英语中的定语从句是难点,也是考试热点。 本文的原标题是:定语从句的引导词that的代替和省略。 因为引导词对先行词的复指(重复指定),所以,定语从句的引导词有时可以代替或省略。(注意,因为名从和状从没有先行词,所以,名从和状从的引导词不能代替或省略。)。如, ●The school which/that/Ø he once studied in is very famous.(由于which复指先行词the school,所以,有时可以代替为that,也可以省略。) 下文中,1/2/3/4讲代替,5/6讲that省略。 1.that本身是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的。前边讲过,关系代词一般是由疑问代词变来的。但是,that并不是疑问代词,为何也能引导定语从句呢?这是因为,that本身就是为了代替who(m)/which而产生的。 例句(that代替who(m)/which) ●The man ____you met just now is my old friend. (填who(m)/that/∅。who/that指人。作宾语时可以省略。) ●The man ____is walking on the playground is my old friend. (填who/that。who/that指人。作主语时不能省略。) ●Take the book ____is lying on the table. (填which/that。which/that指物。) ●Do you know the things and persons____they are talking about? (先行词既有人又有物时,用that。因为that可以指人/物,用一个就可以代替。) 2. that/who(m)/which用法比较表,见下表, 下边举例说明。 注:⑤的例句见第四节.六.6。⑥的例句见第五节.一。 3.that 不但可以代替关系代词(who(m)/which),也可以代替关系副词(when/where/why)。 ①一般地,关系代词who(m)/which可以被that代替或省略。 例句(关系代词被that代替,或者省略。) ●He is the man (whom/that/∅) I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。 ●The package (which/that/∅) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。 ②当先行词为the time/place/reason等明确表示时间/地点/原因的词时,关系副词when/where/why可以被that代替或省略。(这是因为,此时的代替或省略,不会产生歧义。) 例句(关系副词被that代替,或者省略。) ●I’ll never forget the day when/that/∅ we met.我永远也忘不了我们见面的那天。 ●That is the place where/that/∅ we went before.那就是我们以前去过的地方。 ●That’s the reason why/that/∅ I took it.那就是我买它的原因。 4.用that代替who(m)/which,可以防止引导词重复。何谓“重复”?不是单词的重复,而是词头的重复。(that的词头是th-,与who(m)/which的词头是wh-。) ①前句用了“th-”,后句再用“th-”,叫重复;所以,如果前句用了“th-”,后句就不宜用“th-”,而用who(m)/which。②前句用了“wh-”,后句再用“wh-”,也叫重复。所以,如果前句用了“wh-”,后句就不宜用“wh-”,而用that。(一般地,这条规则是软规则,不是硬规则。也就是说,尽量不要重复,但是即使重复了也不算错。) 例句(如果前有疑问词who(m)/which/what等,引导词宜用that。) ●Who is the person that supports your family? ●Which is the bus that you will take? ●They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution. 例句(如果先行词是that/those时,引导词宜用who(m)/which。) ●People all like those who(常用)/that(不常用) have good manners. ●What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? 5.什么情况下可以省略that? 分两类情况,that(连词)引导的名词性从句和that(代词)引导的定语从句。如下表, 助记:中学阶段,认为只有第②种情况(加底纹)可以省略,其余三种情况统统认为不能省略即可。 链接:that(代词)作宾语时,有些情况下不能省略。如,①直接跟在介词后作宾语时不能省略。参看第四节.三.介词+whom/which。②在非限制性定语从句中不能省略。参看第五节。 例句(省略连词that)下列例句中的括号表示可以省略。 ●It is a pity (that) you don’t know Russian.(主语从句时省略that) ●I hear (that) he has join the club.(宾语从句时省略that) ●I’m afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake.(宾语从句时省略that) ●The reason is (that) you don’t trust her.(表语从句时省略that) 例句(省略代词that) ●The man (who(m)/that) we met yesterday used to be my schoolmaster.(作宾语时省略that) ●The novel (which/that) he reads is borrowed from the library.(省略代词which/that) ●He is no longer the lazy boy (that) he was.他不再是以前那个懒孩子了。(作表语时省略that) 6.which/whom作介词的宾语时,可以代替为that吗?可以省略吗?介词与which/whom,靠得紧则不能换不能省,靠得不紧则能换能省。详细地说,①介词与which/whom在一起时,which/whom既不能替换为that/who也不能省略。②介词与which/whom分开时(介词置于句尾),which/whom既可以替换为that/who也可以省略。 This is the pen with which/(that×)/(∅×)I wrote the letter. This is the pen which/that/∅I wrote the letter with. This is the hero of whom/(who×)/(that×)/(∅×) we are proud. This is the hero whom/who/that/∅we are proud of. 分组对比练习 题组25(that/which/who(m)引导定语从句) 第1—3题考查“先行词是指物的不定代词时,如何选择引导词?”,第4—5题考查“引导词在定语从句中作指人表语时,如何选择引导词?”,第6—7考查其它必须用that的情况。 1. I refuse to accept the blame for something____ was someone else’s fault. (2010,全国II) that A. who B. that C. as D. what 句意:我拒绝接受由于别人的过错而导致的对我的责备。 分析:先行词是指物的不定代词时,关系代词用that。sth that。选B。 2. The thought of going back home was____kept him happy while he was working abroad.(上海高考题) A. that B. all that C. all what D. which all that。选B。 3. Please send us all the information ____ you have about the candidate for the position. (2014,陕西) A. that B. which C. as D. what 句意:请把你拥有的关于这个职位的候选人的所有信息发给我们。 分析:先行词是all the information,用that,即,all…that。选A。 4. Her sister has become a lawyer,_____ she wanted to be.(2005,湖北) A.who B. that C. what D. which 分析:①引导词在定语从句中作表语时用which指人。②who(m)不能在定从中作表语。选D。 5. When deeply absorbed in work, ______he often was, he would forget all about eating or sleeping.(2012,北京) A. that B. which C. where D. when 分析:引导词在定语从句中作表语时用which指人。选B。 6. An ecosystem consists of the living and nonliving in an area____interact with one another.(2013.上海) A.that B.where C.who D.what 分析:先行词是the living and nonliving,既有人又有物,用that。选A。 7. Stephen Hawking believes that the earth is unlikely to be the only planet ____ life has developed gradually.(2010,福建)(陷阱题) A. that B. where C. which D. whose 分析:先行词被强势指定时,关系代词用that(但是关系副词不在此限)。本题应该用the only… where。选B。 题组26(用where,which,that,the one选择填空) 1. Is this the factory ____you visited last week? Is this factory ____you visited last week? 2. All ____we need most is more food. All ____is most needed is more food. 3. Is this the flat ____you once lived? Is the flat in ____you once lived? Is this flat ____you once lived in? Is this the only flat ____you have lived in? Is it in this flat ____you once lived? 答案:1.which/that,the one。2.that/Ø,that。3.where,which(介词后不用that),which/that,that(先行词是the only…),that(强调句)。 题组27(引导词的省略) 1. Women ____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ____ don't.(2006,北京) A. who; / B. /; who C. who; who D. /; / 句意:每天喝两杯以上的咖啡的女性比不喝咖啡的女性更容易患上心脏病。 分析:引导词在定语从句中作主语时不能省略,选C。 2. — Do you have anything to say for yourselves? — Yes, there is one point____we must insist on.(2006,江西) A. why B. where C. how D. 不填 分析:引导词在定语从句中作宾语时省略,选D。 3.The house I grew up _____ has been taken down and replaced by an office building.(2009,江西) A. in it B. in C in that D in which 句意:我成长的那间房子已经被拆掉了,取而代之的是一座办公楼。 分析:不选D,因为,从句=引导词+陈述句语序,所以,不论是which还是in which都要放在句首,不能放在句尾,即,The house (which/that) I grew up in (定语从句) has been….。选B。 4. Having checked the doors were closed, and ____all the lights were off, the boy opened the door to his bedroom.(2007,湖南) A.why B.that C.when D.where 句意:这个男孩在核实过所有的门都关了,所有的灯都关了以后,才打开自己的卧室门。分析:此题考查that(连词)引导名词性从句(对比:that(代词)引导定语从句)。关键在于识别并列的宾语从句。check+ (that)从句+that从句。两个宾语从句,前一个可以省略that,后一个不能省略that。选B。 5. Is this the reason ____at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?(2002,上海春) A.he explained B.what he explained C.how he explained D.why he explained 句意:这就是他在会议上对他为什么在工作中粗心大意所作的解释吗?分析:he explained the reason→he explained which/that→(which/that) he explained(代词which/that作宾语时可以省略)。选A。 课外阅读■定语从句的引导词的“超级大转盘”。 正是由于省略与代替,所以定语从句的引导词显得灵活多变。 如,她到的那天是星期四。(下边的说法都对,①最正式,⑦最不正式。) 晕了没?!其实,万变不离其宗,不外乎:原来的,代替的,省略的。 ■定语从句的引导词的常见错误(多词/少词)。 虽然定语从句的引导词非常灵活,但也不是想怎变就怎变! ■为什么可以省略that呢? 引导词that,不管是作为连词引导名词性从句,还是作为代词引导定语从句,都是作为从句开始的标志。有了这个标志/记号,大家就知道后边跟的是从句,所以一般不能省略。但是,由于that (连词)本身无意义,that (代词)是对先行词的复指,所以,如果不影响识别从句,就可以省略。 (1)引导名词性从句的that(连词),本身没有词义,所以有时可以省略。(注意,由于没有词义,而可以省略的情况,只有that(连词)。) 那么,何时可以省略何时不能省略呢?在名词性从句中,that本身无词义,that只是个记号,用这个记号来识别从句。名词性从句的that,就像学生的学生证,门房大爷如果认得你,则不用检查证件;如果不认得你,则要检查证件。同理,如果省略that后,那个句子仍然只可能被看作从句,则可以省略;如果省略that后,那个句子可能会被误认为主句,则不能省略。(that引导宾语从句时,所有的能省略或不能省略的情况,都可以照此解释。) 例句(that(连词)在名词性从句中的省略) ●That you’re leaving is a pity.(that引导句首的主语从句时,不能省略。为什么呢?如果省略that,则听者会以为you’re leaving是主句,所以不能省略that) ●It’s a pity (that) you’re leaving.(that引导后置了的主语从句时,可以省略。为什么呢?前边的主谓结构(It’s a pity)是主句,后边再出现主谓结构(you’re leaving)自然是从句,所以可以省略that。) ●Do you know (that) he has joined the army?(that引导宾语从句时,可以省略。为什么呢?主谓结构(you know)是主句,再出现主谓结构(he has joined)只能是从句,所以,that有没有都可以。) ●I believe (that可以省) it will clear up soon and that (不能省) they will come to see us.(多个并列的that宾语从句,只有第一个可以省略,其它的都不能省略。为什么呢?由于I believe是主句,再出现主谓结构(it will clear)自然是从句,因此,第一个that可以省略。但是,如果把and后的that省略掉,则听者就不知道they will与it will clear并列呢还是与I believe并列呢?这就引起混乱,所以,they will前的that不能省略。) (2)引导定语从句的that(代词),对先行词重复指定,所以有时可以省略。(注意,由于复指,而可以省略的情况,除了that (代词)之外,还有who(m)/which。) 那么,何时可以省略何时不能省略呢?一般地,一个句子(或从句),必须有主语和谓语。that作主语时不能省略,是因为省略后,不是句子了(Ø+谓语)。that作宾语或表语时可以省略,是因为省略后,仍然是句子(主语+谓语(或系动词))。 例句(that(代词)在定语从句中的省略) ●They are the boys whom I got to know at school.(在限制性定语从句中,代词作宾语时,可以省略。为什么呢?前边有主谓结构(they are…),再出现的主谓结构(I got…)只可能是从句,所以,有没有that都可以。) ●Yesterday I met Jack, whom his parents were looking for at that time.(在非限制性定语从句中,代词作宾语时,不能省略。为什么呢?若省略了that,这个句子可能被误认为主句或并列句。) ●There is something (that) keeps worrying me.(主句是there be时,that作主语时可以省略。为什么呢?there be句型具有特殊性:主语在be之后。此时sth是前后两句的共同主语,加之,there be的意义很弱,更使得这种共用显得很合理。) 本文作者:高伟,编著《魔方英语语法》(高中版和教研版)。 不仅仅是原创,而且是最具创新讲解的原创。记得关注我哦! |
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