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专题3 语法填空（三）——从句复习 方法与知识 优等生基本没有知识的问题，所以优等生的备考冲刺重点在于：1.梳理正确的做题方法和技巧；2.精选难度适中的训练题。 定语从句 命题规律 定语从句是高考的热点，对于定语从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：1.引导限制性定语从句的关系词；2.引导非限制性定语从句的关系词；3.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别；4.介词+关系代词的用法；5.不定代词/数词+of which/whom引导的非限制性定语从句及其该结构与并列句的判断；6.关系词之间的异同现象及选用。 定语从句基本考点： （1）关系代词引导的定语从句 ①who，whom，that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，其中whom只能作宾语。 ②which，that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。 ③whose用来指人或物，在定语从句中只作定语。 （2）关系副词引导的定语从句 ①关系副词when，where，why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。 需要特别注意：a. 当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point，situation，case，stage等，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。b. 先行词为occasions，当“时机”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。 ②the way后面的定语从句的关系词。 在定语从句中，the way是一个比较特殊的先行词，当它在从句中充当方式状语时，其后的关系词可以是in which，that或省略；但是当它在从句中充当主语、宾语成分时，其后的关系词就用that或which。 （3）“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句 ① “介词＋关系代词”中的关系代词只有whom(指人)，which(指物) 和whose三个。 ② “复合介词短语＋关系代词”引导的定语从句常与先行词用逗号分开，定语从句常用倒装语序。 ③ “of＋which/whom”表示所属关系。(表所属关系也可用whose) 需要特别注意：该考点考查的重点在于“用不用介词”和“用什么介词”。因此在答题时我们必须注意解题思路。可采用“先行词还原法”将先行词还原到从句中来确定正确的介词，具体做法是：a. 把先行词放在从句中，从句子的意思来判断用不用介词和用什么介词。b. 注意从句中动词、形容词、名词与介词的固定搭配。 （4）as和which引导的定语从句 ① as引导的限制性定语从句 关系代词as，which引导非限制性定语从句的区别： a. as引导的非限制性定语从句，既可在主句前，又可在主句后，有时还可插入主句中，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。 b. 当非限制性定语从句放在主句前面时，只能用as。注意此时与名词性从句的互换。 c. as意为“正如……”，后面的谓语动词多是see，know，expect，say，mention，report，announce等；which意为“这一点”。 （5）定语从句中的主谓一致 ①关系代词作从句的主语时，从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致，先行词是句子时，从句的谓语动词用单数形式。 ②“one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时，关系代词在从句中作主语，从句的动词通常用复数，但当one前有the, the only, the very等修饰时，从句的谓语动词要用单数。 名词性从句 命题规律 名词性从句是高考的热点，对于名词性从句考纲要求掌握以下内容：掌握主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句的基本用法，了解同位语从句的基本用法。要求考生在复习备考中应该掌握名词性从句的基本用法；一些易混引导词的辨析；句子的语序、否定前移；名词性从句和定语从句、状语从句的辨析等。 名词性从句基本考点： （1）名词性从句的连接词[来源:Z|xx|k.Com] ①连接词that，whether和if I. 这三个连词在句中只起连接作用，不作句子成分，that本身无意义，有时可省略，whether和if本身有意义，均不能省略。that和whether可以连接所有的名词性从句，而if引导名词性从句时只能引导宾语从句或不在句首的主语从句。 II. whether与if的用法比较 二者均可作“是否”讲，都可以引导名词性从句，引导宾语从句时可以互换。 在下列情况下，常用whether，不用if：a. whether引导从句可以放于句首。b. whether可引导表语从句和同位语从句，if不可。c. whether可以作介词宾语，if则不可。d. whether后可以加不定式，if不可。e. 可以用whether...or引导让步状语从句，意为“无论，不论”，if则不可。 ②连接代词 引导名词性从句的连接代词有：who，whom，whose，what，which，whatever，whichever，whoever。连接代词在句中既起连接作用，同时又充当主语、宾语、定语、表语等成分。 ③连接副词 引导名词性从句的连接副词有：when，where，how，why。连接副词在句中既是连接词，又作状语。 （2）主语从句 ①主语从句在复合句中充当主语，大多数主语从句都可以用it作形式主语而把主语从句置于句尾。 ②that引导主语从句时可用it作形式主语，that不可 省；what引导的主语从句表示“……的东西”时，一般不用it作形式主语；whatever，whoever，whichever一般也不用it作形式主语。 I. It＋系动词＋形容词(necessary，right，likely，unlikely，wrong，important，certain，clear，obvious，strange，normal等)＋that从句 II. It＋be＋名词(短语)(a pity，a shame，good news，a fact，an honour，a wonder，no wonder等)＋that从句 III. It＋be＋过去分词(said，told，heard，reported，decided，suggested，advised，ordered，remembered，thought，considered，wellknown，announced等)＋that从句 IV. It＋特殊动词(seem，appear，happen，matter)＋that从句 注意：a. 在“It is necessary，important，strange，natural＋that从句”结构中，从句常用“(should)＋动词原形”形式。 b. 在“It＋be＋suggested，advised，ordered，requested，insisted，required＋that从句”结构中，that从句应用“(should)＋动词原形”。 （3）宾语从句 在句中起宾语作用的从句称为宾语从句。宾语从句可分为三类：动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。 ①动词的宾语从句 I. 大多数动词(hope，tell，say，know，think，consider，imagine，hear，expect，suppose，guess等)可以带宾语从句。 注意：在think，believe，suppose，expect等动词引导的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将think等动词变为否定形式，这一现象称为否定前移。 II. 动词find，feel，think，consider，make，believe等后有宾语补足语时，则需要it作形式宾语而将that宾语从句后置。 III. 有些动词带宾语从句时习惯上需要在宾语从句前加it。这类动词(词组)有hate，enjoy，like，love，dislike，see to等。 ②一般情况下介词后只能用wh类连接词引导宾语从句。[来源:Z&xx&k.Com] 注意：a. where引导的从句有时也可用作介词的宾语。 b. that引导的从句作介词的宾语是很少有的，只有在except，in，but等介词后偶尔可能用到。 ③sure，certain，glad ，pleased，happy，surprised等表示“情感”的形容词后也可带宾语从句。 （4）表语从句 在句中作表语的从句称为表语从句。共分三类： ①主句的主语是idea，advice，suggestion，order，request，requirement等名词时，表语从句的谓语应用虚拟语气，即“(should)＋动词原形”的形式。 ②主语为名词reason时，表语从句中的连接词要用that，而不用why或because。 ③because，as if，as though，as，like等连接词也可引导表语从句。 （5）同位语从句 同位语从句是用以解释说明某一名词内容和实质的从句。 ①能接同位语从句的名词有：belief，fact，hope，idea，doubt，news，conclusion，suggestion，problem，order，answer，decision，explanation，information，thought等。 ②同位语从句一般用that引导，但也可以用连接代词(what，which，who)、连接副词(when，where，why，how)或whether引导。 ③有时同位语从句不紧跟在它所说明的某个名词后，而是被别的词隔开。 （6）名词性从句的几个难点 ①that通常不可省略的四种情况：[来源:Z&xx&k.Com] I. 引导主语从句，that置于句首时不可省略。 II. 当一个句子有两个或多个并列的宾语从句时，引导第二个和以后几个从句的that不可省略。 III. 在由it作形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句中，that也不可省略。 IV. 引导表语从句和同位语从句时，that也不可省略。[来源:Zxxk.Com] ②what与that的区别： what在从句中充当一定成分并且具有特定含义“……的人(地方、东西)等”；that只起引导作用，在主语从句中不充当任何成分并且也没有含义。 状语从句 命题规律 考纲要求在复习状语从句中掌握如下几点：1.全面掌握状语从句的九大类别；2.根据历年高考试题，对状语从句的考点要进行全面的归纳，在九大类别中的考查热点中，重点把握在引导时间、地点、条件、让步、比较、原因状语从句的连词运用上；3.熟练运用出现频率较高让步状语从句和原因状语从句；4.做好易混词的辨析如：as， when， while等，时间状语从句因为连接词容易出现在一些常用结构里也经常出现；5. 掌握状语从句中的时态、语态、语气、省略；6.与其它从句、句型结合起来分析、辨析。 状语从句基本考点： 特殊句式 命题规律 从近几年高考试题来看，特殊句式主要考查倒装句、省略句和强调句的用法。特殊句式比较杂乱，掌握起来有一定的难度。其中倒装句是高考的热点，强调句是高考的难点。同时，祈使句与陈述句的区别、省略与替代的合理运用也是高考考查的重点项目。近三年的高考题更加注重考查知识之间的交叉现象，如在考查强调句的同时考查定语从句，把省略、强调句与时间状语从句、地点状语从句的考查等融合在一起，考查考生综合 把握语言知识的能力。 特殊句式基本考点： （3）省略 ①在when，while，whenever，till，as soon as，if，unless，as if，though，as等引导的状语从句中，若谓语部分含有be动词，而主语又与主句主语相同或主语是it时，从句的主语和be动词常被省略。 ②I''m afraid，I think，I believe，I hope，I guess等作答句，后面跟so与not分别等于肯定或否定，宾语从句可省去。 ③不定式省略，单独使用不定式符号to。 注意：用来代替动词不定式后被省略的动词，常在be afraid/glad/happy，expect，forget，hope，intend，like，love，mean，prefer，refuse，seem，try，want，wish等的后边，但be动词后有助动词be 和 have时，be 和 have不能省略。 【考例分析】 【例1】 He was very tired from doing this for a whole day, ______ he felt very happy since the crop did “grow” higher. 【解析】but 句中very happy与very tired是转折关系，两句间是逗号且没有连词，故填连词but。 【例2】So Nick called to his son, “Go to the village and buy some salt, but pay a fair price for it: neither too much ______ too little.” 【解析】nor 并列连词“neither…nor…”表示“既不…也不…”。 【例3】In the days when an ice cream cost much less, Tom, an 8-year-old boy, entered a hotel coffee shop ______ sat at a table. 【解析】and 句中entered a hotel coffee shop和sat at a table是主语发出的两个并列的动作。 【例4】Cursing my misfortune, I was wondering where I was going to spend the night when I realized that the villagers who had gathered around me were arguing as to ______ should have the honor of receiving me as a guest in their house. 【解析】who 引导宾语从句且在从句中做主语，指人。 【例5】 One day, he came up with an idea ______ he would pluck up all of his crop a few inches. 【解析】that 引导同位语从句，说明idea的具体内容，从句意义完整且不缺句子成分。 【例6】The new boy looked at the teacher for a few seconds and all the other students wondered ______ the boy would do. 【解析】what 引导宾语从句并在从句中作do的宾语。 【例7】Jane paused in front of a counter ______ some attractive ties were on display. 【例8】 He filled his leather container so that he could bring some back to an elder ______ had been his teacher. 【解析】who/that 代替an elder，引导定语从句并在从句中做主语。学*科网 【例9】Behind him were other people to ______ he was trying to talk, but after some minutes they walked away and sat near me, looking annoyed. 【解析】whom 还原talk to sb.可知，用whom引导定语从句。 【例10】We understand this lesson best ______ we receive gifts of love from children. 【解析】when 引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时”。 【例11】My friends walked me to the bus stop and waited with me ______ the bus arrived. 【解析】until/till 表示“一直到……”。 【例12】______ he thought he could escape attention by sitting at the back, he was wrong. 【方法总结】如何判断空格处应填连接词？ (1) 并列连词：如果空格在两个或几个单词或短语之间，那么就可能填连词。 (2) 主从复合句的连接词：如果两个句子之间没有连词，也没有分号或句号，那么一定是填引导从句的连接词。 体验高考 1.【全国高考浙江11月真题】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。 Easy Ways to Build Vocabulary It’s not all that hard to build an advanced and large vocabulary. Like many things in life, it’s___36___ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that there’s enough room for improvement, ___37___means you’ll just keep getting better and better. Of course you have to work at it. You wouldn’t think that a few ___38___ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough ___39___the rest of your life, and that’s also true for building your vocabulary----you have to keep at it daily, and pretty soon you will find that you have an excellent vocabulary. One of the___40___ (effect) ways to build vocabulary is to read good books. You need to ___41___(real)read at least one good book a week, preferably a classic. This isn’t as hard as it___42___(sound), and it is far better than any other method because you improve your vocabulary while___43___(read) an interesting piece of literature. Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and ___44___(they)use unconsciously, meaning that you will tend to use the words___45___(learn)this way in conversations almost automatically. 2.[2016·四川卷] 阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。 The giant panda 1.________ (love) by people throughout the world.Chinese scientists 2.________ (recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby.She was a very 3.________ (care) mother.For 25 days, she never left her baby，not even to find something 4.________ (eat)！She would not let any other pandas come near.She licked the baby constantly to keep it clean.Any smell might attract natural 5.________ (enemy) that would try to eat the little panda.The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does. 6.________ it cried, she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats. The mother continued to care for the young panda 7.________ more than two years.By that time，the panda no longer needed 8.________ (it) mother for food.However, it stayed with her and learned about the ways of the forest.Then, after two and a half years，the mother 9.________ (drive) the young panda away.It was time for her to have a new baby，10.________ it was also time for the young panda to be independent. 模拟新题精选 1. 【广东省五校2018届高三12月联考】阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 As I share the experience of this kindness, I’m wearing my widest smile. I usually go to my workplace coffee shop to place___41___order but this Wednesday, it was___42___(slight)different. I called the four waiters, ___43___(ask)them to make a choice of a drink and dessert and bought it for them instead. At first, they didn’t sense___44___was happening but when truth dawned, they___45___(surprise)and a bit embarrassed. However, I explained that it was an act of ___46___(appreciate)and they were truly deserving. This brought a “big” smile and a loud, “thank you.” I had for a long time had a desire___47___(reach)out to them but my doubting mind had always had an upper hand. On this day too, I had ___48___(thought)like, “What if they refuse?” “What if they say, they don’t like any of the food or drinks?” “What if this” and, “What if that”, but I decided to let go of the worries and listen___49___ my heart. Now, it was ___50___(they)smiles that drew me to the coffee shop. 2. 【河南省豫北豫南名校2018届高三上学期第二次联考】阅读下面材料，在空白处填写1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Learning to play an instrument is something that can give you a lot of pleasure. It is also an achievement and a skill ___41___stays with your life. Music has a part to play in everyone’s life, and has___42___(describe)as “a primary language.” Learning to play an instrument isn’t easy at the beginning and ___43___(take)effort and determination. While it is OK to aim for the top, music is___44___(certain)not something to take up because you think you ought to do it. A lot of adults regret not having learnt to play an instrument when they___45___(be)younger. But it is never too late to learn! And the ___46___(advantage)of learning an instrument are far ___47___(great)than just the pleasure of producing an enjoyable sound. When you’ve progressed far enough, there are lots of amateur groups that you can join ___48___you want to be part of a larger group. Once you’ve reached a good enough standard___49___(join)a band or orchestra(管弦乐队), you add the team skills like those you get from playing sport. There’s also a great social side to playing ___50___others, as well as the chance to travel through touring. 3. 【安徽省皖西南名校2018年高三阶段性检测联考】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。 Like most people, I was brought up to look upon life as a getting. It was not until in my later thirties____41____ I made this important discovery: giving away things ____42____ (make) life so much more exciting. One discovery I made about giving away is that it is almost ____43____ (possibility) to give away anything in this world without getting something back, though the return often comes in ____44____ unexpected form. One Sunday morning the local post office delivered a letter to my home, though it ____45____ (address) to me at my office. I wrote the postmaster a note of ____46____ (appreciate). More than a year later I needed a post office box for a new business I was starting. I was told at the window that there were no boxes ____47____ (leave), and that my name would have to go on a long waiting list. As I was about to leave, the postmaster appeared in the doorway. He had overheard our conversation. “Wasn’t it you that wrote us a letter a year ago about ____48____ (deliver) a special delivery to your home?” I said yes. “Well, you are ____49 ____ (certain) going to have a box in this post office if we have to make one for you. You don’t know ____50____ a letter like that means to us. We usually get nothing but complaints. 4. 【东北三省三校2017届高三第二次联合模拟】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容 (1个单词) 或括号内单词的正确形式。 Over the past years Starbucks coffee ____61____ (become) a coffee chain store. The cafés don’t sell coffee; they sell ____62____ very atmos phere. They offer customers the perfect atmosphere ____63____ which to take time out and relax. Every single store throughout the world is furnished in a romantic style and ____64____ (special) meant to be cozy, private and quiet: earth-toned (褐色调) space, fancy wall paper, lovely paintings, ____65____ (a maze) background and irresistible coffee smell ... The most fantastic decoration style about Starbucks ____66____ (design) with oversized chairs and tables outside the store. When ____67____ comes to a sunny afternoon, I love to take a seat outside, ____68____ (bathe) in the afternoon sunshine, and listening to the lovely music ____69____ tasting the most terrific Cappu ccino. This is exactly what I love in here—the Starbucks! This is the café I love not merely because of the café itself, but also because of the ____70____ (feel) it brings me. 5. 【广东七校联合体2018届高三第二次联考试】阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容或括号内单词的正确形式。 Take a tour of Monkey Park Situated between Jerusalem and the coastal city of Tel Aviv, Israel’s Monkey Park is home _____41_____ more than two hundred and fifty different species of monkeys. Considered one of the country’s most popular animal ______42______(attraction), it offers a unique experience as it ______43__ ____(run) by the Israeli Primate Foundation, a nonprofit organization whose aim is to provide a rehabilitation(康复) center for monkeys while ______44______(educate) the public about these lovely creatures. Over the last two years the park ______45______(receive) 650 monkeys from a breeding farm that shut down. Most monkeys in ______46______ park live in enclosures(圈地). Visitors are able to view them up close and, thanks to one ______47______(special) designed section, are even able to interact with them. Right outside the visiting area is the rehabilitation center. That’s _____48_____ monkeys who need care are being nursed back to health. Among the family-friendly activities ______49______(offer) at Monkey Park for human visitors are workshops, rides and wall climbing. There are also comprehensive guided walking tours, ______50______ last up to three hours. One feature of the Monkey Park is the children’s playground. But it’s still the monkeys that attract people most. |
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