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Whenever Mary reads an interesting story,she can't keep it to and wants to share it with her friends. A. she B. her C. hers D. herself 题考査反身代词的用法、句意为"每当玛丽读到有趣的故事时，她都无法不告诉别人，想和她的朋友一起分享”， keep...to oneself是固定搭配，意为"不告诉别人" kind and helpful to the people around us, and we will make the world a nicer place to live in. A. Be B. Being C. To be D. Been 祈使句+ and + 简单句 ，这里的祈使句相当于一个条件从句，后面的简单句相当于主句 让步状语从句，是指状语从句中的一种，其本身也是状语从句。一般翻译为"尽管……"或"即使……"，就是我们日常生活中用的"退一步说…"的感觉 引导让步状语从句的连词主要有以下这些: though，although，while，as; even if，even though; whether...or...; no matter+疑问词，疑问词-ever，regardless of+名词/名词短语/名词从句，despite，in spite of。 切记although，though 不可与but连用，但可以与still和yet连用。 Although/Though he was exhausted, he(still) kept on working. 虽然他已经精疲力竭了，但他仍然继续工作。 Although/Though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong. 他虽然年纪大了，身体还很健壮。 consider作动词时主要有以下四种用法: 一、作"思考"、"考虑"(=think about)解,后面可接动名词、由"how,what等+动词不定式"或者从句作宾语.但要特别注意,consider后面不能直接跟动词不定式作宾语.例如: ①We are considering going to Hainan for the Spring Festival.我们在考虑赴海南过春节. ②He has never considered how to solve the problem.他从未考虑过如何解决那个问题. ③Do you consider that we can finish the project ahead of time?你认为我们能提前完成这个项目吗? 二、consider v.还可作"顾虑到"、"顾及"、"体谅"(=take into account)解.这时其后用名词或动名词作宾语.例如: ①All of you should consider the feelings of other people.你们必须顾及到他人的感情. ②Although he has made such a stupid mistake,you should consider his youth.尽管他犯了那样愚蠢的错误,你应该体谅他还年轻. 三、作"认为"、"以为"、"觉得"(=be of the opinion,regard as)解时,后面多接宾语从句,这时一般不接动名词作宾语.例如: ①I consider that he is fit for the position of the manager.我认为他胜任经理的位置. ②We consider that you are not to blame.我们认为这不是你的错. ③He has never considered the fact that his family is not very rich.他从未考虑过他家并不富裕这一事实. consider作"认为"解时,后面还可以接一个宾语和一个动词不定式作宾语补足语,构成复合宾语结构,但这种结构的动词不定式主要是"to be+名词/形容词";有时也可以是其它不定式,不过这种不定式多用完成时.例如: ①We always consider him to be a weak leader.我们一直认为他是个能力不强的领导. ②They consider Jim (to be) the cleverest boy in their class.他们认为吉姆是他们班最聪明的学生. ③I consider her to have done wonderfully in the final exam.我认为她在期末考试中表现得非常出色. 注:consider作"认为"解时,后面偶尔也出现接不定式作宾语的情况,不过这时大都用形式宾语it,而将真正的宾语后移.例如: Do you consider it wise to interfere?你觉得干预是明智的吗? 四、固定结构"consider...as/ to be+名词/形容词"多侧重于表示经过思考"认为……是……".例如: ①We consider his suggestion as having possibilities.我们认为他的建议具有可行性. ②They considered the plan as reasonable.他们认为这个计划是合理的 ----------------------------------------------------打印 He was told _carefully,tell sb to do sth 被动be told to do sth. it is worth doing sth 的意思是“值得做某事”，不是被动语态结构,也不含被动语义。 it is worth doing sth 是系表结构+主语补足语（= doing sth is worth），是句型 it worth + 名词 的变体。 The engineerhas has tried（try） every possible way，but still cannot get the computer started． 意为：那位工程师已经尝试了各种可能的方法，但仍然无法让电脑启动．尝试各种方法应该是在过去做的，对现在造成的影响和结果是：仍然无法让电脑启动．应该用现在完成时态．现在完成时态的构成：have/has+过去分词．try，尝试，动词，过去分词tried．主语是The engineer，第三人称单数形式，故填：has tried get sth done是 使某事完成。强调不是本人做的，而是找人做的。 比如：I need to get my bike fixed. I will get my hair cut. The girl was often heard _______ happily in her room. A. sings B. sing C. singing D. to sing be made to do.. 被迫做某事 During this month, people are made to think about the importance of brushing their teeth, ___eating___ (吃)less sweet foods and going to see the __doctor___ (医生)from time to time. 动词＋sb＋do/doing/to do 英文语法：V+sb+to do sth , V+sb+ do sth, V+sb+doing 一、哪些动词用V+sb+do sth或者 V+sb+doing sth？口诀如下： “一感二听三使四看半帮助". 口诀解释： 一感指 feel 二听指 listen to 和 hear 三使指 have,let 和 make 四看见指 see,look at,watch,notice ,observe （其实是五看） 半帮助: help (指其后的不定式可带可不带to) 上面12个词有个共同特征，就是主动结构V+sb+do+sth,不要加to，被动结构需要加to。具体说来又分成三类： 1.知觉动词（一感二听五看共8个） + 复合宾语——（或者 V+sb+ doing sth ，前者强调过程，后者强调动作正在进行，被动结构） --主动结构V+sb+ do sth 表示“ 感知某人做过某事”,即感知的是不定式所表示动作从头到尾发生的全过程。例句： I felt the docter touch the sore spot with a probe.我觉得大夫用探针轻触过痛点. We heard the girl sing some songs in the next door.我们听到那个女孩在隔壁唱过几支歌. He felt something move beside him... I heard the girl sing an English song . He often makes his sister cry . Have you seen a young man pass by Mother watched her son play in the park . --- 主动结构 V+sb+ doing sth “感知某人正在做某事”, Every night I hear her talking in her sleep. I saw him working in the garden yesterday.（强调"我见他正干活"这个动作） 昨天我见他正在花园里干活。 I saw him work in the garden yesterday. 昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实) --对于上述两种的被动结构要注意了，结构分别是be+Ved+todo和be+Ved+doing He was heard to sing. He was heard singing. 2.使役动词（make let have 3个） + 复合宾语——（，但是如果是被动语态，make 和Have的结构是be made to V/have sth done ） --- 主动结构 V+sb+ do sth, 使役动词构成的短语表示“使得某人去做某事”,如： The man had my assistant run the errand.那个人让我的助手跑腿. They made him leave.他们迫使他离开. Can you help me (to) carry the box ? Let me have a try . Please listen to the man tell the story . ---被动结构sb is made/let + to+do, have的被动结构是have sth done,例句： I have my bike fixed（fixed 在这里表被动,让我的自行车被修） His sister is often made to cry . She is often heard to sing this song 3.help 后的复合宾语分两种情况： 1）动词不定式不带 to 表示主语只起协助作用,不直接参与不定式的动作,如： I helped her find the book.我帮她找到了那本书.（我起到的是协助作用,书是由他自己看到的.） 2）动词不定式带 to ,如： I helped her to find the book.我帮着她共同找到了那本书.（我俩一起找并看到书.） 二、哪些动词跟doing？哪些动词跟 to do? 只能是doing sth 1、 enjoy doing sth[]享受做某事 2、 finish doings sth[]结束做某事 3、 practice doing sth[]练习做某事 4、 mind doing sth []介意某事 5、 be busy doing sth []忙于做某事 6、 have fun doing sth []很开心做某事 7、 have problems doing sth[]有问题做某事 8、 have difficulties doingsth []有困难做某事 9、 have trouble doing sth[]有麻烦做某事 10、 spend some time doingsth []花时间做某事 11、 prefer doing sth todoing sth []更喜欢做某事 12、 be used to doing sth []习惯于做某事 13、 look forward to doingsth []盼望做某事 14、 be interested in doingsth []有兴趣做某事 只能是to do sth 15、 want to do sth []想要 16、 would like to do []愿意 17、 agree to do []同意 18、 refuse to do []拒绝 19、 decide to do []决定 20、 plan to do[]计划 21、 expect to do[]期望 22、 hope to do[]希望 23、 wish to do[]但愿 to do doing 均可，但意思不一样 24、 like to do sth[]喜欢马上去做某事 25、 like doing sth []平常喜欢做某事 26、 prefer to do sth []更喜欢马上去做某事 27、 prefer doing sth []平常更喜欢做某事 28、 hate to do []不喜欢马上去做某事 29、 hate doing sth[]平常不喜欢做某事 30、 try to do sth []尽力去做某事 31、 try doing sth []试着去做某事 32、 remember to do sth []记得去做某事 33、 remember doing sth []记得做过某事 34、 forget to do sth []忘记去做某事 35、 forget doing sth []忘记做过某事 36、 stop to do sth []停下来去做某事 37、 stop doing sth []停下正做的事 V+sb+to do sth结构 38、 would like sb to dosth[]愿意某人去做某事 39、 like sb to do sth[]喜欢某人去做某事 40、 want sb to do sth []想要某人去做某事 41、 wish sb to do sth []但愿某人去做某事 42、 expect sb to do sth []期盼某人去做某事 43、 prefer sb to do sth []更喜欢某人去做某事 44、 allow sb to do sth []同意某人去做某事 45、 encourage sb to do sth[]鼓励某人去做某事 46、 advise sb to do sth []建议某人去做某事 47、 ask sb to do sth []要求某人去做某事 48、 tell sb to do sth []告诉某人去做某事 49、 get sb to do sth[]使得某人去做某事 50、 invite sb to do sth []邀请某人去做某事 特殊结构 51、 make sb do sth[]让某人去做某事 52、 let sb do sth[]让某人去做某事 53、 have sb do sth[]让某人去做某事 54、 help sb to do sth[]帮助某人去做某事 55、 help sb do sth[]帮助某人去做某事 三、可用于“动词+sb+intodoing sth”的 9个常见动词 cheat sb.into doing sth. 欺骗某人做某事 trick sb.into doing sth. 欺骗某人做某事 food sb.into doing sth. 欺骗某人做某事 force sb.into doing sth. 迫使某人做某事 argue sb.into doing sth. 说服某人做某事 talk sb.into doing sth. 说服某人做某事 terrify sb.into doing sth. 威胁某人做某事 frighten sb.into doing sth. 吓唬某人做某事 persuade sb.into doing sth. 说服某人做某事 四、可用于“动词+sb+fromdoing sth”的几个常见动词 keep sb. fromdoing sth. 不让某人做某事 stop sb. fromdoing sth. 不让某人做某事 Discouragesb from doing sth ------------------------------- I feel like going to Europe for a visit next summer vacation. 想要做某事feel like doing sth. I would rather ___do sth_________ him the truth mind的用法 mind作可数名词，意为"脑子;想法;记性"。 如:An idea has just come into my mind. mind作动词。 1. 意为"当心;注意"，后跟名词或从句，也可单独使用。 如: Mind the step! 小心台阶! Now mind! You must hurry home. 注意啦!你必须赶快回家。 2. 意为"介意;在乎"，主要用于疑问句和否定句。 ①作不及物动词。 如: Do you mind if I call you later? 我晚一点儿打电话给你好吗? 注意:Do (Would) you mind if...句型用来表示请求对方的许可，即询问对方\"是否介意(说话人)做某事\" ②作及物动词，后面通常接名词、代词、V-ing形式、复合结构、从句等。 如: Would you mind my closing the window? 你介意我关上窗户吗? 注意:Do (Would) you mind doing sth.? 这一句型通常用来表示请他人做某事，常译为\"可否请你做......\"或\"劳驾你做......\"，多用Would开头，用Do的情况较少 mind的常用短语: change one\'s mind 改变主意; keep...in mind记住......; never mind不要紧 call to mind 回忆起;记起 have a good mind to 非常想…;极有意… in one's right mind 不疯的;神志清醒的 make up one's mind 决心;决定 put sb. in mind of sb. or sth.使想起;提醒(某人) speak one's mind 直言不讳 to one's mind 依(某人)之意 never you mind 没你的事 would you mind 请 awfully adv.非常地；极端地；令人嫌恶地 —I don’t believe we _______ before. —Well, I saw you once at a party, but we ______ introduced. A．have met; weren’t B．met; weren’t C．have met; haven’t been D．met; haven’t been 考查时态语态，第一空填现在完成时，因为有before，第二空从句意看是说在聚会上见过一次，但当时没有被介绍。选 A And after all these years, the best player finally deserves to be honored as the most valuable. 在这么多年以后，最优秀的球员终于被认可为最有价值球员。 lie lied lied lying 说谎 lie lay lain lying 平躺，位于 lay laid laid (现在分词是什么)放置，下蛋 We have __much_____ fun _____playing__ tennis on the playground． 只有have fun doing 意思是做某事很有趣 追答： 其实这个句式里隐藏了一个in 完整的应该是have fun (in)doing sth. in一般都省略。因为in是介词 介词后面都加ing。 —How long is it since he ________his hometown? —He ________for nearly 10 years. A.left; left B.has left; has left C.left; has been away D.leave; has been away CCC. 因为第一句主句为一般现在时,从句用一般过去式； 后一句中,必须用现在完成时,因为将近10年表明的是一个期间,用现在完成时表明一种状态. Time will whether I made the right choice or not. A. see B. say C. know D. tell 本题考查动词意义辨析。题意为“时间将会证明我做出的选择是否正确”。Tell常与can/ be able to/ will连用，意为“知道；证明；辨别”，其三个选项均无此意 知识点1 She said that loud music made her tense. 她说喧闹的音乐使她很紧张。 【讲解】（1） make 后面常接复合宾语，表示“使，让”的意思。如： Too much food made him ill. 吃得太多使他病了。 They made her wait. 他们叫她等会儿。 They made him captain. 他们选他当队长。 （2）tense是一个形容词，意思是“紧张的；引起紧张的”。它可以用来指人也可以用来描述气氛，它还可以用来描述人的身体。如： The players were tense at the start of the game. 队员们在比赛开始时很紧张。 She looked pale and tense. 她看起来又苍白又紧张。 Reporters described the atmosphere in the capital as“very tense”. 记者形容首都的气氛“十分紧张”。 Massage is great if your neck and back are tense. 如果你的颈部和背部肌肉紧张的话，按摩一下是很管用的。 speech 演讲 可数，说话的能力 不可数 , valuable ,value,achieve ，achievement,success,succeed Succeed success successful的区别和用法 succeed in + doing sth = 成功做成某事 succeed to ...: 继承(王位等） succeed sb: 继承 succeed with sth:在某方面获得成功 一、succeed的用法 正：His plan succeeded. 析：succeed 表示“成功”，是不及物动词，因此不能用于被动语态 正：Who succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister? 析：succeed 表示“接替(某人)”，是及物动词，其后无需用介词 after。但它若表示“继承(职位、头衔、财产等)”，则是不及物的，后跟宾语时带介词 to(此时也不用 after)，如：She succeeded to the mayoralty.(她继任市长职位)，比较：She succeeded him to the mayoralty.(她接替他担任市长)。 二、success的用法 正：Failure is the mother of success. 析：success 表示抽象意义的“成功”，是不可数的；表示具体意 义的“成功的人或事”, 则是可数的。比较：Gig sucess does not usually occur early.(大器晚成) 正：Did you have any success in persuading her to change her mind? 析：have success in doing sth＝做某事有结果或效果。又如：What success did you have in finding a new job?(你想找份新工作结果如何?) 三、successful的用法 正：The performance was successful. 析：successful＝成功的；successive＝连续的，接连的，一连串的。如：We have won five successive games. (我们已连胜五场比赛)。 正：Were you successful in finding a new house? 析：表示成功地做某事，be successful 后不能接不定式，而是接 in doing sth，又如：They were successful in launching a communication satellite. (他们成功地发射了一颗通讯卫 星) ----Can I park mycar here? ----Sure not, we don’t allow here. A. toparking B. park C. topark D. parking 1、allow sb to do sth,allow后有人（宾语）时,用不定式,意思是允许某人做某事,如The teacher allowed us to discuss in class yesterday. 2、allow doing sth,allow后没有人（宾语）时,用动词ing形式,意思是允许做某事,如The teacher allowed discussing in class yesterday.没说允许谁做,所以用动词ing形式. 3、一般不用allow to do sth这种形式 1 didn't mean to trouble Curry yesterday．It was pouring with rain so I accepted his offer of a lift(让某人搭便车)． 意：我昨天没打算麻烦Curry的．因为下大雨，所以我接受了让他送我一程．refused拒绝；received收到；allowed允许；accepted接受 We will go to senior high school in two___（month ）time． 答案：months'．结合句意是说两个月内，结合in two和后面的time可知这里用in two months'time表示两个月内，用month的所有格作定语修饰time．故答案是months‘． in two months 和 in two months' time,两个短语的意思是一样的,都是指的两个月之后.如果说两个月之内,则说成：within two months. cream n.奶油；乳酪；面霜；精华；米色 v.凝成乳脂；起泡沫；撇去乳脂 They're the cream.这些是精华。 ________the teachers in our school is 150 and some of them are_______ teachers. A.A number of 一些, women B.The number of, women（woman 作定语和修饰的名词单复数一致） She wedded a foreigner.她嫁给了一个外国人。 You are married to a foreigner, huh? So what’s it like? 你跟一个老外结婚了，是吗？那么是个什么样？ go back to为动副介搭配（动词+副词+介词） I now look forward to going back to work as soon as possible. 我现在盼望尽快回到工作中。 light up 照亮;点烟;开街灯或车灯;（使）变得喜悦 Neon slogans light up the city by night.到了晚上，霓虹灯广告照亮了整座城市 —Excuse me.Do you know_______? —Sorry, I don’t know, either. A.how to check out a book B.when will the concert begin C.That there is a bank near here D.How long the meeting would last “不好意思,我也不知道”可知属于情景交际,正在进行,D出现 would属于过去将来时,排除D,that引导的是陈述意义的句子,本题是疑问句,排除C,宾语从句可以与疑问词+动词不定式进行转化,故选A 一.宾语从句的定义 置于动词、介词等词性后面起宾语作用的从句叫宾语从句。宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。谓语动词、介词、动词不定式，v.-ing形式后面都能带宾语从句。有些形容词（afraid,sure,glad等）之后也可以带宾语从句。 二.宾语从句中引导词的用法 在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有： 连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if 代词：who, whose, what ,which 副词：when ,where, how, why 等。 （一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略） 可跟that从句做宾语的动词有： say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。 例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets. 注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。 例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that. 在以下情况中that不能省略 当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。 例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you. 当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。 例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap. 当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。 例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died. 注意事项：许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。 例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time. （二）由whether,if 引导的宾语从句 由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。 例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party. 只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句 在带to的不定式前 例句：We decided whether to walk there. 在介词的后面 例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film. 在动词后面的宾语从句时 例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week 直接与or not连用时 例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time. 只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句 if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果” 例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny. if引导否定概念的宾语从句时 例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday. 引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时 例句：He talks as if he has known all about it. （三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。 英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。 例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for? 英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。 例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 三.宾语从句的语序 宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序即：连接代词/副词+主语+谓语+其他成分。例句如下： I don’t know what they are looking for. Could you tell me when the train will leave? Can you imagine what kind of man he is? 四.宾语从句的时态 主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。 例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well. 主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。 例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time. 当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。 例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound ------------ Anyone who is a server or____ has been one knows that customers always come first. A. whom B. what C. who D, which 本题考查定语从句。or表示并列, who is a sever是一个定语从句,先行词是 anyone,所以Or后面的定语从句的先行词也是 anyone,在从句里面做主语,所以答案选C。 规律方法 1. 定语从句的概念 在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。 2. 定语从句的关系词 引导定语从句的关系词有关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词包括that, which, who(宾格whom,所有格whose)等,关系副词包括where, when, why等。关系代词和关系副词放在先行词及定语从句之间起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的重要成分。 3. 定语从句的分类 根据定语从句与先行词的关系,定语从句可分为限制性定语从句及非限制性定语从句。限制性定语从句紧跟先行词,主句与从句不用逗号分开,从句不可省去。非限制性定语从句与主句之间有逗号分开,起补充说明作用,如省去,意思仍完整。 4. 关系代词的用法 (1)that 既可以用于指人,也可以用于指物。在从句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语时不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: Mary likes music that is quiet and gentle. 玛丽喜欢轻柔的音乐。(that作主语) The coat (that) I put on the desk is blue. 我放在桌子上的那件外套是蓝色的。(that作宾语) (2)which用于指物,在句中作主语、宾语或表语。作主语不可省略,作宾语可省略。例如: The building which stands near the train station is a supermarket. 位于火车站附近的那座大楼是一家超市。(作主语) The film (which) we saw last night was wonderful. 我们昨天晚上看的那部电影很好看。(作宾语) (3)who, whom用于指人,who 用作主语,whom用作宾语。在口语中,有时可用who代替whom。who和whom作宾语时也可省略。例如: The girl who often helps me with my English is from England. 经常在英语方面帮助我的那个女孩是英国人。(作主语) Who is the teacher (whom) Li Ming is talking to? 正在与李明谈话的老师是谁?(作宾语) 4. 关系副词的用法 (1)when指时间,其先行词表示时间,when在定语从句中作时间状语。例如: This was the time when he arrived. 这是他到达的时间。 (2)where指地点,其先行词表示地点,where在定语从句中作地点状语。例如: This is place where he works. 这是他工作的地点。 (3)why 指原因,其先行词是原因,why在定语从句中做原因状语。例如: Nobody knows the reason why he is often late for school. 没人知道他为什么上学总迟到。 The sleeping baby would be scared _______ a sudden loud noise.should there be 比较等级的修饰语小结：比较级前可用a bit, a little, rather, some(肯定句及请求或建议的问句中), any(否定句或疑问句中)表示“稍稍，一点”；用much, far, a great/good deal, a lot, lots, a good bit等表示“……得多”；用still(只用于肯定句), even, yet等表示“更加”。 一、比较级前可用a bit, a little, rather, some(肯定句及请求或建议的问句中), any(否定句或疑问句中)表示“稍稍，一点”；用much, far, a great/good deal, a lot, lots, a good bit等表示“……得多”；用still(只用于肯定句), even, yet等表示“更加”。如： Can you move a little farther?你可以站稍远一点吗？ Do you feel any better today?你今天觉得好一点了吗？ Let’s go by car. It’s much cheaper. 咱们开车去。这样便宜得多。 There are far more people than we expected. 人比我们预计的多得多。 He is fat，but his brother is still fatter. 他很胖，但他哥哥更胖。 注： 在作定语的比较级形容词前一般只用far或much。如： That was a much/far easier job. 这是件容易得多的工作。 在修饰或代替复数可数名词的more前不可用much，而要用many。如： I’ve made many more mistakes than you have.我出的错比你多得多。 二、表示确定程度的修饰语，如分数、倍数或有关长度、时间、重量等名词词组通常放在比较级前，也可由by引出而置于比较级之后。如： China is one-sixth larger than the United States.中国比美国大六分之一。 Their house is about three times bigger than ours.他们的房子大约有我们房子三倍大。 He is three years older than his brother.他比他兄弟大三岁(from www.yygrammar.com)。 三、最高级前可用the second, the very, much the, (by) far the, not quite the, nearly the, almost the等修饰。如： She is by far the most active member in our group. 她是我们组最最活跃的成员。 Africa is the second largest continent.非洲是第二大洲。 This hat is nearly/almost the biggest. 这帽子差不多是最大的了。 注意：very和much修饰最高级时的不同位置。 This is the very best. =This is much the best.这是最最好(难)的。 4)倍数可以放在as…as的第一个as前作修饰语。如： Their house is about three times as big as ours. 他们的房子大约有我们房子三倍大。 ------- ancestor-- our daily lives, so different from those of our ancestors I'll tidy up while you make the dinner.你来做晚饭，我来收拾。 an ex-actress with drop-dead(极其引人注目的；吸引人的) looks 一个貌美如花的息影女演员 You ready, sweetie? 准备好了吗，亲爱的？ The story goes that some time ago, a man punished his 3-year-old daughter for wasting a roll of gold wrapping paper. Money was tight and he became infuriated(愤怒的) when the child tried to decorate a box to put under the Christmas tree. Nevertheless, the little girl brought the gift to her father the next morning and said, "This is for you, Daddy." The man was embarrassed by his earlier overreaction, but his anger flared again when he found out the box was empty. He yelled at her, stating, "Don't you know, when you give someone a present, there is supposed to be something inside? The little girl looked up at him with tears in her eyes and cried, "Oh, Daddy, it's not empty at all. I blew kisses into the box. They're all for you, Daddy." The father was crushed. He put his arms around his little girl, and he begged for her forgiveness. Only a short time later, an accident took the life of the child. It is also told that her father kept that gold box by his bed for many years and, whenever he was discouraged, he would take out an imaginary kiss and remember the love of the child who had put it there. In a very real sense, each one of us, as humans beings, have been given a gold container filled with unconditional love and kisses from our children, family members, friends, and God. There is simply no other possession, anyone could hold, more precious than this. The 3-year-old girl was punished by her father for ________. A. wasting gold B. wasting wrapping paper C. putting the box under the Christmas tree D. bringing the gift to her father What’s inside the box according to the little girl? A. nothing B. air C. kisses D. gold wrapping paper Choose the best title for the passage. A. The kisses in the box. B. A girl and his father C. A love story D. The box under the Christmas tree. Nine﹣year﹣old Jimmy was given a task in school to write a story on"My family's ancestors（祖先）"．The purpose was for the kids to （66） understand their family history． In search of some （67） answers for his task．Jimmy interviewed his grandmother who of course （68） knew nothing about the reason why Jimmy asked such questions． When she was asked，"Granny，where did I come from？"his grandma was quite （69） nervous Why didn't he ask his parents？She had to be quite careful when talking（70） with a kid about such a subject．She wanted to buy some time，（71） so she replied，"Well，sweetie，the stork（鹳鸟） brought you．"She said no（72） more ，hoping that the subject would be dropped until Jimmy's parents came back． "So，where did Mom come from？" "The stork brought her also．" "Well，then where did you come from？" "The stork brought （73） me too，sweetie" "All right，thanks，Granny" （74） Jimmy's grandmother did not think anything more about his questions．Three days later，when she was tidying up and（75） looking at Jimmy's desk，she read the first sentence of his paper，"For three generations（辈）there have been no natural births in our family"． 备选词：I so know nervous Jimmy but happy with answer understand look much Dear World: 亲爱的世界: My son starts school today. 我的儿子今天就要开始上学读书了。 It's going to be strange and new to him for a while, and I wish you would sort of treat him gently. 一时之间，他会感觉陌生而又新鲜。我希望你能待他温柔一些。 You see, up to now, he's been king of the roost. 你明白，到现在为止，他一直是家中的小皇帝。 He's been boss of the backyard. 一直是后院的王者。 Ihave always been around to repair his wounds, and to soothe his feelings. 我一直在他身旁，忙着为他治疗伤口，哄他开心。 But now--things are going to be different. 但是现在--一切都将不同了。 This morning, he's going to walk down the front steps, wave his hand and start on his great adventure that will probably include wars and tragedy and sorrow. 今天清晨，他就要走下前门的楼梯，冲我挥手，然后开始他的伟大的历险征程，其间或许有争斗、不幸以及伤痛。 To live his life in the world he has to live in will require faith and love and courage. 既然活在这个世上，他就需要信念、爱心和勇气。 So, World, I wish you would sort of take him by his young hand and teach him the things he will have to know. 所以，世界啊，我希望你能够时不时握住他稚嫩的小手，传授他所应当知晓的事情。 Teach him - but gently, if you can. 教育他吧--而如果可能的话，温柔一些。 Teach him that for every scoundrel there is a hero; that for every crooked politician there is a dedicated leader; that for every enemy there is a friend. 教他知道，每有恶人之地，必有豪杰所在;每有奸诈小人，必有献身义士;每见一敌人，必有一友在侧。 Teach him the wonders of books. 教他感受书本的神奇魅力。 Give him quiet time to ponder the eternal mystery of birds in the sky, bees in the sun, and flowers on the green hill. 给他时间静思大自然中亘古绵传之奥秘:空中的飞鸟，日光里的蜜蜂，青山上的簇簇繁花。 Teach him it is far more honorable to fail than to cheat. 教他知道，失败远比欺骗更为光荣。 Teach him to have faith in his own ideas, even if everyone tells him they are wrong. 教他坚定自我的信念，哪怕人人予以否认。 Teach him to sell his brawn and brains to the highest bidder, but never to put a price on his heart and soul. 教他可以最高价付出自己的精力和智慧，但绝不可出卖良心和灵魂。 Teach him to close his ears to a howling mob...and to stand and fight if he thinks he's right. 教他置暴徒的喧嚣于度外……并在自觉正确之时挺身而战。 Teach him gently, World, but don't coddle him, because only the test of fire makes fine steel. 温柔地教导他吧，世界，但是不要放纵他，因为只有烈火的考验才能炼出真钢。 This is a big order, World, but see what you can do. 这一要求甚高，世界，但是请尽你所能。 He's such a nice little fellow. 他是一个如此可爱的小家伙。 If a man ________ succeed, he must work as hard as he can．用is to succeed。 系动词be与动词不定式连用，表示职责、义务、意图、约定、可能性等，这句话的意思是“如果一个人想成功，他必须尽力而为”。 tired 是一个形容词。 形容一个人的感觉。 eg I am so tired. He is so tired. tiring 是一个形容词。 形容一个事情。 这个事情让一个人很累。 eg Work is so tiring. Running is so tiring. tiring and tired 这两个词都是从一个动词来的。动词是 to tire. ok! 英文有很多这种词， 就是加ing 形容事情， 加ed 形容人的感觉。 Boring 和 bored 是一个 From Cairo came expressions of regret at the attack. 开罗对此次袭击事件表示遗憾 imaging n. 成像 v. 想像（image的ing形式）；画…的像 in an era where brain imaging is becoming more sophisticated 在脑成像技术越来越先进的时代 resonance n.共鸣；共振；反响 His voice had lost its resonance; it was tense and strained. 他的声音不再嘹亮，变得紧张而不自然。 cognitive adj. 认知的;认识的 As children grow older, their cognitive processes become sharper. 孩子们越长越大，他们的认知过程变得更为敏锐。 I'm trying to be more centred, and not fall apart when I go through difficult things. 我在努力做到更加沉稳自信，这样遇到困难时才不至于崩溃。 They saw the visit as an important signal of support. 他们把这次访问看作是支持他们的重要信号。 We were held up for ages at a signal just outside Waterloo. 我们在滑铁卢站外的信号灯那里停了很长时间。 sugar-free diet drinks 无糖低热量饮料 Henry gave Paul a glassy-eyed stare.亨利眼神呆滞地盯着保罗。 ==========================下面打印了 霍金大神的一些心得 霍金大神的两大巨著—《时间简史》与《果壳中的宇宙》(The Universe in a Nutshell)。 《时间简史》是个黑洞， 高 度致密且过了视界就出不来，《果壳里的宇宙》是个虫洞，一边看一边往回穿越去翻《时间简史》，最后一怒之下直接在两本书对应的地方互相标了页码。最后，靠着几乎都还给老师后还残存了点的科学知识，以及信息庞大却乱成一团的度娘（平均每看30页度娘两小时），死了不知多少脑细胞之后（每天读完一个段落躺下睡觉时，感觉脑子疲惫沉得发虚），终于研读完毕，燃烧了大量体内有序能量化作热量使宇宙的无序度增加了50亿亿亿单位之后，我获得了大量信息，下面是其中的一些心得： 1、20世纪有三个非常伟大也非常重要的科学理论。第一个叫做哥德尔不完备定理，是说在任何公理化形式系统，总有在定义该系统的公理的基础上既不能证明也不能证伪的问题。翻译成人话就是：公式永远不够用，总有你用啥公式都算不出来的题； 第二个叫做不确定性原理，是说你不能同时得到一个粒子的位置和速度，其中一个测量得越准确，另一个就越不准确，你只能算出处于某位置或某速度的概率。翻译成人话就是：就算你有公式，你也只能算一半。 第三个叫做混沌理论，是说方程具有所谓混沌的性质，在某一时刻位置或速度的微小变化会在将来导致完全不同的行为，人们在实际上无法跟随这种演化。翻译成人话就是，就算你用对了公式，你基本也算不对。 作为一个文科生，我爱死这三大定理了。 2、物质都具有正能量，还具有万有引力，引力场具有负能量，宇宙一开始经历了一个叫暴胀的阶段，在这阶段宇宙从引力场借了好多负能量去创造具有正能量的物质，引力场变得更负，就像你用信用卡一样，你一分没有，划卡买了一堆包啊、鞋啊的，你的卡就负了好多大元，负的越多，你的东西堆的就越多，目前的宇宙中大约有1亿亿亿亿亿亿亿亿亿亿（1后面80个0）个粒子，为何有这么多物质，就是从引力场的负能量中借的。这还不算，如果你有足够多的负能量（正能量绝对不行），你就能造一个虫洞，这玩意可以穿越空间，星际旅游说走就走，还能时间旅行，让你穿越回到过去。 负能量真是好啊。 3、说到时间旅行，万一有人回到过去，在他祖父还是个小孩时杀了他祖父会怎么样，这就是导致历史矛盾的祖父佯谬，《终结者》就是讲这个的。一种解释是你可以回到过去，但不能改变过去的样子，因为过去之所以是那个样子，就是因为你回去参与了其中，这由霍金最爱的方法论—费曼历史求和支持，叫做协调历史假说又叫做诺维科夫自洽性原理，这就是《星际穿越》《十二猴子》。另一种解释是有无数个平行的宇宙，你修改的其实不是你原来的那个宇宙，而是进入了另外一个一模一样的宇宙，但因为你来修改了，后面的历史都不一样了，这没有任何方法论支持（平行宇宙分裂式决定论量子力学是种假说，不能算一个方法论），叫做选择历史假说又叫做多元平行宇宙理论，这就是《蝴蝶效应》《源代码》。《终结者》这系列最奇葩，第一部用了第一种假说，第二部用了第二种假说。 还有一种可能，就是你回到过去，但进入了一个时间圈环，你不停的重复同一段时间同一段历史，这样，你就来到了《土拔鼠日》。 4、人脑实在比电脑NB太多，人脑结构复杂，有几百万个处理器同时工作，电脑才几核，现有的电脑比蚯蚓的大脑还简单。但是，目前人类DNA进化速度为每年1比特，就是说100万年才增长1M的信息，你每月流量就要用好几百M，还不算wifi。而电脑服从摩尔定律，每18个月进化1倍，在某个可预见的未来，电脑将生成人脑一样的复杂性而且更快进化，这就是所谓人工智能。所以，要在未来获得对电脑的胜利，必须人为大幅度改良DNA并让人类在人体外培育，以增加人脑尺度，而且电脑是以电子形式光速运转传递信息，人体是化学形式龟速运转传递信息，这意味着要支持那样的大脑，必须对身体也加以改造。 《果壳中的宇宙》第六章，这TM是科普还是《黑客帝国》？《攻壳机动队》？ 5、其实你不知道，除了我们生活的四维时空（三维空间加时间），宇宙还有好多维但只有引力效应可以穿越，我们进不去，我们生活在一个四维膜上，旁边有个差不多的影子膜，离我们巨近但隔着维度我们看不到，更没准我们的宇宙是个高维度的全息投影，就像你把一个苹果投影到屏幕上，用全息图还原出来。 这就是更离谱的《果壳中的宇宙》第七章，我们的世界没准是个大型网游。 6、说点实际的，宇宙一直在膨胀，未来如何？描述宇宙的是弗里德曼模型，有三类模型两种结果。引力能战胜膨胀率，宇宙收缩，所有物体都撞在一起，宇宙变一整个大黑洞，时间完结，一切GAME OVER；引力不能战胜膨胀率，宇宙一直膨胀，包括太阳在内恒星烧光，能量耗尽，没有光也没有热，一切还是GAME OVER。 不过不用担心，这事至少得好几十亿年之后了。 7、看霍金大神的书有个坑，他文字太好说服力太强，你得分清楚哪些是已经被实验证实或观测支持，成为公认的科学理论使用的，而哪些又是推论的、数学模型演算的，没有被实验证实或观测支持的理论假说，大致来说，《时间简史》前一半大部分是前者，后一半大部分是后者，《果壳中的宇宙》，大半都是后者。在霍金关于暴胀、无边界宇宙假设、M理论等的推演中，隐藏着一个并不隐晦的终极追求，将自己的理论上升到本体论的高度，并最终战胜宗教。20世纪以来，科学家们用超级高端的方法论工具，彻底把哲学家赶出了本体论领域，并接棒进行本体论之战，20世纪的本体论哲学基础是爱因斯坦和尼尔斯·波尔奠定的，虽然任何一本哲学史都不写他们，如今这个任务被霍金接了过去，这是为什么他在众多科学家中具有领袖姿态，也是为什么他能写出这两大巨著，并把《时间简史》以40种文字卖到每750个人有一本。 这就是：本体论哲学家霍金与上帝的终极之战。http://book.douban.com/review/7578212/ 8、最后我要感谢诺兰导演和他的大作《星际穿越》，就是因为这个片子，我查了一大堆资料，恶补了好多知识，今年我又仔细、完整的看了一遍，于是燃起兴趣去看十年前脆败下来的《时间简史》，而且居然能基本看懂了，随着书的阅读，我又发现，《星际穿越》的每个部分，真的都是有科学理论或假说支持的，虫洞、巨浪星的潮汛力、引力场时空弯曲、黑洞奇点、引力穿越维度……能把这么多复杂的理论、这么抽象的东西，转化为荧幕上的实体，而且让人们基本看懂，而且还讲了一个漂亮的故事，而且还用了高超的叙事结构，实在是太！厉！害！了！ 然而只有一个问题，最后主角能够做到进入高维空间传递奇点数据拯救人类，是因为他对女儿的爱强烈得惊天动地感动未来，真真是父爱无敌，当时只是觉得爱能创造奇迹的解决问题的方式真是够神棍的，现在却觉得，不管这爱多深力多强传多远哪怕超距，它也应该是一种电磁波吧，这东西它不能穿透维度传递啊，这不科学…… 打开想象力地读这本书 和一般书就是不一样，作者是物理学方面的大师，看不懂是很正常的事。但我不觉得一定要带着明白些什么的目的来看它，试着以一种孩子的心态来阅读，来想象，书上说到的任何一个实验虽然都带有它的客观性和严谨性，但我们很容易就能在字里行间体会到作者那份热爱科学的由衷之情，用许多看似幽默的词句引导着我大脑中任何一丝不确定的猜测和推想。时间并不是什么神圣的东西，它也是宇宙中的一员，只是生为人类，我们还没有类似于了解它、发现它的基因，我相信还有更多的元素是在我们的百科全书之外的。它们与“苹果落地”一样，都是存在着的逗我们开心的小道具；事实上，我们的生活就是靠它们来建立起来的，我们的思想缺少不了它们，我猜想，它们也少不了我们的怪异大脑，因为我认为，如果我们不去发问，不去思考，不去辩论，那么这些宇宙理论也不会产生，更没有存在的意义了。 哈哈，瞎想了一轮，感觉大脑象跳了一段没章法的舞蹈。 喜欢这样地开开无轨电车，喜欢吃着甜点看这本书，喜欢在旁边的白纸上图图画画，描出自己的想象力。 The group are enjoying well-deserved success. 这个团队为当之无愧的成功而雀跃 关于besides的用法 1.除…之外(还有)：Mary knows Japanese besides French. 除法语外，玛丽还懂日语 2.除…之外(不再有)(用于否定句) No one writes to me besides you. 除你之外，没有人给我写信。 I care for nothing besides this. 除此之外，我什么也不要 【用法】其后除接名词或代词外，还可接动名词或名词性从句： Besides being a teacher, he was a poet. 除了是位教师外，他还是位诗人。 Besides doing the cooking I look after the garden. 除了做饭之外我还得管园子。 Have you nothing to tell us besides what we have already heard? 除了我们已经得知的消息外，你难道没有什么可以告诉我们的吗? I know nothing besides what I have told you. 除了我已对你说的之外，其他的我别无所知。 besides ad.此外，而且： I don’t want to come out now, and besides, I must work. 我现在不想出去，而且我还得工作。 I have many more besides. 除此之外，我还有更多。 The task is very difficult; besides, time presses. 任务艰巨，而且时间紧迫。 That's sound advice. 那是个合理的建议。 The following special offer is valid for... weeks only, kindly keep this in mind when placing your order. 下列特殊报价的有效期仅限。。。周，当贵公司发出订单时请注意。 The transformer is available as a self-cooled unit, or it can be purchased with additional steps of forced cooling that use fan or fans and oil pumps. stumble vi. 跌跌撞撞地走，蹒跚；结巴；弄错，失足；偶然碰见 n. 绊脚，失足；差错，失误；过失，失败 If your timing is right, you may be fortunate enough to stumble across a village fiesta. oracle n. 神谕；预言；神谕处；圣人 And, fulfilling the oracle, the Persian king, Cyrus II, invaded. 吸引；吸引力 有吸引力的人或事物 The physical attraction between them was immediate. come up 出现,被提出 come up with 随...出现,提出. 一般来说,come up （表示被提出）它的主语是事,或物.come up with 的主语是人.比较 The plan came up at the meeting. He came up with the plan at the meeting. make sb . do使某人做.....make sb. adj使..保持某种状态 所以make me laugh是对的 The criticism that the English do not truly care about their children was often voicedn. 关怀；照料；谨慎；忧虑vi. 照顾；关心；喜爱；顾虑vt. 在意；希望或喜欢 low-rent celebrity magazines 粗制滥造的名人杂志 这篇完型主要讲了作者的成长故事，他小时候很害怕黑，害怕迷路，害怕别人不喜欢他、不欢迎他，最后他说，成长的过程就是让我们知道自己害怕什么，并克服它，知道自己小时候害怕什么，对自己的未来的发展很有好处。 As a child, I was truly afraid of the dark and of getting lost; these fears were very real and caused me some uncomfortable moments. 作为一个孩子（我还是个孩子的时候），我很害怕黑和迷路，这些恐惧很真实，带给我一些不舒服的时刻。 Maybe it was the strange _way____ things looked and sounded in my familiar room at night that _frightened__ me so much. 可能是那些——在我熟悉的房间里的——东西在晚上看起来和听起来很奇怪的方式吓坏了我。 There was never total _darkness___ , but a streetlight or passing car lights __made_____ clothes hung over a chair take on the __shape__ of a wild animal. 这里并不是完全黑的（并不是一点光亮也没有），但是一道街灯或经过的汽车车灯的光亮使挂在椅子上的衣服有了一个野兽的形状（看起来像野兽）（小家伙开始瞎想了） Out of the corner of my __eye____ , I saw the curtains seem to move when there was no ___wind___ . 在我眼睛的一角之外（固定用法），我看见窗帘在没有风的时候看起来像在动。 A tiny sound in the floor would seem a hundred times louder than in the daylight. 地板上的一点小动静看起来比白天的要大一百倍。 My __imagination__ would run wild, and my heart would beat fast. I would _lie____ very still so that the “enemy” would not discover me. 我的想象会失控（瞎想），我的心跳的很快。我会静静的躺着，这样，“敌人”就不会发现我。 Another of my childhood fears was that I would get lost, _especially____ on the way home from school. 我童年的时候的另一个恐惧就是我会迷路，尤其是在从家到学校的路上 Every morning I got on the school bus right near my home. That was no __problem___. 每天早上，我搭载离我家很近的公共汽车（去上学）。这没问题。(然而……) After school, __though___, when all the buses were __lined__ up along the street, I was afraid that I’d get on the wrong one and be taken to some __unfamiliar___ neighborhood. 但是，放学后，当所有的公共汽车沿着街排成一条线的时候，我害怕我会走上一辆错车然后被带到一个不熟悉的邻居那里。 On school or family trips to a park or a museum, I wouldn’t let the leaders out of my __sight___. 在一个旅途上（这个旅途很复杂，你自己看吧），我不会领路人离开我的视线（死盯着人家） Perhaps one of the worst fears ___of__ all I had as a child was that of not being liked or __accpted___ by others. Being popular was so important to me __then_ , and the fear of not being liked was a __powerful____ one. 或许，我小的时候有的最糟的恐惧中的一个是，不被别人喜欢或者接受。受欢迎，在那时对我是如此重要，不被喜欢的恐惧是很强的一个。 One of the processes of growing up is being able to recognize and overcome our ___fear__ . Understanding the things that frightened us as children helps us achieve greater success later in life. 成长的一个过程是有能力来认识到和克服我们的恐惧。明白在自己小的时候吓到我们的事能帮助我们在以后的生命中取得更大的成功。 76 A 77D 78B 79C 80D 81A 82 B 83C 84 D 85 A 86 B 87A 88 C 89D 90A 91 C 92D 93A 94B 95C She________shyly at him out of the corner of her eyes. A．stared B．glared C．glanced D．watched stare at 盯着看；glare at 怒目而视；glance at 扫一眼；watch 注视，观看。根据句意可知选C speak of 谈到；论及 Speak Out Of Turn 多嘴 ; 不该讲而讲 speak higly of 称赞 Speak well of others 称赞别人 have something to do with v. 与…有点关系 If you would go up high , then use your own legs ! Do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other people's backs and heads . 如果你想走到高处，就要使用自己的两条腿！不要让别人把你抬到高处；不要坐在别人的背上和头上。 ——尼采 The weather is so warm today.it's twenty-two degrees,it's rather warm ,isn't it?what do you want to do after school?Let's go cycling,No,Let's not. go on a ride 坐公共汽车出游 have fun,what fun.they are having fun.hit sb on the head,hit sb in the face. My days in the spring Spring is coming. What a nice season! The weather is getting warmer and warmer. The flowers are coming out. How beautiful the world is! Look around, the sky is blue and the leaves on the trees are turning green. The sun is shining brightly and the air is so fresh, now everyone takes off his warm coat and is more active than before. We all have good feelings. I must say, be careful not to catch cold again. A good beginning is half done and it’s the first season in the year. We must make the best use of our time and catch every second to work and study. Do you think so? advice 不可数 suggetion 可数 get out 出来;出版;（使）出现;作出 take out do sb a favor, “请帮我一个忙做...好么?”——Would you please do me a favor to... 口语常用,请某人（随便语气）帮忙完做某事 give sb a hand 请求某人帮忙（慎重语气）和请求者一起做某事 the mysterious celestial objects called black holes 称之为黑洞的神秘天体 Madagascar is the most fascinating place I have ever been to. The jewels on her fingers sparkled.spice 调味品 Don't start!别惹麻烦！ 1. keep off 可以不接宾语，也可以接宾语。如果不接宾语，keep off 与 keep away 意思相同，均表示“离开；远离”。例如： Thesign says, Keep off. 牌子上写着：“请勿接近。”（《剑桥美国英语词典》p.700） Keep away and don't upset her again. 离开她，不要再使她难过了。（《张道真高级英语词典》keep 词条） 2. 当 keep off 后接宾语时，相当于 keep away from。例如： You must keep away from the road. 你必须避开公路。（《张道真高级英语词典》keep 词条） Keep off the grass. 不要踩踏草地。（《张道真高级英语词典》keep 词条） 3. keep A off B 的意思是“使 A 离开 B ”，例如： Keep your hands off that wet paint! 油漆未干，请勿触摸 ! come across,put off,an inviting place. practice doing sth. 意思是练习做某事。没有practice to do sth.这个说法。 nor与助动词或情态动词连用时,句子采用倒装句型。 nor可用在倒装句中代替上文中提到的情况,其前通常是一个否定句。 if you are under 118 years old,nor can your friends buy it for you . A leopard hunts alone.clouded leopard 云豹 The sea was their heritage 遗产；继承物. get to到达 get along with和---相处. show off 是炫耀,卖弄 take off 有脱下,卸下,还有起飞,等等 turn off 主要是关掉,这个词组相对turn on还有 使失去兴趣的意思 put off 就是推迟,搪塞,阻止等 14．Father brought his little boy to a concert．But his too young to sit ___ the whole concert．（ ） A． for B． with C． during D． through 答案：D．考查介词．句意"父亲带着他的小儿子去听音乐会，但他太小了，不能一直挺到整场音乐会结束．for为了；with和during在…期间；through从头到尾，sit through一直挺到结束，耐着性子看完（或听完）．因此答案是D． His name is James，but he usually calls____ Jim，可知他的名字叫杰姆斯，但他通常叫自称吉姆，这里call oneself…意为"自称…"．后面跟反身代词．故选D． I don't care what people think． Well，you _________． A．could B．would C．should D．might 选C。 我不在乎别人怎么想。 你应该在乎的。 其实这是个虚拟语气的省略形式，完整的表达式 you should （have cared）. should have done 表示虚拟，用来表示责怪，意思是：本来应该做的，事实上没做 11．---When will car race begin ---I'm not sure．Maybe next week，or maybe week after next（ ） A．a； the B． an； the C． the； a D． the； the 根据题干可知汽车比赛说话双方都知道，则第一空此处表特指，故填写the．其次"下下周"对应的英文表达是the week after next，故选择D． Tom doesn't feel sure of________ in his new school．可知 feel sure of oneself相信自己，固定短语；主语是Tom，所以用反身代词himself．故选D． It's so cold outside. Remember to close the door you when you leave. A. beside B. before C. with D. behind（close the door behind you 随手关门!） --Are you going out with Jade tonight? --That's my . Mind your own（管好你自己的事）! A. offer B. business （那是我的事） C. question D. chance kind and helpful to the people around us, and we will make the world a nicer place to live in. A. Be B. Being C. To be D. Been 祈使句 +and + 普通句 ( 2013 深圳) 一I'd like to buy some sports clothes. I learned that they are on sale. —The men’s department is on the third floor. That’s the prices are the best. A. when B. how C. where D. why 我想买些运动服。我得知它们正在降价出售。 ——男士用品部在三楼。那里的价格最好。此处是where引导的表语从句，且where在从句中作地点状语。 ( 2014 广东，42) When Robinson Crusoe got to the island,the first thing he did was to look for some food. A. who B. that C. which D. whom 本题考查定语从句。先行词指物且被序数词first修饰， 故只能选用关系词that。 1)alive 意为“活着”，侧重说明生与死之间的界限，既可指人，也可指物;可用来作表语，后置定语或宾补。虽有死的可能，但还活着。 例如:No man alive is greater than he . 在活着的人中没有人比他更伟大了。(注:此时 alive 含有“在所有活着的……之中”) He wanted to keep the fish alive . 他想让鱼活着。 2)living意为“活着”强调说明“尚在人间”，“健在”，可用来指人或物，作定语或表语。 例如:My first teacher is still living . 我的启蒙老师仍健在。 English is a living language . 英语是活的语言。 注意:living 前加上 the , 表示类别，指“活着的人们”。living 还可用于短语，例如:make a living 谋生。 make a / one's living by + ing 通过干……谋生 3)live “活着的”，通常指物，不指人，常用来作定语放名词的前面。还指“实况转播的”。 例如:a live wire 有电的电线，a live fish 一条活鱼。 4)lively 则意为“活泼的”，“活跃”，“充满生气的”，可作定语、表语或宾补，既可指人，又可指物。 例如:Jenny is a lively girl . 詹妮是个活泼的女孩。 Everything is lively here . 这儿一切都生机勃勃。 keep...to oneself是固定搭配，意为"不告诉别人" Grandparents are often tempted to spoil their grandchildren whenever they come to visit. 祖父母一过来，就常常会把孙儿们宠坏。 come across不期而遇 come to达到,继承,复苏,停止,想起,共计 come into进入,得到,继承,继承,取得 come true 表示梦想成真 come over(to) 过来；顺便来访 Can you come over and join us? 你能过来和我们作伴吗? come along 来；随同 ;进展;过来 Will you come along with me? 你愿意和我一起来吗? come up 走上前来；发生,出现,被提出走近,上来,发芽,流行,发生,上升,讨论,出现 Did you come up with any ideas? 有没有想到什麽新的意见? make it +形容词 to do sth 使得做某事....样 n.讨厌的工作；琐事；家务 It was a methodical, unexciting chore.这是一份按部就班的无聊差事。 prefer 作及物动词使用，通常意思是“更喜欢，宁愿”。 1. prefer + 名词/动名词/不定式 I prefer some apples. / I prefer having(to have) some apples. 我更喜欢吃苹果。 2. prefer somebody to do something 宁愿某人做某事 My daddy prefers me not to swim in that river because it's too dangerous. 我爸爸宁愿我不要去那条河里游泳因为那太危险了。 3. prefer A to B 在 A 和 B 中更喜欢 A I prefer green tea to coffee. 绿茶和咖啡比较起来我更喜欢绿茶。 I prefer cooking myself to eating out. 我宁愿自己做饭也不愿出去吃。 注意:注意这个用法中肯定的是前者，A和B必须在形式上保持一致，即要么都是名词，要么都是动名词。没有使用不定式的用法。 4. prefer to do something rather than ... 这个用法类似于用法3，不过rather than后面可以是不定式、名词、动名词或动词原形。 例：I prefer to stay at home rather than go out in the heavy rain. 我宁愿呆在家里也不想冒这么大的雨出去。 注意:这里 rather than 后面可以用 going out或to go out 都可以。而且 rather than 也可以放在句子开头：Rather than go out in the heavy rain, I prefer to stay at home. 5. 宾语从句 prefer that 宾语从句中常用虚拟语气。 例：I prefer that we should gather more information on that issue. 我觉得关于那个事情我们最好收集更多信息。 6. prefer 用法的常用成语及习惯用语 prefer to die rather than surrender 宁死不屈 Foreign actresses are wooing Tinseltown's (浮华城〔指好莱坞)movie magnates. 外国女演员们争相追逐好莱坞影视巨头 a multimillionaire(millionaire百万富翁；大富豪) shipping magnate 资产达数百万的船业巨头 ethical adj.伦理的；道德的；凭处方出售的 You can't make decisions without an ethical framework. Naturally，the waiter was horrified（恐惧的），but he tried hard to pull himself together and stopped him He walked up to the kitchen door，about 10 feet away. give a better idea of sth．指对某事提出更好的主意 lame-duck industries 缺乏竞争力的产业 [例句] I can't stand Mark, he's so big-headed. break down vt. 打破，减轻，把 ... 分解 vi. 彻底失败，崩溃，停止运转，放弃，(数据，观点等)站不住脚 1.He broke down and wept(weep) when he heard the news. 他听到这个消息时不禁痛哭起来。 2.Negotiations between the two sides have broken down. 双方谈判已经破裂。 3.Expenditure on the project breaks down as follows: wages 10m, plant 4m, raw materials 5m. 该工程费用开支可分成如下几部分: 工资一千万英镑，厂房设备四百万英镑，原料五百万英镑 When I was in the third grade, I was picked to be the princess(公主)in the school play. For weeks my mother had helped me practice my lines. But once onstage, every word disappeared from my head. Then my teacher told me she had written a narrator's(解说者的)part for the play, and asked me to change roles. Though I didn't tell my mother what had happened that day, she sensed my unhappiness and asked if I wanted to take a walk in the yard. It was a lovely spring day. We could see dandelions(蒲公英)popping through the grass in bunches, as if a painter had touched our landscape with bits of gold. I watched my mother carelessly bend down by one of the bunches. "I think I am going to dig up all these weeds," she said. "From now on, we'll have only roses in this garden." "But I like dandelions," I protested. "All flowers are beautiful---even dandelions!" My mother looked at me seriously. "Yes, every flower gives pleasure in its own way, doesn't it?" she asked thoughtfully. I nodded. "And that is true of people, too," she added. When I realized that she had guessed my pain, I started to cry and told her the truth. "But you will be a beautiful narrator,"she said, reminding me of how much I loved to read stories aloud to her. Over the next few weeks, with her continuous encouragement, I learned to take pride in the role. The big day finally came. A few minutes before the play, my teacher came over to me. "Your mother asked me to give this to you," she said, handing me a dandelion. After the play, I took home the flower, laughing that I was perhaps the only person who would keep such a weed. 考点1：定语从句 用作定语的从句叫做定语从句。定语从句通常皆置于它修饰的名词（或代词）之后，这种名词（或代词）叫做先行词。引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、定语等；关系副词在定语从句中只用作状语。 定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的。例如，a good book, good就是定语。那么复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句就叫做定语从句。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导，相当于形容词，在句中作定语。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词，关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等，绝对没有what；关系副词有where, when, why,how等。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又作定语从句的某个成分。 定语从句类型 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、由who, whom, that，Whose引导的从句 这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，who作主语指人，whom作宾语指人，that既可作主语又可作宾语（作宾语可以省略），可以指人也可以指物。Whose 用来指人或物，只用作定语。 (1) Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语） (2) He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语） (3) The man whom you spoke to just now is our English teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师 (4) he man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。 2、由which, that引导的从句 它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，作宾语时可以省略，例如： (1) Prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在从句中作主语） (2) The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语） 注意： 代表物时多用which，但在下列情况中用that而不用which： a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时； b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时，这时的that常被省略； c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时； d)先行词中既有人又有物时； e)整个句中前面已有which，who,that时； f)当先行词为物并作表语时； g)先行词为one时； h)先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时； 二、关系副词引导的定语从句 1、when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用 I still remember the day when I first came to the school. 2、where指地点在定语从句中做地点状语 Shanghai is the city where I was born. 3、why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语 ，用在reason 后面。 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 常见考法 对于定语从句的考查，多以单选的形式考查学生灵活运用的能力。一般情况下，常从关系词的意义和功能的角度考查，重点是that,which,who引导的定语从句。 典型例题：You're the only person ______I've ever met ______could do it. A. who B. whom C. whom D. who 解析：先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为, whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略.第二个从句who could do it.who在从句中作主语,不可省略. 答案：D 误区提醒 当表示时间或地点的名词作先行词时，要判断出它们在从句中作状语还是主语或宾语。作状语时用关系副词，反之用关系代词。 典型例题：I can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together. A. when; which B. which; when C. what; that D. on which; when 解析：. 两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句. 答案：A --------------- 在英语中的祈使句是非常常见的,如果考生可以自如的运用祈使句的用法话，那么英语就会更容易得高分。 祈使句指的是表示命令、请求、建议或劝告的句子。其主语you常省略，谓语动词用原形，句末用感叹号或句号，读降调。 肯定的祈使句式 Do型（即：动词原形（+宾语）+其它成分）。如：Please have a seat here. 请这边坐 有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下，动词可省略。如：This way,please. = Go this way,please. 请这边走。 Be型（即：Be +表语（名词或形容词）+其它成分）。如：Be a good boy! 要做一个好孩子! Let型（即：Let + 宾语 + 动词原形 + 其它成分）。如：Let me help you. 让我来帮你 否定的祈使句式 Don't stand up. 别站起来。 Don't be careless. 别粗心。 Don't let them play with fire. 别让他们玩火。 (1)Let's ( let sb ) + not + 动词原形 Let's not say anything about it. 对于这件事，咱们什么也别说。 Let them not play with fire. 别让他们玩火。 (2)在公共场合的提示语中,否定祈使句常用No+名词/V-ing形式结构,表示禁止做某事 例如：NO PHOTOS! 禁止拍照! (3)在Be动词引起的肯定祈使句前加Don't，构成Don't be+其它成分（形容词、名词或介词短语等）。 例如:Don't be careless.不要粗心。 注意：在这种句型中be不能省略；否定副词not不可置于be之后。 ----------------------------------------------------- Possible version: My 14 - year- old birthday left me a sweet memory. The classroom seemed empty when I entered it that morning. Suddenly my classmates stood up from below the desks almost at the same time, and they sang a happy birthday song to me together. “Happy Birthday to you!” and best wishes from my classmates and teachers appeared on the screen. What a big surprise! I was moved to tears. That moment was fixed in my mind forever. 七、书面表达（15分） One Possible Version: One Thing I Felt Very Proud Of I will never forget how proud I felt when I succeeded in making delicious dishes for my mother. To show my love for my mother, I decided to cook some dishes for her on her birthday. I tried many times but failed before she came back. Especially when making fried eggs, I couldn’t control the temperature of oil and got several eggs burned. However, I didn’t give up, and finally I succeeded. Watching the delicious food on the table, my mother was moved to tears. I felt proud of cooking on my own. ------------------------------------------- ill 和sick都有"生病的；有病的"之意,但用法并不完全相同. ill 表示"生病的；有病的"这一意思时,一般用作表语,不能作定语；而sick 既可以作表语又可以作定语,如"病人"可以说a sick man 或the sick,但不能说an ill man 或the ill.又如：She is ill / sick in bed.她卧病在床.She is looking after her sick father .她在照顾她生病的父亲. sick 有"恶心的；厌倦的"之意.如：The smell makes me sick.这气味使我感到恶心. ill 作定语修饰名词时是"坏的；邪恶的"之意.如：He is an ill man.他是一个邪恶的人. 考点名称：宾语从句 宾语从句： 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。 宾语从句分为三类：动词的宾语从句，介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。 宾语从句连接代词主要有： who, whom ,whose ,what ,whoever ,whomever ,whosever, whatever, whichever 等。 宾语从句的特点: 1.宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。 2.宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。 3.连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义，不充当句子成份，多数情况下可以省略。 4.whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句，但 whether后可紧跟or not；whether从句可作介词的宾语。 5.如果从句太长，可以用形式宾语it. 宾语从句的时态: 1.主句是一般现在时，从句根据实际情况使用任何时态。 例句：The headmaster hopes everything goes well. 2.主句是过去时态，从句须用过去时态的某种形式。 例句：She was sorry that she hadn’t finished her work on time. 3.当宾语从句表示的是一个客观真理或者事实时，即使主句是过去时，从句也用一般现在时态。 例句：The teacher told his class that light travels faster than sound. 4. 如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。 宾语从句的语序: A. 宾语从句必须用陈述语序。 False: He is wondering when can he finish this difficult job. Right: He is wondering when he can finish this difficult job. B. 有时候可以用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语从句放在后面。 Bad: I thought that he could finish this job in just two hours impossible. Good: I thought it impossible that he could finish this job in just two hours. C. 带有宾语从句的复合句的否定形式一般是否定主句。 Bad: I think he doesn’t like the English teacher. Good: I don’t think he likes the English teacher. D. 主句一般过去时态，从句也要用过去时态。 False: He wanted to know why he is crying in the corner. Right: He wanted to know why he was crying in the corner 宾语从句的否定转移: 主句的谓语动词是think,believe,imagine,suppose,consider,espect,fancy,guess等。 并且主句的主语是第一人称而且为一般现在时，从句的否定词一般要转移到主句上来,其反义疑问句一般与宾语从句一致。 I don’t think he will come to my party.而不能说成I think he won’t come to my party. 我认为他不会来我的舞会. I don’t believe that man is killed by Jim,is he? 我认为那个人不是Jim所杀的,是不是? 如果宾语从句中有某个含有否定意义的形容词或副词,其反义疑问句要用肯定形式。 We find that he never listens to the teacher carefully,does he? 我们发现他从来不仔细听老师讲课，是不是? 宾语从句中引导词的用法比较 在复合句中作主句的宾语，引导词有： 连词：that (that 常可省略),whether, if 代词：who, whose, what ,which 副词：when ,where, how, why 等。 （一）that引导的宾语从句（在非正式场合that可以省略） 1.可跟that从句做宾语的动词有： say, think, insist, wish, hope, demand, imagine, wonder, know, suppose, see, believe, agree, admit, deny, expect, explain, order, command, feel, dream, suggest, hear, mean, notice, prefer, request, require, propose, declare, report等。 例句：The boy believes that he will travel through space to other planets. 注意事项：当主句谓语动词是 think, believe, suppose, expect 等词，而宾语从句的意思是否定时，常把否定转移至主句表示。 例句：I don’t think it is right for him to treat you like that. 2.在以下情况中that不能省略 a.当句中的动词后接多于两个由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个that可省，但后面的that不可省。 例句：He said (that) you were too young to understand the matter and that he was asked not to tell you. b.当主句的谓语动词与that宾语从句之间有插入语时，that一般不可省。 例句：Just then I noticed, for the first time, that our master was wearing his fine green coat and his black silk cap. c.当that从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时，that不可省。 例句：I can’t tell him that his mother died. d.注:许多带复合宾语的句子，that引导的宾语从句经常移到句子后部，而用it作形式宾语。 例句：I find it necessary that we should do the homework on time. （二）由whether,if 引导的宾语从句 1.由whether(if)引导的宾语从句，实际上是一般疑问句演变而来的。意思是“是否”。宾语从句要用陈述句语序。 一般说来，在宾语从句中whether与if可以互换使用，但在特殊情况下if与whether是不能互换的。 例句：I wonder whether(if) they will come to our party. 2.只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句 a.在带to的不定式前 例句：We decided whether to walk there. b.在介词的后面 例句：I’m thinking of whether we should go to see the film. c.在动词后面的宾语从句时 例句：We discussed whether we had a sports meeting next week d.直接与or not连用时 例句：I can’t say whether or not thet can come on time. 3.只能用if不能用whether引导的宾语从句 a.if引导条件状语从句，意为“如果” 例句：The students will go on a picnic if it is sunny. b.if引导否定概念的宾语从句时 例句：He asked if I didn’t come to school yesterday. c.引导状语从句even if（即使）和as if（好象）时 例句：He talks as if he has known all about it. if,whether在宾语从句中的区别 a.if和whether在作“是否”解时,引导宾语从句常放在动词know,ask,care,wonder,find out等之后,介词后一般不用if b.少数动词,如:leave,put,discuss,doubt后的宾语从句常用whether. c. whether后可以加or not,但是if不可以. d.在不定式前只能用whether. （如：I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。） e.避免歧异时,我们常用whether而不用if. （三）连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句 这样的宾语从句实际上是由特殊疑问句变化而来的，宾语从句要用陈述句语序。 用于这种结构的动词常常是：see, say, tell, ask, answer, know, decide, show, find out, imagine, suggest, doubt, wonder, discover, understand, inform, advise等。 1.英语中的连接代词有：who,whom,whose,which,what,在句中担任主语、宾语、定语或者表语。 例句：Can you tell me whom you are waiting for? 2.英语中的连接副词有：when,where,why,how，在句中担任状语的成分。 例句：None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. 简化宾语从句常用六法： 方法一： 当主句谓语动词是hope， decide， wish， choose， agree， promise等， 且宾语从句的主语与主句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为不定式结构。 例如： Li Ming hopes he will be back very soon. →Li Ming hopes to be back very soon. We decided that we would help him. →We decided to help him. 方法二：当主句谓语动词是know， learn， remember， forget， tell等动词， 且主句主语与从句主语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如： She has forgotten how she can open the window. →She has forgotten how to open the window. 注：当主句谓语动词是tell， ask， show， teach等动词， 且后带双宾语，从句主语和间接宾语一致时，宾语从句可简化为“疑问词+不定式”结构。例如： Could you tell me how I can get to the station？ →Could you tell me how to get to the station？ 方法三：当主句的谓语动词是order（命令），require（需要）等时， 如果主句和从句的主语不一致，宾语从句可简化为“名词（代词）+不定式”结构。例如： The headmaster ordered that we should start at once. → The headmaster ordered us to start at once. 方法四：某些动词后的宾语从句，可以用介词加动名词（短语）等其他形式简化。例如： He insisted that he should go with us. →He insisted on going with us. The poor boy doesn’t know when and where he was born. →The poor boy doesn’t know the time and the place of his birth. 方法五：某些动词后面的宾语从句可转化为“宾语+V-ing形式（作宾语补足语）”结构。例如： Liu Ping found that there was a wallet lying on the ground. → Liu Ping found a wallet lying on the ground. 方法六：动词seem后的宾语从句，也可以用不定式（短语）来简化，但句型需要进行适当的变化。例如： It seemed that the boys were going to win. →The boys seemed to win. 除上述方法外，还有一些特殊句式的转化。例如： I found that it was difficult to learn English well. →I found it difficult to learn English well. Soon we found that the ground was covered with thick snow. →Soon we found the ground covered with thick snow. They found that the box was very heavy. →They found the box very heavy |
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来自： 昵称64106522 > 《待分类》
