英语特殊句式——存在句

存在句概念

所谓存在句，就是指表示某处存在有某人或某物的一类句型，这类句型的典型结构是there be…这类表达，所以存在句在通常情况下指的就是there be句型。如：

There is a garden at the back of the house.

there be句型中的there为引导词，无词义；be为谓语动词，根据情况可以有单复数的变化，也可以有不同的时态变化;there be后面的名词为句子主语。表示某处存在有某人或某物是存在句最基本的用法，在实际运用中，它可以有更广的用法。如：

There are not enough people to do the job.

There are a lot of things I’d like to ask you.

这些个句子中的there be句型并不具体表明某处存在有某事物，可视为there be句型基本结构的延伸用法。

there be的谓语问题

主谓一致：若there be只有一个主语，谓语的数则取决于该主语的数;若有几个主语并列，则通常是与靠近的主语保持一致。如：

There is a bus stop close to the school.

但是，在非正式场合，there’s 往往可以用来代替复数形式there are 用于复数名词前。如：

There’s lots of cars on the road these days.

时态问题：there be结构的时态由其中的谓语动词be来体现，它可以有一般现在时、一般将来时、一般过去时、现在完成时、过去完成时、过去将来时多种时态形式。如：

There is nothing to be done now.

There’s going to be trouble.

There wasn’t any change in him.

There have been many such accidents.

There had been many such occasions.

There would be endless rows if I was at home.

连用情态动词：there be结构有时可以与情态动词can / could 、may / might、must、should、ought to 、used to 连用，此时情态动词应放在there与be之间。如：

There must be a mistake.

there be的变体：有时根据句子的需要，我们也可将there be中的动词be 换为 live, remain, seem, appear, exist, stand, lie, come等。如：

There comes a bus.

否定式与疑问式

否定式：there be结构的否定式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后。如：

There is not any bread left.

若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将否定词置于助动词与情态动词之后。如：

There can’t be so many mistakes.

疑问式：there be结构的疑问式通常应将否定词置于动词be之后。如：

Is there any good film on?

若谓语中包括有助动词或情态动词，通常将助动词或情态动词移至句首构成疑问式。如：

Has there been an accident?

there be的非谓语形式

there be结构的非谓语形式有两种，即there being和there to be。

there being结构：该结构在句子中主要用作状语。如：

There being nothing to do, I went to bed.

这类结构有时可与状语从句转换，如上句也可作如下改写：

As there was nothing to do, I went to bed.

另外，there being结构还可用作介词宾语。如：

What’s the chance of there being an election this year?

there to be 结构：主要用作动词宾语。可接该结构可用作动词的动词不多，常见的like, prefer, hate, want, mean, intend, expect, consider等。如：

I don’t want there to be any more trouble.

注意，在let there be结构中，动词be不带to。如：

Let there be no mistake about it.

另外，there to be 结构还可用作介词for的宾语。注意了，用作介词宾语一般用there being，但用作介词for的宾语时，却要用there to be。比较：

It was too late for there to be any buses.

They asked for there to be another meeting.

there be+名词+非谓语动词

there be+宾语+现在分词：现在分词表示主动关系，同时表示动作正在进行。如：

There is someone waiting for him.

有时现在分词不表示动作在进行，而表示一种状态或现状。如：

There’s a piano standing against the wall.

正如come, go, leave, move 等表示位置移动的短暂性动词的进行时态可表示将来意义一样，“there be+名词+现在分词”也可以表示将来意义。如：

There are ten people coming to dinner.

there be+宾语+过去分词：过去分词表示一种被动关系，同时表示动作已经发生。如：

There was nobody injured.

有时过去分词也可表示一种状态(可转换成被动结构)。如：

There were some old men seated (=who were seated) in the back.

there be+宾语+不定式：不定式通常表示动作尚未发生。如：

There was nobody to look after the child.

当其中的宾语与其后的不定式为被动关系时，可用主动表被动，也可用被动式。如：

There is much work to do [to be done].

但有时含义有差别——不定式用主动式可视为其前省略了for sb，用被动式可视为其后省略了by sb。如：

There is nothing to do. 无事可做。(含有无聊之意)

There is nothing to be done. 不能做什么了。(指没有办法了)

There is no+动名词

表示否定：此时表示“不可能……”“无法……”。如：

There is no getting over the difficulty.

表示不允许：此时表示“不许……”“不准……”。如：

There is no photographing here.

There is no+名词+in doing sth

名词为difficulty：There is no difficulty in doing sth的意思是“做某事没有困难”。如：

There is no difficulty in finding his office.

名词为harm：There is no harm in doing sth的意思是“做某事没有害处”。如：

There’s no harm in your coming early.

名词为point：There is no point in doing sth的意思是“做某事没有用或没有必要”。如：

There’s no point in wasting time.

名词为sense：There is no sense in doing sth的意思是“做某事没有道理或好处”。如：

There’s no sense in criticizing him.

名词为use：There is no use in doing sth的意思是“做某事没有用或好处”。如：

There is no use in trying to help him.