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第四节：简单句有哪五种？什么是主谓双宾句？什么是主谓宾宾补句？宾语补足语有哪些类型？ 鲁华奇 编著 高考英语语法体系化研究：语法改错必须知其所以然 纲举目张，才能举一反三 简单句语法体系框架： 【知识点】 知识回顾： 简单句成立的两个必要条件： 必须有一个主谓结构 必须能表达完整的意思 9. 简单句有哪五种？ 9.1前面已经学过三种简单句： (1) 主谓句：主语+不及物动词谓语结构 I sat at a table, slowly explain every step of the process. （解析：I sat at a table.就是一个典型的主谓句，有主谓结构，能表达完整意思，还有一个原则要牢记：在一个简单句结构中，已经有一个谓语动词，其他动词就只能使用非谓语结构即 to do, doing, done, 这里没有别的连接词如and, wh-, how等，故explain就不是谓语动词，应改为：I sat at a table, slowly explaining every step of the process.） (2) 主谓宾句：主语+及物动词+宾语 To help them better understand our tea-drinking culture, I take them to the tea room in our school but （省略主语I） introduced the history of tea-making and tea culture to them. （解析：两个典型的主谓宾句：I take them to the tea room in our school. 和I introduced the history of tea-making and tea culture to them. 本句有两处错误：根据时态一致原则，take应改为took; 根据逻辑关系but改为and, 全句改为: To help them better understand our tea-drinking culture, I took them to the tea room in our school and （省略主语I） introduced the history of tea-making and tea culture to them.） (3) 主系表句：主语+系动词+表语 All of them were so amazing that they couldn’t wait have a try themselves. （解析：All of them were so amazing.这是一个典型的主系表句，整个句子有一个连接词that, 有两个主谓结构即All of them were so amazing和they couldn’t wait have a try themselves. 故整个句子是个复合句，修饰人amazing改为amazed, ed表示“感到…的”，后一个简单句they couldn’t wait have a try themselves.中已经有谓语动词couldn’t wait，其他动词应使用非谓语结构，应改为：to have a try,所以全句改为：All of them were so amazed that they couldn’t wait to have a try themselves.） 9.2什么是主谓双宾句？ 主语+双宾谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（物） (1) I showed them what to make tea. （解析：I showed them.这个主谓宾句结构没有错，但“我给他们展示”意思不完整，所以再加一个不定式结构做宾语，使句子意思完整，指人them称为间接宾语，指物的what to make tea称为直接宾语；到底是what to make tea还是how to make tea主要看动词make后面有无宾语对象，如果有就用how to make tea这里how相当于一个方式状语，或者what to make这里what做make的宾语，故全句改为：I showed them how to make tea.） (2) I would be glad if you could offer to me an opportunity for an interview. （解析：这是if连接的两个简单句，后面的句子是典型的双宾语句，me是间接宾语，an opportunity for an interview是直接宾语，不需要加to, 故全句改为：I would be glad if you could offer me an opportunity for an interview.） 9.3什么是主谓宾宾补句？ We can hear birds singing happy all round. （解析：We can hear birds有完整的主谓宾，但句子意思不完整，用singing happy all round补充说明宾语birds, 使句子意思完整，宾语后面的在语法称为宾语补足语，简称宾补，happy应改为happily，副词修饰动词，全句改为：We can hear birds singing happily all round.） 总结：宾语补足语是补充说明宾语的，和宾语关系最密切，如singing happily all round动作是由宾语birds做的，不是主语we做的，这是判断宾语补足语的重要依据。 10. 宾语补足语的类型有哪些？ 10.1 名词 We made him the monitorof our class. （解析: monitor和宾语联系密切，做宾补，monitor“班长”表职位，前面用零冠词，应改为：We made him monitorof our class.） They thought this good advices. （解析：名词advice做宾补，抽象名词，不可数，应改为：They thought this good advice.） They elected him the chairman of the committee. （解析：chairman“主席”表职位，去掉冠词the, 改为：They elected him chairman of the committee.） 10.2 形容词 You should keep your room clean and tidy. We found the ruins very interested. （解析：interested修饰宾语the ruins“废墟”，还是修饰主语we？修饰宾语，interested改为interesting, 全句改为：We found the ruins very interesting. 10.3 介词短语 We found him in the middle of the desert. （解析：in the middle of the desert做宾语him的补足语） 10.4. 副词 I saw him out with his father. （解析：副词out“在外面”做宾语补足语） 10.5 非谓语动词结构 I’m sorry to have you wait for so long. （解析：wait动作是主语做的还是宾语做的？显然是宾语you做的，是宾补，简单结构中，谓语动词之外的动词用非谓语形式，故wait改为waiting,因为它和逻辑主语you之间是主动关心，在时间上又和谓语几乎同时发生，全句改为：I’m sorry to have you waiting for so long.） I could feel the cold wind blow my face. （解析：同理，blow改为blowing, 全句改为：I could feel the cold wind blowing my face.） I had my watch repair yesterday. （解析：repair如果是主语做的，应该是I had repaired my watch, 显然repair不是主语I做的，这样my watch就是repair的逻辑主语，my watch 和repair之间就是被动关系，用过去分词repaired非谓语结构表被动，全句改为：I had my watch repaired yesterday.） When he wake up, he found himself tie to a tree. （解析：同理，tie和逻辑主语himself之间也是被动关系，故改为：When he wake up, he found himself tied to a tree.） My mother allowed me play games for a while. （解析：play动作时间在allow之后发生，故改为：My mother allowed me to play games for a while.） 【思考】 I'm willing to devote some of my spare time to serve others. （解析：serve others是主语做的，还是宾语做的？如何改？） 【练一练】 |
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