简化宾语从句
Su Feng hopes he will be back very soon. = Su Feng hopes to be back very soon. We decided that we would help him. = We decided to help him.
二、当主句的谓语动词是know, learn, remember, forget, tell等动词,且主句与从句的主语一致时,宾语从句可转换为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如:
当主句的谓语动词是tell, ask, show, teach等动词,且后面带双宾语,从句主语和间接宾语一致时,宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。如:
但是,如果间接宾语与从句的主语不一致时,一般不要把宾语从句简化,否则会产生歧义。如:
四、在某些动词后的宾语从句,可以用介词加动名词(短语)等其它形式简化。如:
六、动词seem后的宾语从句,也可以用不定式(短语)来转换,但句型要进行适当的变化。如: Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow.= Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow. They found that the box was very heavy.= They found the box very heavy.
简化状语从句
在复合句中,常常根据主句和从句的关系把复合句分为名词性从句、副词性从句(即通常所说的状语从句)及形容词性从句(即通常所说的定语从句)。就状语从句而言,有时为了使句子言简意赅,常常将状语从句进行“简化”。 状语从句的“简化”现象常存在于以下五种状语从句中:
①由if, unless, whether等引导的让步状语从句;②由although, though, even if / though, wh-ever等引导的让步状语从句; ③由when, while, as, before, after, until / till, once等引导的时间状语从句; ④由as, as if等引导的方式状语从句; ⑤由as, than等引导的比较状语从句。
下面针对状语从句的“简化”现象归纳讲解。
一、当状语从句的主语是it, 且谓语动词是be时,it和be可完全简化掉。例如: If (it is) possible, he will help you out of the difficulty. 如果可能的话,他会帮你摆脱困境。 You must attend the meeting on time unless (it is) inconvenient to you. 除非情况对你不便,否则你必须出席这个会议。
二、当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时,从句可以将主语和be动词简化掉。常用于以下情形:
1. 连词+形容词 As (he was) young, he learned how to ride a bike. 他小时候就学会了怎样骑自行车。 Whenever (she is) free, she often goes shopping. 她有空就去购物。 Work hard when (you are) young, or you'll regret. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。
2. 连词+名词 While (he was) a young boy, he was always ready to help others. 他在孩提时代,就乐于助人。
3. 连词+现在分词 As (she was) walking along the river bank, she was singing a pop song. 她沿着河堤边走边唱着流行歌曲。 Although (he is) doing his best in maths these days, he has still got no good marks. 尽管近来他一直在努力学数学,但仍然没有取得好成绩。
4. 连词+过去分词 He won't go there with us unless (he is) invited. 除非受到邀请,否则他是不会和我们一道去那儿的。 The concert was a great success than (it was) expected. 这场音乐会出乎意料地获得了巨大成功。
5. 连词+不定式 He stood up as if (he were) to say something. 他站起来好像要说点什么。 He wouldn't solve the problem even if (he were) to take charge. 即使他来负责也解决不了这个问题。
6. 连词+介词短语 She looked anxious as though (she was) in trouble. 她看上去很焦虑,就好像是遇到了麻烦。 He had mastered the English language before (he was) in the USA. 他到美国之前就精通英语了。
注意:若从句主语和主句主语不一致,从句部分要么用完全形式,要么用独立主格结构来表达。例如: When the meeting was over, all the people went out of the meeting-place.
当会议结束时,所有的人都走出了会场。(=The meeting over, ...)
简化定语从句
定语从句简化的方法常见的有以下几种:
Ⅰ、把定语从句简化为形容词短语作定语。例如: She received a box which was full of gifts. →She received a box full of gifts. 她收到了满满一盒子礼物。
Ⅱ、把定语从句简化为介词短语。例如: The books which lie under the bed aren‘t worth reading. →The books under the bed aren‘t worth reading. 床下那些书不值得读。
Ⅲ、把定语从句简化为不定式或不定式短语作定语。例如: Have you anything that you want to say at the meeting? →Have you anything to say at the meeting? 你在会上有什么要说的吗?
Ⅳ、把定语从句变成不定式复合结构作定语。例如: Is there anything else that we can do? →Is there anything else for us to do? 还有其它我们可做的事吗?
Ⅴ、把定语从句简化成现在分词短语作定语。例如: The boy who stands against the door is his younger brother. →The boy standing against the door is his younger brother. 靠门站着的那个男孩是他弟弟。
Ⅵ、把定语从句简化为过去分词短语作定语。例如: The dictionary which my mother bought for me is very useful. →The dictionary bought for me by my mother is very useful. 我母亲给我买的那本词典非常有用。
另外:还可以把表明身份、职业等非限定性定语从句简化为同位语结构。例如: Lao Zhang, who was our hospital driver,died yesterday. →Lao Zhang, our hospital driver, died yesterday. 老张,我们医院的司机,昨天去世了。
The old man,who is a famous scientist,is coming to give us a report. →The old man,a famous scientist,is coming to give us a report. 那位老人,一个著名的科学家,要来给我们作报告。 |
|