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外语教师联盟每周一 “专项语法难题探微”栏目 （可在文末查看往期知识点）
本期第五个专题 宾 语 第二讲 间接宾语转换时介词的选用 在上一节里,我们介绍了间接宾语的转换。在转换的过程中自然会涉及到选用什么介词的问题。在这里,我们对其转换时介词的选用作专门的介绍。 间接宾语转换成介词短语,其介词的选择取决于不同类型的双宾及物动词。根据双宾及物动词的分类和使用,间接宾语转换时介词的选用可有四种情况。 A 凡是有“给予(give)”“传达(communicate)”意味的双宾及物动词,其间接宾语转换时,一般用介词to。 例如: They advanced him a long-term loan. They advanced a long-term loan to him. 他们借给了他一笔长期货款。 The allowed each member of the brigade one cotton-padded suit. They allowed one cotton-padded suit to each member of the brigade. 他们发给这个旅每个成员一套棉衣。 They even denied the people the right. They even denied the right to the people. 他们甚至连这种权利都不给予人民。 Won't you lend him your car? Won't you lend your car to him? 你不愿意把你的汽车借给他吗? 能用于这种情况的动词很多,常见的有: give,show,send,read,pass,lend,pay,return,offer,promise,teach,throw,accord,advance,allow,assign,bid,cable,cause,deal,deny, grant,hand,mean,owe,play,post,quote,recommend,refuse,sell,take,telephone,tell,write等。 这些转换时用to的动词,有一部分可以允许间接宾语或直接宾语独立存在,它们是: write,grant,promise,owe,tell,telephone,pay,cable,send,show,teach等。 试比较: I'll write him a letter.我将写封信给他。 I'll write him.我将给他写封信. I'll write a letter.我将写一封信。
I paid him two yuan.我付给了他两元. I paid him.我付给了他钱。 I paid two yuan.我付给了两元。   （图片来自pixabay） B 间接宾语凡能用反身代词充当者,转换时多用介词 for。 这时,介词for常有“为”,“替”的含义。 试比较: I bought you this bunch of flowers.→I bought this bunch of flowers for you. 我为你买了这束花。 I bought myself this bunch of flowers. 我为自己买了这束花。 The shop assistant chose me some curtain material.→The shop assistant chose some curtain material for me. 营业员替我选了些窗帘料子。 The shop assistant chose herself some curtain material. 营业员替她自己选了些窗帘料子。
She made me a cake.→She made a cake for me. 她为我做了个蛋糕。
She made herself a cake.→She made a cake for herself. 她为自己做了个蛋糕。
但转换时用to的动词give,其间接宾语和转换后to的介词宾语也可用反身代词替换。 试比较: I gave myself a wash. I gave a wash to myself. 我自己洗了洗。
转换时多用介词for的双宾及物动词常见的有: buy,cook,make,point,order,book,build,call,cash,catch,change,choose,cut,find,fix,keep,prepare,reach,reserve,spare等。 这类动词的直接宾语尽管可以独立存在,但其间接宾语是不能独立存在的。 试比较: He bought her a dress.→He bought a dress for her. 他为她买了一件衣服。 He bought a dress. 他买了一件衣服。 *He bought her.
I found him a seat.→I found a seat for him. 我替他找到了一个座。 I found a seat. 我找到了一个座位。 *I found him.
She cooked me a nice meal.→She cooked a nice meal for me. 她为我做了一顿美餐。 She cooked me a nice meal. 她做了一顿美餐。 *She cooked me.   （图片来自pixabay） C 有些双宾及物动词(如 do、bring、save、get、leave、sing、fetch等)，其间接宾语转换时用to或for均可。但句子的含义会因此而起变化。 请比较以下例句: Read the first paragraph to me. 请把第一段念给我听。 Read the first paragraph for me. 请为我读第一段。 She sold all her books to me. 她将书全卖给了我。 She sold all her books for me. 她为我(的处境等着想而)把书全卖了。 His uncle left some money to him. His uncle left some money for him. 他叔叔把钱留给了他。 以上最后一例中两句的译文尽管一样,但其涵义不尽相同。 用to时大多是暗示他叔叔已死;而用for时往往是指他叔叔暂时离开或远足等。 D 有少数几个双宾及物动词(如 ask,strike等),其间接宾语转换时用其他介词。 例如: May I ask you a question?→May I ask a question of you? 我可以问你一个问题吗? He struck the door a heavy blow.→He struck a heavy blow at/against the door. 他把门猛击了一下。 |
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