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I强调句 1 It is (was) that(who, whom) 句型：It is (was) +被强调的成分+that(who, whom) +其它成分 I am right. 我是对的。 It is I who(that) am right.（强调主语） They will have a meeting tomorrow. 他们明天开会。 It is they who (that) will have a meeting tomorrow.（强调主语） 就是他们明天要开会。 It is a meeting that they will have tomorrow. （强调宾语） 他们明天是要开个会（而不是干别的）。 It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting.（强调时间状语） 就在明天他们要开会。
1. 强调句型应注意事项 a. 强调句中通常强调主语、宾语（包括介词宾语）、状语、短语和从句。 it本身没有词义。 b. 强调句中的连接词一般只用who，whom（代人），that （可代物，也可代人），即使在强时间状语从句和地点状语从句时也如此。 who，whom，that不可以省略 c. that或who，whom之后动词的人称和数要与它前面被强调的名词或代词一致。（即人称和数要与原句中的一致） d. 强调句中的时态只有两种，一般现在时和一般过去时。原句谓语动词是一般过去时，过去完成时和过去进行时时，用It was’其余的时态用It is。 It was the way he asked that really upset me. 就是他问的方式真的使我生气了。 Was it during the Second World War that he died?（强调短语） 他就是在第二次世界大战之中死的吗？ When was it that the Long March started? 是什么时候开始长征的？（强调句子） 2. 强调 it 和先行词 it 的判别 可用恢复原句来判别，即是把It is(was) that取消，如果剩下的仍能组成一个完整的句子，这就是强调句型，否则就不是。 It is there that accidents often happen. 去掉It is that There accidents often happen. 那儿经常发生事故。 是一个完整的句子，由此可判断该例是强调句，它强调地点状语there。 It is clear that not all boys like football. 很明显不是所有的男孩都喜欢踢足球。 去掉It is that Clear not all boys like football. 不是一个完整的句子，因此这不是强调句，而是由it作先行词引导的一个主语从句。
2 not until 句型的强调句 句型：It is (was) not until +被强调部分+that+其它成分 He didn't go to bed until (till) ten o'clock. 直到十点，他才睡觉。 It was not until ten o'clock that he went to bed. （强调句） Regular radio broadcasts didn't begin till (untill) 1920. 直到1920年，收音机才开始普遍使用。 （在1920年以前收音机没开始使用。） It was not until 1920 that regular radio broadcasts began.（强调句） I didn't realize she was a famous film star till (until) she took off her dark glasses. 注意： 此句型只用until，不用till但如果不是强调句型，till，untill可通用。（参见左边3个例句） 直到这位大明星把她的墨镜摘下来，我才认出她来。 It was not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.（强调句） 注意： 因为句型中It(was) is not 已经是否定句了，that后面的从句要用肯定句，切勿再用否定句了。
1. 此句型还可用倒装句来表示 原句： Li Ming didn't watch TV till(until) he finished his homework. 李明做完作业后才看电视。 强调句： It was not until Li Ming finished his homework that he watched TV. 倒装句： =Not until he finished his homework did Li Ming watch TV. =Only when he finished his homework did Li Ming watch TV. 原句： The bus will not go until (till) all the people get on it. 直到所有的人都上了车，车才开走。 强调句： It is not until all the people get on it that the bus will go. 倒装句： Not until all the people get on it will the bus go. Only when all the people get on it will the bus go.
3 谓语动词的强调 It is (was) that 结构不能强调谓语，如果需要强调谓语时，用 助动词do或did。 Do sit down. 务必请坐。 He did write to you last week. 上周他确实给你写了信。 Do be careful when you cross the street. 过马路时，务必（千万）要小心啊！ I did go to see you when you were in Shanghai. 你在上海时，我确实去看过你。 注意： 此种强调只用do和did，没有别的形式。 过去时用did，后面的谓语动词用原形。
II 语序 1 定语的语序 在英语中一般常见的句子语序为主语+谓语+宾语，此语序与汉语基本相同，但定语在句中的位置中文和英文略有差异，说明如下： 1. 当定语是单词或动名词时 在英语中多将定语放在被修饰词的前面，与汉语相同。 He is a naughty boy.（形容词） 他是个淘气的小孩。
2. 当定语是短语（介词短语、分词短语、不定式短语时）或定语从句时放在所修饰词的后面。 She had a basket full of apples.（短语） 她有一个蓝子，里面装满了苹果。 The boy who is sleeping is my brother.（定语从句） 正在睡觉的小孩是我弟弟。 The students in the room are from Asia.（介词短语） 这间房子里的学生们来自亚洲。
3. 当定语是副词或某些过去分词时 放在所修饰词的后面。 The women here are for you.（副词） 这儿的妇女都支持你。 I like the books written by him.（过去分词） 我喜欢他写的书。
2 状语的语序 状语：地点→时间 在句子中如果同时有时间状语和地点状语，先地点后时间，和汉语序不同，汉语是先时间后地点。 My mother has lunch at the factory at noon. 我妈妈中午在工厂里吃饭。
III 倒装
主语和谓语的顺序分为两种: 1．自然语序：主语+谓语 2．倒装语序：谓语+主语 倒装语序又分为部分倒装和全部倒装两种。 部分倒装：谓语中的一部分（如助动词、情态动词或系动词 be放在主语前面，其余部分仍在主语后面。例： ①Only in this way can we work out the physics problem. （态动词） 只有用这种方法，我们才能解出这道物理题来。 ②Never had he had any experience like that. （助动词） 他从来没经历过这样的事。 ③Not only is he a singer,but (also) he is a dancer. 他不仅是一位歌唱家，而且还是位舞蹈家。
全部倒装：句子中没有助动词、情态动词或系动词 be 时，要所 语动词放在主语的前面。例： ①Here comes the bus. 汽车来了。 ②Up went the arrow into the sky. 飕的一下子箭射上了天。 ③The door opened and in came a group of soldiers. 门一开，一群士兵闯了进来。 注意：这时如果主语是人称代词，则主谓不倒装。 Here he comes. 他来了。 Away they went. 一下子他们就走了。 Here you are. 给你。 Here we are. 我们到了。 英语中，从形式上分为部分倒装和全部倒装，我们为了便于理解，还可以把它分为语法性倒装，这是由于语法上的需要而必须倒装的句子，还有一种是修饰性的倒装，顾名思义，这些句子如果不是特意加以强调，可以不必倒装。 1 语法性的倒装 1．各种问句需要倒装 Are you against the plan? 你反对这项计划吗？ What do you like best? 你最喜欢什么？
2．there be 句型中，主谓必须倒装 在此句型中，主语总是在谓语之后，无论是在陈述句中还是疑句中。 There were no schools or hospital there before. 以前那里既没有学校，也没有医院。 Is there any ink in the bottle? 瓶子里有墨水吗？
3．引起直接引语的句子，它的主、谓语常倒装 但当主语是代词或谓语含有助动词时，一般不倒装。 另外，如果谓语比主语长，或是它后面有宾语时，一般也不倒装。 “Will you please carry it for me? ”said the old man. “劳驾，帮我搬一下好吗？”老人说。 “Please do me a favour,” he said. “请帮助我。”他说。（主语是代词时常不倒装） “He is a liar. You can't trust him,” Tom said to me in a whisper. “他爱说谎，你别相信他。”汤姆小声告诉我。 “I am hungry,” she had said. “我饿了。”她说。（有助动词had，所以不倒装。）
4．在省略 if 的虚拟语气条件句中 （虚拟条件句中的省略与倒装） 当if在were，should和had这些词前面被省略时，要倒装。 Were you a fish, the cat would eat you. =If you were a fish, the cat would eat you. 假如你是鱼，猫会吃你。 Should it rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home. =If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home. 如果明天下雨，我将留在家里。 Had you my troubles, you would despair. =If you had my troubles, you would despair. 如果你遭遇到我的困难，你会绝望的。
5．nor,neither, so 用于句首时主谓语需倒装 当一个句子用 so, nor,nerther 开始，说明前面一句话中谓语表示的情况也适用于另外一个或一些人或物时，句子要倒装。 注意： 倒装句中的助动词、情态动词、系动词be等要和前面一句话中的一致，详见左例。 I have had my breakfast. 我吃早餐了。 So have I. 我也吃了。 so：用于肯定句，表示“也”。 nor和neither：用于否定句，表示“也不；也没有”。 Li Ming can speak three languages. 李明会三种语言。 So can I. 我也会（三种）。 Will you go home this weekend? 这个周末你回家吗？ No, and neither will Li Ming. 不回，李明也不回。 After that we never saw her again, nor did we hear fromher. 从那以后，我们就再没有看到她，也没收到她的信。 6．as 引导的让步状语从句中 分别叙述如下： a．ajd+as+主语+系动词be Young as he is , he knows a lot of things. = Although (Though) he is young, he knows a lot of things. = He is young but he knows a lot of things. 虽然他年龄不大，可知道的事情很多。 Hard as steel is, it will bend or break under the action of a strong force. 钢虽很硬，但在强力作用下也会弯曲或断裂。 b．n（不带冠词）+as+主语+系动词be 注意： 在此句型中，句首的单数可数名词前面不用冠词。 King as he is, he is unhappy. = Although (Though) he is a king, he is unhappy. = He is a king, but he is unhappy. 虽然他是个国王，可是他并不快乐。 Scientist as she is, she wants to learn more. = Although she is a scientist, she wants to learn more. 虽然她已经是位科学家了，她还是想继续学更多东西。 c．adv+as+主语+动词 Much as I lisk it, I won't buy it. = Although (Though) I like it, I won't buy it. = I like it, I won't buy it. 虽然我很喜欢它，但我还是不买它。 Fast as you run, you can't catch up with him. 尽管你跑得很快，你也赶不上他。 d．V+as+主语+助动词 Try as she does, she will never pass it. = Although she tries, she will never pass it. = She tries but she will never pass it. 无论她怎样努力，她也不会通过的。 Search as they would. they could find no sign of the boy. 无论他们怎么寻找，也未能发现那个男孩的踪影。 2 修辞性的倒装 除了语法性倒装之外，有些倒装是由于修辞的原因而采用的，叫做修辞性倒装。 1．否定词放在字首的倒装 常见放在句首的否定词 little 几乎没有；一点也不 说明 little 置于 know, think, imagine, guess, dream, expect, reactive等有关思考、意识的动词前面时，little=not at all，译为一点也不。 Barely does he have enough money to live on. = He barely has enough money to live on. 他几乎没有足够的钱为生。 By no means is translation easy. = Translation is by no means easy. 翻译绝不是一件简单的事。 Little did I think that I would lose the game. = I didn't think at all that I would lost the game. 我根本没想到我会输掉这场比赛。 在上面表格所列的否定词中，有几个词是强调两个动作的紧密相接，特别依序说明如下： a．hardly…when… 一…就… Hardly did he see me when he ran away. = As soon as he saw me, he ran away. b．scarcely…when… 一…就… Scarcely had the baby cried when the nurse rushed to carry him. = The nurse rushed to carry him as soon as the baby cried. 婴儿一哭保姆就赶快去抱他。 c．no sooner…than… 一…就… No sooner had they reached home than it rained. = It rained as soon as they reached home. 他们一到家就下起雨来了。 d．not only…but also… 不但…而且… 注意： ①．not only…but also…如果连接两个句子，则第一个句子倒装，第二个句子不倒装，见左例。 ②．Not only…but also…如果强调的是主语，句子则不倒装。 Not only I (is invited) but also my younger sister is invited. 不但我而且我妹妹也被邀请了。 Not only did I make promise, but I also kept it. = I not only made a promise, but (also) I also kept it. 我不但许下诺言，我也（遵守）实现了诺言。 Not only is he a scientist, but also he is a painter. He is not only a scientist, but also (he is) a painter. 他不仅是位科学家，而且还是位画家。
2．副词（短语）的倒装 用here, then, now, thus, such, there, so, only then, nolonger等副词为首的句子中，要倒装表示特别强调的语气。 Then came the time we had been looking forward to. =The time we had been looking forward to came then. 我们一直盼望的时刻终于来到了。 Summer begins in June. Then come July and August. = Summer begins in June. July and August come then. 夏天自六月开始，然后就是七月和八月。 Here are some ideas which will help you to overcome the difficulties. 以下是一些想法，它们可以帮助你们克服一些困难。比较 He was very angry. Not a word did he say. 他非常生气，一句话也没说。 （强调一句话也没说。） He was very angry. He didn't say a word.（语气平淡） 比较 Never again shall I be late for school. 我上学再也不迟到了。 I shall never be late for school.
3．Only+副词放在句首时，要倒装 比较 Only then did I realize I made such a big mistake. 只是在那时，我才认识到我犯了一个多么大的错误。 I realized I made such a big mistake only then. Only in this way can you work it out. = You can work it out only in this way. 只有用这种方法你才能算出这道题来。 Only when one loses health does one know its value. 只有当人们身体不好时才认识到身体（好的重要性）的价值。 Only when he got home did he know what happened to his father. = When he got home he knew what happened to his father. 当他到了家之后，他才知道父亲发生了什么事。 注意： ① only放在句首时，如果强调的是一个词或一个短语（即only引导的是一个简单句）则需要倒装。如果only后强调的是一个句子（即整个句子是一个主从复合句），那么从句不倒装，主句倒装。见左二例。 ② only如果强调的是主语时，也不倒装。 Only his mother was invited. 只有她妈妈被邀请了。 4．频度副词在句首时须倒装 频度副词always, often,once出现在句首时，句子要倒装 Often did we warn them not to do so. = We often warned them not to do so. 我们曾多次警告他们不要这样做。 Always will we remember the importance of meeting. = We will always remember the importance of the meeting. 我们将永远记住这次会议的重要性。 |
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