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TED英语演讲课 给心灵放个假吧
但是你真的了解吸烟对我们身体伤害的机制么？ 如何避免吸烟的危害？ Cigarettes aren't good for us. 香烟对我们不好。 That's hardly news--we've known about the dangers of smoking for decades. 这不是什么新闻-几十年来我们都知道吸烟的危害。 But how exactly do cigarettes harm us? 但香烟到底会对我们造成什么伤害呢？ Let's look at what happens as their ingredients make their way through our bodies, 让我们看看当它们的成分穿过我们的身体时会发生什么， and how we benefit physically when we finally give up smoking. 以及当我们最终戒烟时身体上的益处。 With each inhalation, 每次吸入， smoke brings its more than 5,000 chemical substances into contact with the body's tissues. 烟雾使5，000多种化学物质与人体组织接触。 From the start, tar, a black, resinous material, 从一开始，焦油，一种黑色的树脂材料， begins to coat the teeth and gums, 开始覆盖牙齿和牙龈， damaging tooth enamel, 损坏牙釉质， and eventually causing decay. 最终导致腐烂。 Over time, smoke also damages nerve-endings in the nose, 随着时间的推移，烟雾也会破坏鼻子的神经末梢， causing loss of smell. 导致嗅觉丧失。 Inside the airways and lungs, 在气道和肺部， smoke increases the likelihood of infections, 吸烟会增加感染的可能性， as well as chronic diseases like bronchitis and emphysema. 以及慢性疾病如支气管炎和肺气肿。 It does this by damaging the cilia, 它破坏了纤毛， tiny hairlike structures whose job it is to keep the airways clean. 微小的毛发状结构，其工作是保持气道清洁。 It then fills the alveoli, 然后充满肺泡， tiny air sacs that enable the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the lungs and blood. 使肺和血液之间交换氧气和二氧化碳的小气囊。 A toxic gas called carbon monoxide crosses that membrane into the blood, 一种叫做一氧化碳的有毒气体穿过细胞膜进入血液， binding to hemoglobin and displacing the oxygen it would usually have transported around the body. 与血红蛋白结合，并取代它通常会在身体周围运输的氧气。 That's>这就是吸烟会导致缺氧和呼吸急促的原因之一。 Within about 10 seconds, 在10秒内， the bloodstream carries a stimulant called nicotine to the brain, 血液中含有一种被称为尼古丁的兴奋剂进入大脑， triggering the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters including endorphins that create the pleasurable sensations which make smoking highly addictive. 触发多巴胺和其他神经递质的释放，包括内啡肽，产生令人愉悦的感觉，使吸烟上瘾。 Nicotine and other chemicals from the cigarette simultaneously cause constriction of blood vessels and damage their delicate endothelial lining, 香烟中的尼古丁和其他化学物质同时会导致血管收缩并破坏其脆弱的内皮内层， restricting blood flow. 限制血液流动。 These vascular effects lead to thickening of blood vessel walls and enhance blood platelet stickiness, 这些血管效应会导致血管壁增厚，增强血小板的粘稠度， increasing the likelihood that clots will form and trigger heart attacks and strokes. 增加血栓形成并触发心脏病发作和中风的可能性。 Many of the chemicals inside cigarettes can trigger dangerous mutations in the body's DNA that make cancers form. 香烟中的许多化学物质会引发人体DNA的危险突变，从而导致癌症的形成。 Additionally, ingredients like arsenic and nickel may disrupt the process of DNA repair, 此外，砷和镍等成分可能会破坏DNA修复过程， thus compromising the body's ability to fight many cancers. 从而损害了身体对抗多种癌症的能力。 In fact, about>事实上，在美国，大约三分之一的癌症死亡是由吸烟引起的。 And it's not just lung cancer. 不仅仅是肺癌。 Smoking can cause cancer in multiple tissues and organs, 吸烟会导致多种组织和器官的癌症， as well as damaged eyesight and weakened bones. 还有视力受损和骨骼衰弱。 It makes it harder for women to get pregnant. 这会让女人更难怀孕。 And in men, 对于男性， it can cause erectile dysfunction. 会导致部分功能障碍。 But for those who quit smoking, 但对于那些戒烟的人来说， there's a huge positive upside with almost immediate and long-lasting physical benefits. 有一个巨大的积极的好处，几乎立即和持久的身体利益。 Just 20 minutes after a smoker's final cigarette, 在吸烟者抽完最后一支烟后的20分钟， their heart rate and blood pressure begin to return to normal. 他们的心率和血压开始恢复正常。 After 12 hours, 12个小时后， carbon monoxide levels stabilize, 一氧化碳水平稳定， increasing the blood's oxygen-carrying capacity. 增加血液的携氧能力。 A day after ceasing, 停止一天后， heart attack risk begins to decrease as blood pressure and heart rates normalize. 随着血压和心率的正常化，心脏病发作的风险开始下降。 After two days, 两天后， the nerve endings responsible for smell and taste start to recover. 负责嗅觉和味觉的神经末梢开始恢复。 Lungs become healthier after about>大约一个月后肺部会变得更健康， with less coughing and shortness of breath. 咳嗽少，呼吸急促。 The delicate hair-like cilia in the airways and lungs start recovering within weeks, 气管和肺部的细毛状纤毛在几周内就开始恢复， and are restored after 9 months, 9个月后就恢复了， improving resistance to infection. 提高对感染的抵抗力。 By the>在戒烟一周年的时候， heart disease risk plummets to half as blood vessel function improves. 随着血管功能的改善，心脏病的风险下降到一半。 Five years in, 五年后， the chance of a clot forming dramatically declines, 血栓形成的几率急剧下降， and the risk of stroke continues to reduce. 中风的风险继续降低。 After ten years, 十年后， the chances of developing fatal lung cancer go down by 50%, 患致命肺癌的几率降低了50%， probably because the body's ability to repair DNA is>可能是因为身体修复DNA的能力又一次恢复了。 Fifteen years in, 十五年后， the likelihood of developing coronary heart disease is essentially the same as that of a non-smoker. 患冠心病的可能性与非吸烟者的可能性基本相同. There's no point pretending this is all easy to achieve. 假装这一切都很容易实现是没有意义的。 Quitting can lead to anxiety and depression, 戒烟会导致焦虑和抑郁， resulting from nicotine withdrawal. 尼古丁戒断导致的。 But fortunately, such effects are usually temporary. 但幸运的是，这种影响通常是暂时的。 And quitting is getting easier, 戒烟越来越容易， thanks to a growing arsenal of tools. 多亏了越来越多的工具。 Nicotine replacement therapy through gum, skin patches, lozenges, 尼古丁替代疗法通过口香糖，皮肤贴片，氯硝唑， and sprays may help wean smokers off cigarettes. 喷雾剂可以帮助烟民戒掉香烟。 They work by stimulating nicotine receptors in the brain and thus preventing withdrawal symptoms, 它们的作用是刺激大脑中的尼古丁受体，从而防止戒断症状， without the addition of other harmful chemicals. 不添加其他有害化学品。 Counselling and support groups, 咨询和支助小组， cognitive behavioral therapy, 认知行为疗法 and moderate intensity exercise also help smokers stay cigarette-free. 适度的强度运动也可以帮助吸烟者保持无烟状态。 That's good news, 真是个好消息, since quitting puts you and your body. 因为戒烟会让你和你的身体恢复健康。 |
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