A
a
/
ei
/
face
late
name
plane
take
/
A
/
bad
glad
lamp
plan
/
C
/
quality quantity
want
wash
watch
what
/
B:
/
father
rather
非重读 /
E
/
about
again
awake
china
breakfast important
非重读 / i
/
accurate
advantage
comrade courage damage
message
palace passage
private separate
village
voltage
在名词、形容词、副词词尾
非重读 /
ei
/
celebrate
dictate
radiate separate
在动词词尾
aff
/
B:f
/
staff
aft
/ B:f t
/
after
craft
draft
ai/ay
/ ei
/
brain
claim
faint
main
wait
day
may
play
say
非重读 / i
/
mountain
portrait
holiday
Sunday
air
/
Z[
/
chair
fair
hair
pair
stair
al
/
C:
/
chalk
talk
walk
all
ball
call
wall
/
C:l
/
also
false
salt
/
B:
/
calf
half
balm
calm
palm
-an-
/
B:n
/
command
dance
plant
ar
/
B:
/
bar
car
dark
far
lark
/
C:
/
dwarf
quarter
war
ward
warm
warp
非重读 /E
/
collar
grammar
particular
polar
sugar
are
/
Z[
/
care
dare
fare
rare
spare
stare
-ask
/ B:sk
/
ask
flask
task
-asp
/
B:sp
/
grasp
-ass
/ B:s
/
brass
class
glass
pass
-ast
/
B:st
/
blast
fast
last
past
-ath
/ B:W
/
bath
path
augh
/ C:
/
caught
daughter
taught
au/aw
/
C:
/
author
cause
fault
launch
awful
claw
dawn
law
paw
saw
B
b
/
b
/
bee
blast
C
c
/
k
/
cake
cloth
cook
cross
cut
/
s
/
cell
cite
city
cycle
cc
/
ks
/
accent
accept
accident
succeed
/
k
/
acclaim
according
accuse
occupy
ch-
/
tF
/
chalk
change
choose church
/
k
/
anchor
character
chemistry
chloride
echo
psychology
school
stomach
/
F
/
chauffeur
chef
-cia- -cie-
-cio-
/
FE
/
efficient
sufficient
delicious
precious
electrician
social
special technician
ck
/
k
/
deck
kick
neck
pack
stick
D
d
/
d
/
decide
deed
dive
do
duty
dge
/ dV
/
badge
bridge
judge
lodge
ridge
E
e
/ i:
/
he
theme
these
we
/
e
/
best
desk
egg
pen
well
yes
非重读 /
E
/
excellent
open
sentence
silent
非重读 / i
/
decide
event
explain
repeat
actress
careless
darkness
tallest
wanted
ea
/ i:
/
clean
lease
meat
peace
tea
/
e
/
bread
dead
head
lead
/ ei
/
break
great
/ iE
/
idea
ear
/ iE
/
dear
fear
hear
spear
tear
wear
/ Z[
/
bear
pear
wear
/ [:
/
early
heard
learn
pearl
ee
/ i:
/
green
meet
see
steel
three
eer
/ i[
/
beer
cheer
deer
engineer
pioneer
ei
/ ai
/
either
height
neither
ei/ie
/ i:
/
ceiling
receive
brief
field
niece
piece
thief
yield
eigh
/ ei
/
eight
freight
neighbor
el
/ ([)l
/
level
em
/ ([)m
/
problem
en
/ ([)n
/
element
even
open
seven
student
er
/ [:
/
certain
her
nerve
person
serve
非重读 / [
/
conversation
paper
perform teacher worker
ere
/ i[
/
adhere here
merely
/ Z[
/
there
where
eu/ew
/ ju:
/
feudal
neutral
chew
dew
few
new
ew
/
u:
/
blew
crew
drew
Jew
threw
ey
/ ei
/
grey
prey
they
非重读 / i
/
money
valley
F
f
/
f
/
far
few
fir
for
fun
calf
knife
life
scarf
wolf
G
g
/
g
/
gave
go
goat
big
leg
tag
/ dV
/
gem
giant
courage
large
technology
gh
/
f
/
cough
enough
laugh
rough
tough
gn
/
n
/
campaign
design
foreign
sign
gu(e)
/
g
/
guess
guest
guide
language
league
plague
H
h
/
h
/
hare
head
high
horse
house
/不发音/
honor
hour
exhaust
exhibit
rhyme
I
i/y
/
ai
/
like
nice
time
my
why
try
i
非重读
/ai
/
criticize exercise
modernize
realize
在动词词尾
y
非重读
/ai
/
beautify classify
occupy satisfy
在动词词尾
i/y
/
i
/
is
it
milk
myth
sick
wish
give
live
非重读 / i
/
active
city
happy
office
morning
非重读 /
E
/
beautiful
holiday possible
ie
/ ai
/
die
lie
pie
tie
ia/ie/io /
aiE
/
bias
dialogue
reliable
quiet
science
society
riot
violet
violent
ei/ie
/
i:
/
ceiling
receive
brief
field
niece
piece
thief
yield
-ild
/ aild
/
child
mild
wild
-ind
/ aind
/
blind
find
kind
ig/igh
/ ai
/
sign
design
bright
light
night
sigh
io/iou
非重读 /
iE
/
curious
furious
patriot
period
ir
/
[:
/
bird
dirt
first
girl
thirst
非重读 / [
/
circumference
ire/yre /
aiE
/
admire
fire
hire
require
tire
tyre
wire
J
j
/
dV
/
jacket
job
join
July
just
K
k
/
k
/
kettle
key
kitchen
kite
kn
/
n
/
knee
knife
knit
know
L
l
/
l
/
lay
leave
light
loss
lust
bottle
castle
little
tall
title
will
M
m
/
m
/
man
meet
mice
more
much
dime
dome
bottom room
-mb
/
m
/
bomb
climb
comb tomb
mn
/
m
/
autumn condemn
solemn
(在词尾)
N
n
/
n
/
name
nickname
niece
nose
cotton
fatten
lantern
kn
/
n
/
knee
knit
know
ng/nk
/N(g/k)
/
bang
cling
English
finger
ring
thing
tongue
bank
rink
think
uncle
O
o
/
Eu
/
bone
home
joke
no
smoke
so
非重读
/Eu
/
phono
photo
piano
potato
radio
tomato
/
C
/
drop
got
hot
lot
odd
/
u:
/
do
move
to
who
/
Q
/
come
some
done
one
son
brother
mother
dove
glove
love
非重读 / [
/
consider
produce second
seldom today
oa
/
Eu
/
boat
coat
load
road
soap
oe
/
Eu
/
doe
foe
hoe
toe
oar
/
C:
/
board
coarse
hoarse
roar
soar
oi/oy
/
Ci
/
boil
coin
hoist
moist
point
voice
annoy
boy
joy
ploy
toy
-old
/ Euld
/
bold
cold
fold
old
oo
/
u
/
foot
good
stood
book
brook
cook
look
took
/
u:
/
boot
food
moon
school
spoon
too
tooth
/
Q
/
blood
flood
oor
/
C:
/
door
floor
or
/
C:
/
cord
fork
lord
morning
portion
/
[:
/
word
work
world
worship
非重读 / [
/
doctor
director
effort
forget
motor
ore
/
C:
/
core
fore
more
shore
store
wore
-ost
/
Eust
/
most
post
ou
/
u:
/
group
youth
ou
/
Q
/
country
rough
touch
tough
trouble young
ou/ow /
Eu
/
soul
shoulder
blow
grow
know
show
snow
非重读
/Eu
/
sorrow
tomorrow
window yellow
ou/ow /
au
/
about
cloud
doubt
house
loud
mouth
shout
brown
clown
down
now
town
非重读 / [
/
generous
jealous nervous
ough
/
C:
/
bought
fought
thought
oul
/
u
/
could
should
would
our
/ au[
/
flour
hour
sour
our
/
C:
/
course
court
four
pour
our
/
u[
/
tour
非重读 /
E
/
colour
labour
neighbour
owe/ower
/auE/
towel
vowel
flower
power
shower
P
p
/
p
/
part
pear
pill
power
cap
clap
deep
peep
ph
/
f
/
paragraph
phonograph
photo
phrase
physics
ps-
/
s
/
pseudo-science
psychology
Q
qu-/q
/ kw
/
quay
question
quick
quite
quotation
R
r
/
r
/
race
read
right
rotten
rude
wr-
/
r
/
write
wring
wrong
S
s
/
s
/
sack
see
sight
slight
soap
start
base
case
(在词首,在名、形容词中)
/
z
/
closet
desire
is
reason
visit
(在元音字母之间)
sc
/
s
/
scenario
scene
scent
science scissor
/
sk
/
escape
scarf
scorn
sculpture
sh
/
F
/
shape
sheep
shine
shore
shut
ash
bush
cash
fish
wash
-sia-
/
F[
/
Asian
Russian
-sion
/ VEn
/
decision
occasion
precision
vision
-shion -sion -tion
/ FEn
/
cushion
fashion
aggression
impression
oppression
version
action
dictation fiction
motion
solution
ss
/
s
/
assistant
bless
class
less
lesson
loss
miss
-ssure
/
FE
/
pressure
-st-
/
s
/
castle
fasten
listen
whistle
-sure
/ VE
/
exposure
measure pleasure treasure
sw
/
s
/
answer sword
T
t
/
t
/
take
tell
tooth
beat
taste
what
tch
/
tF
/
catch
latch
match
patch
watch
th
/
W
/
thank
theme
thin
threat
throat
bath
cloth
north
path
tenth
th(e)
/
T
/
than
there
they
those
bathe
breathe
father
rather
weather
-tia-
-tie-
/F[
/
militia
partial
patient potential
-shion -sion -tion
/
FEn
/
cushion
fashion
aggression
impression
version
action
dictation fiction
motion
solution
-stion
/ stFEn
/
combustion
question
suggestion
-ture
/
tFE
/
adventure
capture
culture
expenditure
future
U
u
/ ju:
/
cute
mute
tune
use
/
u:
/
rule
true
flute
June
/
Q
/
but
club
lust
must
shut
sun
/
u
/
bush
full
put
非重读
/ju
/
communist
instrument
occupy
regular
非重读
/ju:
/
attribute attitude
contribute
distribute
institute
在名词和动词词尾
非重读 /
E
/
autumn difficult industry
suggest support suppose
ue
/ (j)u:
/
blue
clue
cue
due
glue
sue
true
ui
/ ju:
/
nuisance
suit
/
u:
/
fruit
juice
recruit
/ (j)u(:)
/
suicide
tuition
fluid
ruin
ur
/
E:
/
burn
fur
hurt
nurse
surface turn
urge
非重读 /
E
/
murmur pursue
Saturday
survive
ure
/ (j)uE
/
cure
manure
pure
sure
非重读 /
E
/
figure
injure
V
v
/
v
/
vary
vest
vibrate
vote
vulnerable
dive
five
give
live
W
w
/
w
/
wary
wear
wipe
wool
wh-
/
w
/
what
while whip
why
/
h
/
who
whole
whom
whose
wr-
/
r
/
write
wrong
wring
sw
/
s
/
answer sword
X
x
/
g
z
/
exact
examine example
exhibition
exist
/
ks
/
export
except
exit
export
Y
y
/
ai
/
cycle
非重读 /
ai
/
beautify
classify
非重读 / i
/
city
psychology
clearly
daily
/
j
/
yard
yet
yield
young
youth
Z
z
/
z
/
zest
zoo
zone
ooze
元音、辅音和国际音标
说明各个字母或字母组合在什么情况下读什么音的规则,称为读音规则。
国际语音学会制定的用一个符号代表一个音素的音标,简称国际音标。
语音的最小单位是音素,
音素有元音和辅音之分。发音时声带振动而气流在通路上不受阻碍的是元音;不论声带振动与否,气流在通路上受到这种或那种阻碍的都是辅音。元音依发音时舌面隆起部分位置的前后分为前元音、后元音和中元音。发音时声带不振动的辅音称为清辅音,声带振动的称为浊辅音。
consonants (辅音): (26)
fricative/friction (摩擦音): (10)
voiceless
/
f
W
s
F
h
/
voiced
/
v
T
z
V
r
/
plosive/stop (爆破音):(6)
voiceless
/
p
t
k
/
voiced
/
b
d
g
/
affricate (破擦音):(6)
voiceless
/
tF
ts
tr
/
voiced
/
dV
dz
dr
/
nasal
(鼻音)(3)
/
m
n
N
/
lateral (舌边音)(1)
/
l
/
vowel: (20)
front
(前元音)(4)
/
i:
i
e
A
/
central
(中元音)(3)
/
E
E:
Q
/
back(后元音)(5)
/
B:
C
C:
u
u:
/
diphthong(双元音)(8)
/
ei
ai
Ci
Eu/ou
au
iE
Z[
u[
/
semi-vowel/glide (半元音/滑音)(2)
/
j
w
/
开音节和闭音节规则
1. 开音节:
元音字母在开音节中读其字母名称音,u在字母j, l, r后面发/u:/。
1) 以元音字母结尾的音节, 如be, my,no;
2) 以“一个元音字母+(一个)辅音字母+e(不发音)”结尾的音节,如age, eve,
ice,
use;
3) 以“(一个)辅音字母+一个元音字母+(一个)辅音字母+e(不发音)”结尾的音节,如
dive, fuse, like, name, nose, plate, rule, theme;
4)以“(一个)辅音字母+一个元音字母+不发音的e”结尾的音节,也按开音节读音:
blue
, due, lie, see, three,
tie
2. 闭音节:元音字母a, e, i/y, o,
u在闭音节中分别发音为:/A/或/C/(在字母qu的组合以及字母w后面), /e/,/i/, /C/, /Q/.
1) 以“一个元音字母+(一个)辅音字母”结尾的音节,如add, at, egg, end, if, it, odd, up,
us
2) 以“(一个)辅音字母+一个元音字母+(一个)辅音字母”结尾的音节,如
black
, clock, fun, knit, map, net, nod, pump, quality, sit, syrup,
wash;
3) 以“一个元音字母+二个辅音字母+不发音的e”结尾的音节,也按闭音节读音:
bridge
dense
hence
hinge
plunge
revolve
sense
since
sludge
solve
tinge
twelve
valve
R音节规则
“元音+ r”构成的音节叫“R音节”,重读“R音节”的读音分别为:
1. ar
/ B:
/:
car
hard
mark
part
/ C: /:
war
warm
warp
(在字母w后面)
2.
er
/ E:
/:
deserve
her
serve
verb
3. ir
/ E:
/:
bird
dirty
first
sir
virgin
4.
or
/ C: /:
cork
lord
port
sort
/ E:
/:
word
world
work
worst
(在字母w后面)
5.
ur
/ E:
/:
curb
fur
nurse
purse
非重读“R音节”的读音均为/ E /:
circumference
factor
grammar
meter
murmur
solar
survival tractor
under
重读-re音节,
即“元音+re”音节和“元音+r+元音”音节的规则
在多音节词中,如果“元音+r” 之后仍为元音字母,则“元音+r+元音”也多按-re音节读音,读法如下:
1)
are读作/Z[/:
care
dare
fare
hare
square
ware
ar(+元)读作/Z[r/:
variable
various
vary
wary
2)
ere多读作/i[/:
adhere
here
mere
revere
severe
er(+元)读作/i[r/:
imperialist
material
period
serious
3)
ire读作/aiE/:
faire
hire
require
tire
tyre
ire
ir(+元)读作/aiEr/:
miry(泥泞的)
siren
spiral
spiry(尖塔状的)
4)
ore读作/C:/:
before
bore
core
more
score
store
or(+元)读作/C:r/:
boring
glorious
glory
story
5)
ure读作/juE/:
cure
lure
manure
pure
secure
ur(+元)读作/juEr/: curious
durable
during
fury
“双r音节”规则
在多音节词中,若重读R音节后在出现一个r,即“元音+rr+元音”,
则r前面的元音字母不再按重读R音节读音,而按重读闭音节读音:
barrel
carry
cirrus
current
curry
ferrous
ferry
furrow
garret
harrow
herring
horror
hurry
lorry
merry
mirror
sorry
squirrel
stirrup
tomorrow
比较:
burden
carbon
circle
ferment harden internal morning
porter
purpose skirting
音节
英语单词由一个或几个音节组成,音节是说话时最小的语音片断,
每个音节常由一个元音加一个或几个辅音组成,但单独一个元音也可以构成一个音节,少数辅音如/
m
n l /,虽没有元音的帮助也能与前面的一个辅音构成一个非重读音节。
单词重音
1. 双音节词重读音节中的元音字母有一定的读音规则:
1) 英语双音节词的重音多数在第一个音节上:
par’ty
stu’dent
2) 在两个音节的分界线上如果只有一个辅音字母(r除外), 这个字母归右边的音节, 第一音节按重读开音节读音:
stu’dent
o’pen
la’bour
slo’gan
3) 分界线上有两个辅音字母(第一个不是r), 这两个辅音字母分别划归左右两个音节, 第一个音节按重读闭音节读音:
com’rade
con’cert
les’son
let’ter
mem’ber
4) 分界线上有两个辅音字母, 第一个是r, 这两个字母可分别划归左右两音节,
第一音节按重读r音节(这条规则也适用于多音节词):
cor’ner
por’trait
但如果分界线上的两个辅音字母是rr, 左边的重读音节按闭音节读音:
car’ry
cur’rent
sor’ry
5) 带有前缀a-, be-, con-, de-, dis-, en-, mis-, per-, pre-, pro-,
re-, trans-, un-等的双音节词,一般在第二个音节重读:
aboard’
awake’
beside’
behalf’
condemn’
condense’
connect’
decide’
disclose’
discuss’
disease’
enlarge’
enrich’
mistake’
misuse’
perform’
permit’
prepare’
produce’
renew’
repair’
report’
rewrite’
transfer’
transform’
transmit’
unkind’
unknown’
2. 有三个以上音节的词称为多音节词。多音节词的重音多在倒数第三个音节上,该音节中的元音字母多读短音:
activ’ity
dif’ficult
exper’iment
fam’ily
mon’itor
partic’ular
polit’ical
qual’ity
3. 多音节词中的次重音有时落在主重音前的第二个音节上:
sat7isfac5tory
in7divid’ual
appre7cia’tion
congrat7ula’tion
exam7ina’tion
4. 在以-graphy, -ial, -ian, -iar, -ic(-ical), -ience, -iency,
-ient, -ify, -ion, -itis, -ity, -ive, -logy, -ous(-eous, -ious),
-sion, -tion等后缀结尾的词中,重音通常落在它们前面的一个音节上:
dicta’tion
exhibit’ion
exper’ience famil’iar
histor’ic
ideol’oly
impa’tient
indus’trial
inven’tive
mu’sic
music’ian
opin’ion
ques’tion
repub’lic
situa’tion
sim’plify
5. 在以-ade, -ain, -ee, -eer, -esce, -esque, -ette, -ique, -oo,
-oon等结尾的词中,重音常常落到最后一个音节上:
cartoon’
cigarette’
engineer’
entertain’
examinee’
lemonade’
picturesque’
platoon’
shampoo’
technique’
trainee’
句子重音(sentence stress)
人们在谈话中,为了突出某一思想,对传达该意思的词重读以进行强调,这就是句子重音。
表意重音(sense
stress)是句子重音中最普通、最基本的重音模式。根据这一模式,凡是在句子中表示明确概念,即具有较强的词汇意义的词都应重读。这类词主要是实词,即名词、形容词、动词、副词;感叹词、指示代词、疑问代词等也常常重读。凡是意义不强,在句中主要起造句作用的词都弱读,这类词主要是虚词,或称功能词,虚词包括冠词、介词、连词、助动词、人称代词、关系代词等。
逻辑重音(logical
stess)是一种特殊重音,逻辑重音按说话人的需要,为了对比或暗示,强调句中某一个或数个词,其它词(不论哪类词)则统统退居次要地位。
失去爆破
一个爆破音后面紧接着另一个爆破音时,第一个爆破音不发生爆破,亦即只由有关发音器官做好这个音的发音姿势,稍停随即发后面的爆破音,
这种现象称为失去爆破:
notebook
a red
pen
Sit down!
爆破音后面紧跟着摩擦音或破擦音时有爆破,但十分轻微:
picture
good student
爆破音在鼻辅音和边辅音前面有轻微的爆破:
good
morning
Comrade Li
连读
在一个意群(sense group)
(意思密切相关的一组词)中,如果前一个词以辅音结尾,后一个以元音开头,这两个音有时可以连起来念,这种现象叫做连读,用符号表示:
What is
this?
It is a pen.
辅音连缀
在英语单词中常有两个或更多的辅音连在一起,这种组合叫做辅音连缀,例如maps, grade, desks.
读辅音连缀时必须注意: (1)第一个辅音要念得轻些,短促些; (2)不要在这些辅音之间加入元音.
主要参考书目:
-- 葆青«英语语音简明教程» (商务印书馆)
-- 辽宁省工科院校«基础英语»编写组 «基础英语» (人民教育出版社1977.09.02)
-- 许国璋«英语»(第一册)(外研社1992.09)
-- 张维友«实用英语知识精要»(湖北教育出版社1996.04)
-- 胡文仲等«College English» (Revised) (第一册)(外研社1992.06)
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