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小简老师 定语从句:在复合句中， 修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词。引导定语从句的词叫关系词。 关系词包括关系代词who(宾格whom,所有格whose),that, which 和关系副词where, when, why 等。 The boy who is wearing a black coat bought a dictionary yesterday. The noodles that（which） my mother cooked were delicious. The school where I learned judo was very large. I remember the day when our band was formed. I don’t know the reason why she got so angry this morning. 定语从句可以分为限定性定语从句和非限定性定语从句。 (1)限定性定语从句：它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去意义。这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限定性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。 Do you know the girl who just came in? Shanghai is a city（that）I’ve always wanted to visit. Her sister married a man (who/whom/that) she met on a plane. The time when I first met Mr. White was a very difficult period of my life. (2)非限定性定语从句：它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。这种从句与主句的关系不是很密切，书写时往往用逗号分开。非限定性定语从句一般不用that 引导，而且不可以省略关系词。 The old woman, who lives on her own, has a cat for company. Lori is going to marry Mark, whom she does not love. Beijing, which is the capital city of China, is a very beautiful city. 在定语从句中， 关系代词起着连接主句与从句，指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。关系代词的选用取决于主句中的先行词以及关系代词在从句中作何种成分。 ❶关系代词who, whom 的用法1） who 可以代替人（即它的先行词必须是人），在从句中担任主语，往往也可以代替在从句中担任宾格的whom,但它的前面不能有介词，如果带介词则必须用宾格whom，即“介词+whom”. 如：Jonny is a person who always has novel ideas. The girl who the first prize in the contest is from Zhejiang. The person who/whom you just talked to is Mr. Depp. ---The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Depp. (介词to提到定语从句前，只能用whom.) We’ll go to the hospital to see the patients, most of whom are children. (whom 前常用表示数量的词none/neither/both/each/all of…) 2)在定语从句中，who, that 指人时可以通用，但在下列情况下用who,而不用that. A) 先行词是one, ones, anyone 时，宜用who. One who has nothing to fear for oneself dares to tell the truth. The ones who flatter me don’t please me. Anyone who laughs last laughs best. Anyone who fails to finish the task given should be criticized. B) 先行词为those 时，宜用who. Those who want to go to the Great Wall sign up here. No words are strong enough to express our thanks to those who worked hard to rescue survivors in the earthquake. C) 当先行词有较长的后置定语时，宜用who。 I met a girl in the street yesterday who grew up in Yunnan province. D) 一个句子中带有两个定语从句时，其中一个定语从句的关系代词时that， 另一个宜用who. 如：The boy that you met last night is the group leader who studies very hard. E) 在there be 开头 的句子中，事宜用who. There is a young man who wants to see your father. There are many old men who are against this plan. ❷关系代词whose 的用法关系代词whose 是关系代词who 的所有格形式，它 既可以代人，也可以代物。当whose 代物时，相当于of which. Whose 引导的定语从句既可以是限定性定语从句，也可以是非限定性定语从句。 Do you know Peter whose father happens to be working in your company? The tourist wanted to book a room whose window faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room the window of which faces south. =The tourist wanted to book a room. The room’s window faces south. We went to see our teacher Miss Styles, whose husband lost his life in the earthquake. Xi’an, whose walls remain as good as before, is one of the few cities with city walls. ❸关系代词that, which 的用法1）在限定性定语从句中指代物时，which 和that 一般可通用。 The new house that/which I has just bought is about six miles away. They planted some trees that /which didn’t need much water. (2) 限定性定语从句中只用that 而不用which 的情况。 A）先行词有形容词最高级修饰时 This is the best way that has been used against pollution. Polly is the most direct young woman that I have ever come across. B) 先行词有序数词修饰时 This is the third time that they have met. The very first time that Lester saw the film, he made up his mind to become a doctor. C)主句已有疑问词who 或which 时 Which of the car s that are in front of the hotel belongs to you? Who is the man that is sitting by the lake? D) 先行词既有人又有物时 He talked about the schools and teachers that he had visited. The bike and his rider that had run over an old man were taken to the police station. E) 先行词为all, much, few, little, something, everything, anything, nothing, none 等不定代词时 It’s easy to do the repair. All that you need is a hammer and some nails. We haven’t got much that we can offer you. I’d like to tell you something that will make you surprised. F) 先行词前面有the very, the only, the same, any, few, little, no, all, one of 等词修饰时 This is the very room that I slept in that evening. The only thing that we can do is to give you some money. Li Ming is the only one that wants to be a teacher. G) 有两个定语从句，其中一个关系代词以用which,另一个宜用that Edison built up a factory which produced things that had never been seen before. (3) 只用which 而不用that 的情况 A) 引导非限定定语从句时 The fish, which I bought this morning, is very fresh. My house, which I bought two years ago, has got a lovely garden. Jim passed the driving test, which surprised everybody in the office. Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to others, which, of course, made the others envy him. The factory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, most of which are sold abroad. (which 前常用none/neither/most/both/each/all/a little of等词修饰) B）在限定性定语从句中，关系代词前有介词时 I was put in a position in which I had to accept I was less important. This is the hotel in which you will stay.= That’s the hotel (which/that) you will stay in. (此句中，如果介词in 放在句子的后面，那么关系代词既可用which,也可用that,还可省略。 C）在限定性定语从句中，如果有两个定语从句时，其中一句的关系代词that 时， 另一个用which. Let me show you the novel that I borrowed from the library which was newly open to us. where, when, why： 关系副词和关系代词一样，具有数重作用。连接主句与从句，指代先行词，在从句中作句子成分。由于关系副词在从句中均做状语，所以具体选用什么关系副词，主要取决于关系副词在从句中充当什么类型的状语。 ❶关系副词where 的用法有关系副词where引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示地点的名词，如building, city, room等，where 在从句中作地点状语。 The hotel where we stayed was very clean.= The hotel (that/which) we stayed at was very clean. =The hotel at which we stayed was very clean. I got to the stage where I wasn’t coping any more. =I got to the stage (which/that) I wasn’t coping with any more. = I got to the stage with which I wasn’t coping any more. ❷关系副词when 的用法有when引导的定语从句，其先行词主要是表示时间的名词，如 time, day, date,等,when 在从句中作时间状语。 I’ll never forget the time when we first met in London. =I’ll never forget the time during which we first met in London. The date (when/that) he joined the ANC Youth League was August 5th.(如果按语法来讲，上例中的定语从句只能用when引导，但在口语中，常用that 代替 when, 而且还可以省略。) ❸关系副词why 的用法由why 引导的定语从句，常用在先行词reason 后面，why 在句中作原因状语。 The reason why I got a job was that I worked hard. =The reason (that)/for which I got a job was that I worked hard. The reason why she was late was that she missed her plane. =The reason (that)/for which she was late was that she missed her plane. Amy didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the main reason why she left. =Amy didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the main reason (that)/for which she left. (一般说来，在定语从句中，只要先行词是the reason ，它的关系副词就是why,但在口语中，和when 一样，why 常被that 代替，也可省略。) 重点比较： 带reason 的定语从句与表语从句的常用句型： 定语从句 The reason why/that…; …the reason why/that… 表语从句 The reason is that…(不能用why，否则就重复了) I know the reason why she studies so well. The reason is that he is always careless in his work. 对于同一个先行词，正确区分关系代词和关系副词，关键是要弄清楚它们在定语从句中担任什么成分，而不仅仅取决于先行词是什么。如果关系词在从句中制作主语或宾语，就是关系代词；如果关系词在定语从句中做状语，就是关系副词，当然上面提到的口语用法除外。 （1）定语从句中的主谓一致 A）定语从句中的关系代词作主语时，从句谓语的人称，数要与先行词一致。 Is he the man who/that wants to see you? B） as/which 做主语引导非限定性从句指全句时，从句谓语用第三人称。 Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. As is usual, Hans came to school late this morning. C) 先行词为“one of +复数名词“时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用复数。 Freddy is one of the students who want to be diplomats in our class. D) 先行词为“the only one of the+复数名词“时，关系代词为从句主语，谓语用单数。 He is the only one of the students who has been a winner of scholarship for three years. （2）what, how 不能用于定语从句中． A） what不能用作关系代词来引导定语从句，但是what 引导的宾语从句可以与that 引导的定语从句进行互换。 Tell me anything (that) you know. = Tell me what you know. Tell me anything what you know. ( wrong) B) how 不能用作关系副词来引导定语从句，修饰表示方式的way 的定语从句用which 来引导，也可用that 或省略。 This is the way (in which/that) I worked out the problem. This is how I worked out the problem. （3）关系代词和关系副词的省略 关系代词的省略： A） 非限定性定语从句中关系代词不可以省略。 Jan Hasek , who was my former English teacher, retired last year. B) 在限定性定语从句中，关系代词用作动词宾语时可省略。 Sorry, forgot to bring the magazine (which/that) you want. C) 关系代词作介词宾语时，如果介词出现在关系代词前，关系代词不可以省略；如果介词位于定语从句句末，关系代词可以省略。 This is the government building in which my father works. This is the government (which/that) my father works in. D）there be 句型之后的定语从句中，做主语或宾语的关系代词常客省略。 There’s nothing (that) I can do about it. A) 根据that 在从句中是否做成分来判定。引导定语从句的that 是关系代词，在句中充当主语或宾语，是对先行词的一个说明。引导同位语从句的that是连接词，不充当任何成分，不能省略，也不能用which 代替。同位语从句用来说明名词或代词表示的具体内容。 The news that you told me last week is not true. (that 引导的定语从句，说明是哪一个news, that 在从句中充当told 的宾语。) The news that the leader will come here is not true. (that 引导的同位语从句，说明news 的具体内容，that 在从句中不担任任何成分) B）根据意思来判断 在关系代词前加is 后，如果句子成立就是同位语从句，否则就不是。 The news that you told me is not true. ---The news is that you told me last week. (不成立；不是同位语从句。) The news that the leader will come here is not true. ---The news is that the leader will come here. (成立；是同位语从句)
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