式作宾语补足语或主语补足语，如：ask，tell，order，want，wish，warn，allow，advise，permit，forbid等。 The patientwas warned _______ oily food after the operation．（NMET 1996） A．to eat not B．eating not C．not to eat D．not eating （Key：C） （2）有些动词后既可以跟不定式，又可以跟-ing形式、过去分词作宾语补足语或主语补足语，但意义不同，如：see，watch，notice，observe，hear，feel，have, make等，且不定式不带to，但在被动结构中必须带to.不定式指动作的全过程；-ing形式指正在进行的动作的一部分，且都表主动意义；过去分词表被动意义，指已经完成的动作，being done也表被动意义，但表正在进行的动作。 Paul doesn'thave to be made_______ ．Healways works hard．（NMET 1995） A．learn B．tolearn C．learned D．learning（Key：B） The managerdiscussed the plan that they would like to see_____ the next year．（2000） A．carry out B．carrying out C．carried out D．to carry out（Key：C） We stood on the playground watching the national flag beingraised. 5不定式、-ing形式、过去分词作定语比较 （1）不定式作定语表示“将要”，-ing形式表示“正在”，过去分词表示“已经”，且只表被动。特别要注意比较to be done; being done; done作定语的用法。 注意：-ing形式的完成式不用来作定语。 The OlympicGames，＿＿ in 776 B．C．，did not include women players until1912．（NMET 1997） A．first playing B．to be first played C．first played D．to be first playing（Key：C） When I gotback home I saw a message pinned to the door ____“Sorry to miss you；I will calllater．”（NMET 1999） A．read B．reads C．to read D．reading （Key：D） （2）-ing形式相当于名词时作定语表示被修饰名词的用途，-ing形式相当于形容词时作定语表示被修饰名词的动作。 a swimming pool动名词作定语， a swimming fish现在分词作定语。 （3）有些不及物动词既可用-ing形式，也可用过去分词作定语，但意义不一样。 falling leaves fallen leaves developingcountries developedcountries boilingwater boiledwater 6动词不定式作状语修饰动词、形容词，表示原因、目的和结果，-ing形式、过去分词作状语修饰动词和句子，表示时间、原因、条件、方式、伴随和结果。 _______ latein the morning，Bob turnedoff the alarm．（NMET 2001） A．To sleep B．SleepingC．Sleep D．Having slept（Key：A） ________ suchheavy pollution already，itmay now be too late to clean up the river．（NMET 2000） A．Having suffered B．Suffering C．To suffer D．Suffered（Key：A） __________more attention，the treescould have grown better．（MET 1990） A．Given B．To give C．Giving D．Havinggiven（Key：A） 注意：答题时要分清是非谓语动词作状语、主语，还是祈使句。 三、非谓语动词的其他要点 Ⅰ、非谓语动词的一般式表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作同时发生或在其后发生，非谓语动词的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词表示的动作之前。不定式的进行式表示用于描述在我们谈论的时间（现在或过去）正在继续的动作。 例1：A lot of young people are learning to drive cars. (同时发生) 例2：All of us expected to discover a new oil field. (非谓语动词动作发生在后) 例3：He is said to have studied English for three years. (非谓语动词动作发生在前) 例3：We enjoy watching color TV. (与谓语动词动作同时) 例4：He forgothaving promised to write things for us. （非谓语动词动作发生在前） 例5：Singing a song, he came into theroom.（非谓语动词动作与谓语动词动作同时发生） 例6：Having written his composition, he wentto have a heart to heart talk with Wang. (非谓语动词动作发生在前) 例7：It’s nice to be sitting with you. (不定式的进行式表示现在正在继续的动作) 例8：I noticed that he seemed to be smoking a lot. (不定式的进行式表示过去正在继续的动作) Ⅱ、动词不定式的完成式有时用在intended, expected, meant, were to, was to等过去式的动词后面，表示未实现的行为。例如： 例9: I meant to have sent the book toyou by mail. （我本想把这本书邮寄给你的。） 例10: Hewas to have been the new ambassador, but he fell ill. (他原是要任新大使的，但是他病了。) Ⅲ、不带to的几种用法 1、不定式的进行式、完成式与情态动词连用表推测、责怪等。(略) 2、在 let; make; see; hear; feel; watch;notice; help; observe; have;等后可跟不带to的不定式作宾补. 例11：She lets her children stay up very late. 例12：I made them give me the money back. 例13：Have Mrs. Hansen come in, please. 例14：I’ve never known him (to) pay for a drink. 3、Why (not) 句型中 例15：Why pay more at other shops? We have the lowest prices in town. 例16：Why not let me lend you some money? 4、and, or, except, but, than后 例17：I’d like to lie down and go to sleep. 例18： Do you want to have lunch or wait till later? 例19：We had nothing to do except (to) look at the posters outside thecinemas. 例20：It’s easier to persuade people than (to) force them. 5、解释do的精确意思的句中，可以含有不带to的不定式。 例21：All I did was (to) give him a little push. 例22：What a fire-door does is (to) delay the spread of a fire long enoughfor people to get out. Ⅳ、动词不定式、-ing形式的复合结构 1、'介词for+名词/代词'表示不定式的逻辑主语。常用于：It is + adj .+ for sb. + to do sth.结构. It is inconvenient for me to write the whole book byhand. It is necessary for you to hurry up. Otherwise you willbe late. That is for you to eat. It is time for us to have dinner. This is a problem for us tosolve. 2、 物主代词my、your等和所有格的词如John’s可与带-ing的形式连用。 I’m annoyedabout John’s forgetting to pay. Do you mind my making a suggestion? 在非正式英语中，当这些词在语法上起着句子中宾语的作用时，常用me, you, John这样一些形式 语法精练： 1.（2002全国）Havinga trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains _____whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen 2.（2002全国）The research is sodesigned that once _______ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C.beginning D. begun 3.（2003北京春）Mr.Smith, _____ of the _______ speech, started to read a novel. A. tired;boring B. tiring; bored C. tired; bored D. tiring; boring 4.（2003上海春）Friendshipis like money: easier made than _______. A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept 5.（2003上海春）______the meeting himself gave them a great deal of encouragement. A. The presidentwill attend B. The president toattend C. Thepresident attended D. Thepresident’s attending 6.（2003上海春）Unless______ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited 7.（2003上海春）Shewill tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role ______ inmaking the earth a better place to live. A. to haveplayed B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing 8.（2002北京）--- Howdo you deal with the disagreement between the company and the customers? --- The key ______ the problem is to meet the demand______ by the customers? A. to solve;making B. to solving; made C. to solve; making D. to solve; ;made 9.（2002上海）Inorder to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-runcompany are striving ______ their products more competitive. A. to make B. making C. to have make D. having made 10.（2002上海）Though_______ money, his parents managed to send him to university. A. lacked B. lacking of C. lacking D. lacked in 11.（2002上海）Don’tuse words, expressions, or phrases ______ only to people with specificknowledge. A. beingknown B. having been known C. to be known D. known 12.（2002上海）______to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skin. A. Exposed B. Having exposed C. Being exposed D. After being exposed 13.The boy wanted to ride his bicycle in thestreet; but his mother told him ________. A. notto B. not to do C. not do it D. do not to 14.I would love _______ to the party last nightbut I had to work extra hours to finish a report. A. to go B. to have gone C. to be gone D. going 15.With a lot of difficult problems _______, themanager felt worried all the time. A. settled B. settling c. to settle D. being settled.
五 句子结构 语法精讲一：系表结构 1：主语+系动词+表语 1）：稳定状态——be作系动词，表语是说明主语的稳定情况，状态，性质等。 The teacheris forty years old. I am poor. 2）：状态的变化——系动词为get,turn,become,fall, 等。 The weather gotwarmer. The boy fellasleep. 3）：被感觉的状态——感官词look,tast,smell,feel,sound为系动词。注：主语为被感觉的事物。 The rose looksvery beautiful. Cotton feelssoft. 4）：感觉的状态——feel为系动词。 She feelssatisfied with the work. 5)：保持与持续的状态——keep,stay,remain为系动词。 The man keepsquiet. The old manremains in good health. 6）：涉及结果的状态—— go,come,prove为系动词。 The meat wentbad. Her dream hascome true. His idea provedright. 7).：seem+adj.句型 She seems to beworried about her mother. 二：主谓结构 The teacherteaches( well). The childwalks (very slowly). The warbroke out (that year) Thescientist looked out of the window. The doctoroperated on (the patient). ＊The food eats well./ The novel sells well. 三：动宾结构 宾语可为sth./sb.或doing或to do或that /if/how/who/…/+从句或how/what/when/…/+to do The farmer dug a hole (in the field) People have the habbit of getting up early. Mr.Brown stopped teaching French. She continued to read the newspaper The girl asked.if I was scared at the strange creature. The man didn’t know what to do next. 注意：接to do 或doing意义相似的动词有：like,love,hate,begin,start,continue等。 接to do或doing意义不同的动词有：forget,remember,try,mean,regret,go on,stop等。 必须接doing的有：avoid,finish,enjoy,couldn’thelp,mind,介词短语，等。 四：双宾结构 1.The artist showed them his paintings./ The artistshowed his paintings to them. 此类动词有give,lend,send,tell,等。 Motherbought me a new dress./Mother bought a new dress for me. 此类动词有make,cook,play等。 注意：不说The teacher gave the boy it. 另须用：explain/announce/introduce to sb. sth 2.The man told the girl that he wanted to see a filmwith her. 3.The man advised me which to buy. 五：宾补结构 宾语补足语有sth./sb. 或to do 或 do或 doing 或done或adj.或 to be We call him Robert. She expected her son to work as a painter. We made/let the boy do it again. We saw the animal climb up the tree. ……………………climbing up the tree. 宾补接do/doing均可但语义不同的有see, hear,watch, notice等。 He kept the room clean. They paint the walls green. We consider the girl to be clever We find （it形宾）important for them（真宾 to learn English）. Have + n.+ do 使某人/物去做某事 I had Tom copy it 50 times. Have + n.+ doing使某人/物不停或反复做某事 I had the car waiting for me for2 hours. Have + n.+ done 使某人/物被…了I had my haircut. 六：There be句型 谓语动词据就近原则： There is a textbook, a dictionary and somepaintings on the desk. 注意：不能把there be与 have混用 ╳ There have lots of trees in the forest. 语法精练： 1.It’s so nice to hear from her. ____ , welast met more than thirty years ago. A. What’s more B. That is to say C. In other words D. Believe it or not 2. ____ heavy rain we had yesterday! A. What a B. What C. How a D. How 3. ---- How ____ feel to be home again after20 years abroad? ----Exciting. A. do you B. did you C. does it D. does that 4. ____ down the radio--- the baby is asleepin the next room. A. Turning B. To turn C. Turned D. Turn 5. ____ the man I met in the hospital isyour uncle? A. Which of B. What C. How D. How a 6. ____ kind the teacher is to us! A. What B. What a C. How D. How a 7. ____ from Beijing to London! A. How long way it is B. What a long way is it C. What a long way it is D. How long way is it 8.The purpose of new technology is to makelife easier, ____ it more difficult. A. to not make B. not to make C. not making don’t make 9. He is ____ as any of you. A. as clever a boy B. as a clever boy C. a boy so clever D. a clever boy
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