一、简单句及简单句的五种基本句型1、SVC结构（主语+系动词+表语） 在这种句型中，动词必须是系动词，在动词之后跟有表语。表语可以是名词（词组），形容词（词组），副词（词组）等。如： The teacher is kind. She looks fine. My son became a doctor at last. 系动词除be外，常见的还有keep, look, feel, smell, sound, taste, grow, get, go, turn 2、SV结构（主语+不及物动词） (1) 在这个结构中，动词是不及物动词，动词后边没有宾语，如： My head aches. He is singing. (2) 有些动词后边必须带有状语，否则意思就不明确。如： The professor lives in Beijing. We stayed in China for a few days. 常见的不及物动词有：sleep, walk, swim, happen, take place, go, come, work, laugh, stay. 3、SVO结构（主语+及物动词+宾语） 在这个结构中，谓语动词必须是及物动词，在动词后边跟有宾语。 He can drive a car. They speak English. 有些不及物动词后面加上介词或副词可以把它看成一个及物动词，这时后边可接宾语。 Please listen to me carefully. 4、SVOO结构（主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语） (1) 双宾语结构 在这个结构中，动词是带有双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的及物动词。直接宾语多指物，间接宾语多指人。常用的带有双宾语的动词有：give, send, tell, bring, lend, buy, teach, get, call, do, ask, wish, offer等。 He gave the inspector his passport. My father taught us English. (2) 宾语的位置 间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前，但是，如果为了强调间接宾语或者由于间接宾语较长，常把间接宾语放在直接宾语之后，这时要在间接宾语的前面加上适当的介词。如： The old man bought his daughter a nice scarf. The old man bought a nice scarf for his daughter. Give the teacher this book.=Give this book to the teacher. 5、SVOC结构（主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语） 在这种结构中，宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的。 (1) 在某些及物动词后，需要一个宾语再加上一个宾语补足语才能表达完整的意思，这样的宾语和宾补称为复合宾语。名词、形容词、不定式、分词、副词都可以作宾补。 (2) 常跟复合宾语的动词有：call, name, make, think, find, leave, keep等。如： His mother finds him a clever boy. Please keep the room clean. (3) 在see, watch, look at, listen to, hear, feel, let, make（使）, have（使）等这些词后的宾补，如果是不定式担当的，则省去“to”，但变为被动语态时“to”要还原。如： I heard a man knock at the door three times. A man was heard to knock at the door three times. 二、并列句、there be结构、复合句1、并列句：由连词连接两个分句组成的句子叫并列句。这些分句平等并列，而且同等重要，能够独立成句。连接分句的有并列连词和主丛连词。 并列连词有：and, but, or, nor, for, while, either…or…, neither…now, not only… but also… 主从连词有：so, however, still, yet, then 并列句中的前后两句可以根据意思划分为四种关系。 (1) 同等关系：and / not only…but also / neither…nor… He could neither read nor write. He not only studies hard, but also likes sports. (2) 转折关系：but / yet / still / while / when Tom was not there but his brother was ( there ) (3) 选择关系：or / either… or… Either you didn’t understand this, or you were not careful enough. (4) 因果关系：for / so He hurried, for it was getting dark. He liked the book very much, so I gave it to him. 2、there be结构 英语中“there + be + sb. /sth.+ 地点”结构表示“某处有某人或某物”。There是引导词，本身没有意思，be是谓语动词，be后面是主语，be必须和主语的数保持一致。如： There is a garden behind the house. There are two books on the desk. 如果主语部分是两个以上的并列主语时，be一般和邻近的主语的数保持一致。如： There is a cup and two books on the desk. There are five students and a teacher in the classroom. 3、复合句 复合句中包括两个或更多的分句，其中一个分句是主句，其余的分句是从句。从句就是一个分钟在主句中充当一个成分，如主语、表语、宾语、定语、状语等。从句在句子中作什么成分就叫什么从句。 （1）、主语从句 用作主语的从句叫作主语从句，主语从句一般都是作谓语动词的主语，偶尔也可以作分词的主语。 ①由what, that引导的主语从句 What she likes is watching the children play. It is right that you told him the truth. ②由连接副词whether, when, how, where, why引导主语从句。 Why the fire broke out at night remains a mystery. Whether we can help you is a difficult question. When the meeting will be held has not been decided. （2）、表语从句 通常由that, what, where, why, how等连接词引导。 ①if, whether, that引导表语从句。 The question is that we must be good at learning from others. ②what, which, who等连接代词 That is what I want to tell you. The question is which of the classes we choose to be the excellent one. ③how, when, where, why等连接副词。 The question is how we can help him. That is why he has been late. |
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