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英语语法精讲(第14节):直接引语和间接引语

 当以读书通世事 2019-08-16

英语语法精讲(第14节):直接引语和间接引语

直接引语和间接引语 Direct & Indirect Speech

当引用或转述别人说的话时,一字不改地将别人的话加以引用,叫直接引语;用自己的话去转述别人的话,叫间接引语。一般来讲,直接引语必须放在引号内;间接引语不用引号,而且多用宾语从句的形式表达。

例如: She said, “I was ill yesterday.” (直接引语)

她说:“我昨天生病了。”

She said that she had been ill the day before. (间接引语)

她说她前一天生病了。

由以上例句可以看出,直接引语变为间接引语时,不仅要把直接引语变为宾语从句,增加连词that,而且还需相应地改变代词、动词和状语。如 I 变成了she,was变成 had been,yesterday 变成 the day before。

一、人称变化

人称变化可以遵循如下口诀:“一主,二宾,三不变”。

“一主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰,从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化。

例如:She said,“My brother wants to go with me.”

她说:“我兄弟要与我一起去。”

She said her brother wanted to go with her.

她说她哥哥(弟弟)要与她一起去。

“二宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称,或被第二人“你”所修饰,从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语,也可以用第一人称。

例如:He said to Kate,“How is your sister now?”

他对凯特说,“你姐姐(妹妹)现在怎么样?”

He asked Kate how her sister was then.

他询问凯特当时她姐姐(妹妹)怎么样。

“三不变”是指直接引语变间接引语时,如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰,从句中的人称一般不需要变化。

例如:Mr. Smith said,“Jack is a good worker.”

史密斯先生说,“杰克是一位好工人。”

Mr. Smith said Jack was a good worker.

史密斯先生说,杰克是一位好工人。

二、时态变化

直接引语在改为间接引语时,时态需要做相应的变化。其基本法则是从句时态要和主句时态一致。即:从句是一般现在时,变为一般过去时;一般过去时,变为过去完成时;一般将来时,变为过去将来时。即,从句的时态在时间上要往前面“推”一个时态。

例如:She said,“I have lost a pen.”

她说,“我丢了一支钢笔。”

She said she had lost a pen. (现在完成时 → 过去完成时)

她说她丢了一支钢笔。

She said,“We hope so.”

她说,“我们希望如此。”

She said they hoped so. (一般现在时 → 一般过去时)

她说他们希望如此。

She said, “He will go to see his friend.”

她说,“他将去见他的朋友。”

She said he would go to see his friend. (一般将来时 → 过去将来时)

她说他将去见他的朋友。

注意:下面几种情况,在直接引语变为间接引语时,时态一般不变化。

(1)直接引语是客观真理

例如:“The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth,”the teacher told me.

老师告诉我:“地球绕着太阳转,月亮绕着地球转。”

The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth.

老师告诉我,地球绕着太阳转,月亮绕着地球转。

(2)直接引语是过去进行时,时态不变

例如:Jack said, “John, where were you going when I met you in the street?”

杰克说,“约翰,我在街上见到你时,你是去哪儿?”

Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street.

杰克问约翰,他在街上见到他时他是去哪儿.

(3)直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语,变为间接引语时,时态不变。

例如:Xiao Wang said,“I was born on April 20, 1980.”

小王说,“我出生于1980年4月20日。”

Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980.

小王说他出生于1980年4月20日。

(4)直接引语如果是一般现在时,表示反复出现或习惯性的动作,变间接引语,时态不变。

例如:He said, “I get up at six every morning.”

他说,“我每天早上6点起床。”

He said he gets up at six every morning.

他说他每天早上6点起床。

(5)如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式(ought to,had better,used to)和已经是过去时的形式时(could, should, would, might),不再变化。

例如:Peter said,“You had better come here today.”

皮特说,“你最好今天来这儿。”

Peter said I had better go there that day.

皮特说我最好那天去那儿。

三、其它变化

直接引语变间接引语,具有指代性的词也需要变化,一些具体变化如下:

指示代词: this —that, these —those

表示时间的词: now —then, today —that day, yesterday —the day before

the day before yesterday — two days before

this week(month, etc.) —that week (month, etc.) ,

last week(month) —the week(month) before ,

three days(a year)ago —three days(a year)before,

tomorrow —the next (following ) day,

next week(month) —the next(following)week(month)

表示地点的词: here —there,

动词: bring —take, come —go

四、句型

1)直接引语如果是陈述句,间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。

例如:She said, “Our bus will arrive in five minutes.”

她说,“我们的公交车将在5分钟后到达。”

She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.

她说他们的公交车将在5分钟后到达。

2)直接引语如果是反意疑问句,选择疑问句或一般疑问句,间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句。

例如: He said, “Can you swim, John?”

她说,“约翰,你会游泳吗?”

He asked John if he could swim.

他问约翰他是否会游泳。

“You have finished the homework, haven't you?”my mother asked.

“你已经完成作业了,是吗?”妈妈问。

My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.

妈妈问我是否已经完成了作业。

“Do you go to school by bus or by bike?”

“你上学是乘公交车还是骑自行车?”

He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.

他问我上学是乘公交车还是骑自行车。

(3)直接引语如果是特殊问句,间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句(宾语从句必须用陈述句语序)。

例如:She asked me, “When do they have their dinner?”

她问我,“他们什么时候吃晚饭?”

She asked me when they had their dinner.

她问我他们什么时候吃晚饭。

(4) 直接引语如果是祈使句,间接引语应改为 “tell (ask, order, beg等) sb. (not) to do sth.”句型。

例如:“Don't make any noise,”she said to the children.

“别发出噪音,”她对孩子们说。

She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise.

他告诉(命令)孩子们不要发出噪音。

“Bring me a cup of tea, please,”said she.

“请给我拿一杯茶,”她说。

She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.

她让他拿一杯茶。

(5)直接引语如果是以“Let's”开头的祈使句,变为间接引语时,

通常用“suggest + 动名词(或从句)。”

例如: He said, “Let's go to the film.”

他说,“我们去看电影吧。”

He suggested going to the film.

他建议去看电影。

He suggested that they should go to see the film.

他建议他们去看电影。

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